The Scientists

Light and Waves

Quantum Mechanics

Atomic Orbitals

Electron Configurations

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It is my Atomic TheoryIt is my Atomic Theory

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John DaltonJohn Dalton

I found a subatomic particle by using I found a subatomic particle by using a cathode raya cathode ray

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J.J. ThompsonJ.J. Thompson

Using a sheet of gold, I discovered Using a sheet of gold, I discovered the nucleusthe nucleus

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Ernest RutherfordErnest Rutherford

I found the subatomic particle, the I found the subatomic particle, the neutronneutron

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James ChadwickJames Chadwick

I respect Niehls Bohr for finding that I respect Niehls Bohr for finding that electrons go around the atom, but I electrons go around the atom, but I developed a better model that could developed a better model that could be applied to the majority of be applied to the majority of elements. This model specifies that elements. This model specifies that electrons moved in waves, orbitals, electrons moved in waves, orbitals, and it also keeps Planck’s idea of the and it also keeps Planck’s idea of the quantumquantum

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My model is the Quantum Mechanical My model is the Quantum Mechanical Model and I am: Model and I am: • Erwin ShrodingerErwin Shrodinger

What is the speed of light?What is the speed of light?

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2.9979 x 102.9979 x 1088 m/s m/s

What is the distance between two What is the distance between two corresponding* parts of a wave corresponding* parts of a wave called? called?

*Corresponding means analogous parts. Ex: from crest to crest, or from trough to *Corresponding means analogous parts. Ex: from crest to crest, or from trough to troughtrough

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WavelengthWavelength

The atomic number = ?The atomic number = ?

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# of protons# of protons

What is the name given to the What is the name given to the maximum distance that the particles maximum distance that the particles of a medium move from the rest of a medium move from the rest position?position?

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amplitudeamplitude

1.1. Which variable is directly Which variable is directly proportional to frequency?proportional to frequency?

a)a) WavelengthWavelength

b)b) VelocityVelocity

c)c) PositionPosition

d)d) EnergyEnergy

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D) EnergyD) Energy

Calculate the wavelength of a blue Calculate the wavelength of a blue light emitted by a mercury lamp with light emitted by a mercury lamp with a frequency of 5.10 x 10a frequency of 5.10 x 101414 s s-1-1

*s*s-1-1 is the same unit as Hz or cycles/second is the same unit as Hz or cycles/second

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5.88 x 105.88 x 10-7-7 m m

What does the quantum theory say?What does the quantum theory say?

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Energy travels in discrete units called Energy travels in discrete units called quantaquanta

Which quantum number describes Which quantum number describes the main energy level or shell where the main energy level or shell where an electron is found? (Give both the an electron is found? (Give both the name and symbol of this number)name and symbol of this number)

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The principal quantum number (The principal quantum number (nn))

What does the Pauli exclusion What does the Pauli exclusion principle state?principle state?

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“ “ In a given ato no two electrons can In a given ato no two electrons can have the same set of four quantum have the same set of four quantum numbers”numbers”

True or FalseTrue or False• With the Quantum Mechanical model With the Quantum Mechanical model

with know with a 100% accuracy where with know with a 100% accuracy where an electron is at a certain time.an electron is at a certain time.

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FalseFalse

Write down the name for each Write down the name for each quantum number and the symbol. quantum number and the symbol. Then raise your hand and explain Then raise your hand and explain what each quantum number what each quantum number represents.represents.

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The Principal Quantum Number (The Principal Quantum Number (nn)) Related to the energy shell (size and energy)Related to the energy shell (size and energy)

The angular Momentum Number (The angular Momentum Number (ll)) Refers to the sub-shell (or orbital)Refers to the sub-shell (or orbital)

The magnetic Quantum Number (The magnetic Quantum Number (mmll)) Refers to the orientation of the orbital in space Refers to the orientation of the orbital in space

in relation to other orbitalsin relation to other orbitals

The electron spin quantum number (mThe electron spin quantum number (mss)) Refers to the spin of the electron within the Refers to the spin of the electron within the

orbitalorbital

Which orbital closely resembles a Which orbital closely resembles a circle but it’s not a circlecircle but it’s not a circle

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An s orbitalAn s orbital

If there are p orbitals… up to how If there are p orbitals… up to how many electrons in the shell can come many electrons in the shell can come from p orbitals?from p orbitals?

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Six electrons. Two in each of the Six electrons. Two in each of the three p orbitals.three p orbitals.

If If ll=2…=2…• What does What does nn equal to and which orbitals equal to and which orbitals

are on that outer shell?are on that outer shell?

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nn=3; there are s, p, and d orbitals=3; there are s, p, and d orbitals

If the last electrons on an atom are If the last electrons on an atom are 3p3… how many orbitals in total 3p3… how many orbitals in total does that atom have?does that atom have?

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33 ss 66 pp Total of 9 orbitalsTotal of 9 orbitals

In general terms, explain how the In general terms, explain how the quantum mechanical model of the quantum mechanical model of the atom describes the electronatom describes the electron

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As a tiny particle that we can only As a tiny particle that we can only estimate its position, without estimate its position, without disturbing its path (Heisenberg disturbing its path (Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle).Uncertainty Principle).

It can only move up or down in It can only move up or down in specific increments and it can never specific increments and it can never be found in between the two be found in between the two positions (Quantum Theory).positions (Quantum Theory).

What is the electron configuration of What is the electron configuration of He?He?

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1s1s22

Write both the long and the Write both the long and the abbreviated electron configurations abbreviated electron configurations of Alof Al

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Long form: 1sLong form: 1s2 2 2s2s2 2 2p 3s2p 3s2 2 3p3p11

Abbreviated: [Ne] 3sAbbreviated: [Ne] 3s22 3p 3p11

State the aufbau principle in your State the aufbau principle in your own words (Not the exact answer in own words (Not the exact answer in the book)the book)

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As protons are added one by one to As protons are added one by one to the nucleus to build up the elements, the nucleus to build up the elements, electrons are similarly added to new electrons are similarly added to new orbitalsorbitals

Electrons enter orbitals of lowest Electrons enter orbitals of lowest energy firstenergy first

State, in your own words, Hund’s rule State, in your own words, Hund’s rule and who came up with it.and who came up with it.

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““The lowest energy configuration for The lowest energy configuration for an atom is the one having the an atom is the one having the maximum number of unpaired maximum number of unpaired electrons in a set of degenerate electrons in a set of degenerate orbitals.”orbitals.”

Give the electron configuration of In.Give the electron configuration of In. How many valence electrons does an How many valence electrons does an

atom of this element have?atom of this element have?

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[Kr] 5s[Kr] 5s22 4d 4d1010 5p 5p11

Atoms of this element have three Atoms of this element have three valence electrons.valence electrons.