THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD.pptx
-
Upload
princessxtina08 -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
0
Transcript of THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD.pptx
-
7/27/2019 THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD.pptx
1/21
THE SCIENTIFICMETHODMethods of Research andScientific Writing
CHRISTINE S. BAUTISTA, RN
Masters of Science in Complementaryand Alternative Medicine
-
7/27/2019 THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD.pptx
2/21
RESEARCH- the systematic, rigorous investigation ofa situation or problem in order togenerate new knowledge or validate
existing knowledge- the finding of solutions to a problem afterthorough study and analysis of thesituational factors
- gathering information needed to answera question, and thereby help in solving aproblem
-
7/27/2019 THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD.pptx
3/21
Purpose of Research1. Exploratory/ Formulative Research
- first stage in a sequence of studies
- researcher formulate more precise
questions that future research cananswer
- done when researcher has a limited
amount of experience or knowledge
about an issue
- addresses the WHAT question
Ex: experience surveys, secondary data
analysis, case studies and pilot studies
-
7/27/2019 THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD.pptx
4/21
2. Descriptive Research
- describe characteristics of a
population or phenomenon- determine the answers to WHO,
WHAT, WHEN, WHERE and HOW
questionsEx: Labor Force Surveys, Population
Census, Educational Census, Field
Research and Content Analysis3. Explanatory Research
- looks for causes and reason
- answers the question WHY
-
7/27/2019 THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD.pptx
5/21
What is SCIENTIFIC METHOD?- A method which is very systematic in
nature and plays a very critical role in the
field of investigation, evaluation,
experimentation, interpretation and
theorizing.
- A very effective method in the cases of
physical sciences as the various physicalphenomenon can be easily verified and
also evaluated but in case of the
managerial factors cannot be absolutelyverified and evaluated h sicall .
-
7/27/2019 THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD.pptx
6/21
George A. Lundberg (1946)Method which consists of the
systematic observation,
classification and interpretation of
the data. The main difference betweenour day to day generalization and the
conclusions usually recognized as a
scientific method lie in the degree ofthe formality, rigorousness, verifiability
and the general validity of the latter.
-
7/27/2019 THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD.pptx
7/21
Characteristics Of Scientific Method Empirical
Realities that are observed through sensoryexperiences
Generates knowledge which are verifiable by experience
orobservation
Objective
Researcher should test the hypothesis and not prove itand should eliminate personal bias and refrain from
seeking only such data that will prove the hypothesis.
How to be objective?
Standardize research instruments and analytical tools
(Lal Das, 2005) Verifiable
If a study is based on objective facts, thus it can be
verified.
Ways to verify studies:
Analyze data on same sample using other statistical
-
7/27/2019 THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD.pptx
8/21
REPLICATION the key to the support of any worthwhile theory
involves the process of repeating a study using the
same methods, different subjects, and different
experimenters
It can also involve applying the theory to new
situations in an attempt to determine thegeneralizability to different age groups, locations,
races, or cultures.
Why is it important?
assurance that results are valid and reliable
determination of generalizability or the role of
extraneous variables
application of results to real world situations
inspiration of new research combining previous
-
7/27/2019 THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD.pptx
9/21
STEPS IN Scientific Method GENERAL QUESTION
formulate a general question about an area
of research and begin the process of defining it
NARROWING DOWN
research stage, through a process of elimination, will
narrow and focus the research area
DESIGNING THE EXPERIMENT
designing the steps that will test and evaluate the
hypothesis, manipulating one or more variables to
generate analyzable data
OBSERVATION observing and recording the results of the research,
gathering the findings into raw data.
The observation stage involves looking at what effect
the manipulated variables have upon the subject, andrecording the results
-
7/27/2019 THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD.pptx
10/21
STEPS IN Scientific Method (cont) ANALYSIS
The scope of the research begins to broaden again, as
statistical analyses are performed on the data, and it isorganized into an understandable form.
The answers given by this step allow the further widening
of the research, revealing some trends and answers to the
initial questions. CONCLUSIONS AND PUBLISHING
This stage is where, technically, the hypothesis is stated
as proved or disproved.
results are usually published and shared with the scientific
community, allowing verification of the findings and
allowing others to continue research into other areas
CYCLE
generates data and ideas to recycle into the first stage.
Process of verification/ replication
-
7/27/2019 THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD.pptx
11/21
-
7/27/2019 THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD.pptx
12/21
RESEARCH DESIGNA master plan specifying the methods
and procedures for collecting andanalyzing the data
A strategy or blueprint that plans theaction for carrying through theresearch project data
Involves a series of rational decision-
making choices depending upon thevarious options available to theresearchers
-
7/27/2019 THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD.pptx
13/21
Elements of Research Design Purpose of the Study
Descriptive or Explanatory
Unit of Analysis
Also called as the units of observations; level of aggregation of
the data collected during the subsequent data analysis stage
Time Dimension
Cross Sectional Studies are carried out once and represent
a snapshot of one point in time.
Longitudinal Studies are repeated over an
extended period. The advantage of longitudinal studies is.
that it can track changes over time
Researcher Control of Variables In an experiment, the researcher attempts to control and /or
manipulate the variables in the study. It is enough that we can
cause variables to be changed or held constant in keeping with
our research objectives
-
7/27/2019 THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD.pptx
14/21
Elements of Research Design (cont) Choice of Research Design: Mode of Observation
survey, experiment, communication analysis (content analysis), field
observation, case study, focus group discussion
Sampling Design
Unit of analysis; selecting some of
the elements in population, we may draw
conclusions about the entire population
Observation Tools
questionnaire, interview schedule, Interview guide, and check list
Field Data Collection
How the data will be collected? Who will be
responsible for the collections of data? What training will be imparted t
o the field functionaries? Howwill the quality control of data be maintained?
Data Processing and Data Analysis
Researcher is required to tell how the data shall be processed (manua
lly, mechanically), and analysis plans explicated;
The research design should also say something about theanal sis lan the use of statistics and the inferences to be drawn
-
7/27/2019 THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD.pptx
15/21
TYPES OF RESEARCH
Applied Research Basic Research
Correlational Research
Descriptive Research
Ethnographic Research
Experimental Research Explanatory Research
Exploratory Research
Grounded Theory Research
Historical Research Phenomenological Research
Qualitative Research
Quantitative Research
-
7/27/2019 THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD.pptx
16/21
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
Refers to research that provides anaccurate portrayal of characteristics of aparticular individual, situation or group.
Also known as statistical research
Means of discovering new meaning,describing what exists, determining thefrequency with which something occurs,and categorizing information
Deals with everything that can becounted or studied which has an impacton the lives of people it deals with.
-
7/27/2019 THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD.pptx
17/21
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCHAn objective, systematic, controlled
investigation for the purpose of predictingand controlling phenomena and examining
probability and causality among selectedvariables
Has two groups of participants Control vs. Experimental group
Researcher randomly assigns respondents in thesegroup
Control no manipulation in Independent Variable
Experimental receives manipulation in IV
-
7/27/2019 THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD.pptx
18/21
TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH Blind Experiment
The idea is that the groups studied, including the control,should not be aware of the group in which they are placed.
A blind experiment reduces the risk of bias from this effect,giving an honest baseline for the research, and allowing a
realistic statistical comparison. Ideally, the subjects would not be told that a placebo was
being used at all, but this is regarded as unethical.
The Double Blind Experiment
The double blind experiment takes this precaution againstbias one step further, by ensuring that the researcher does
not know in which group a patient falls. This always gives a chance that a scientist might manipulate
results, and try to show the research in a better light. Provingthat the researcher carried out a double blind experimentreduces the chance of criticism.
-
7/27/2019 THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD.pptx
19/21
VARIABLESINDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE
presumed cause presumed effect
treatment, factor, and predictor outcome, result, effect, and criteri
onis a variable that is manipulated
to examine its impact on a
dependent variable.
variable that indicates that wheth
er the manipulation of the
independent variable had an
effect.
varied or manipulated by the
researcher,
the response that is measuredConfounding variable 'get in the way' of the comparison betweengroups that we want to make. Confounding is defined as "a
situation in which the effects of two process are not separated".
-
7/27/2019 THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD.pptx
20/21
-
7/27/2019 THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD.pptx
21/21
Strategies to reduce confounding: Randomization
aim is random distribution of confounders between studygroups
Restriction restrict entry to study of individuals with confounding
factors - risks bias in itself
Matching of individuals or groups, aim for equal distribution of
confounders
Stratification confounders are distributed evenly within each stratum
Adjustment usually distorted by choice of standard
Multivariate analysis only works if you can identify and measure the confounders