The Scientific Method The Inquiry Process Biology 2014.
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Transcript of The Scientific Method The Inquiry Process Biology 2014.
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The Scientific Method
The Inquiry ProcessBiology 2014
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Some Examples of Science
Childbed Fever Case StudyA quick experiment (bbt)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_7sSuhQ1_24
Semmelweis, part 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U6-
FjtpdePA&list=UUcU30z0_rIGAerTkLaxpctQ
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Steps of the Scientific Method
1.Problem2.Background3.Hypothesis4.Experiment5.Analysis6.Conclusion
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Steps of the Scientific Method
1. Problem Get curious! Create a question Identify the variables (1 manipulated, 1
responding & 3+ controlled)
TESTABLE QUESTION: How does changing the ____MV____
affect the ____ RV ____?
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Variables
Manipulated variable (aka independent variable): what is changed on purpose
Responding variable (aka dependent variable): the measured response
Controlled variables: what stays the same throughout the experimentThis should include any factor that is not the
MV or RV
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Steps of the Scientific Method
2. Background Research what is known about any aspect
of the problem Science behind the subject How to carry out procedures Finding out what experiments have already
been conducted and their results
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Steps of the Scientific Method
3. Hypothesis If = mv, then = what would happen to the
rv, because = your rationale.If the ____MV____ increases
then the ____ RV ____ will increase / decrease / stay the same
because ___give your reasoning here___.
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Steps of the Scientific Method
4. Experiment Materials & Methods (mv) Methods to prevent errors & minimize
doubt (cvs) Collect data (rv)
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Steps of the Scientific Method
5. Analysis Report data Determine high and low values Organize data in a graph Discuss errors
How did they impact the results How could those errors be minimized in the
future?
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Steps of the Scientific Method
6. Conclusion Restate problem (direct or paraphrase) Support or reject hypothesis Support Statement with Evidence
Make a relationship statement between the MV and the RV… This is where you ANSWER THE testable QUESTION!!!
Refer to key data (use at least two items for comparison) Discuss errors
How did they impact the results How could those errors be minimized in the future?
Next steps & application How can these findings be applied to real life? What question would you be curious to test next?
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Semmelweis, part 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T73PYNyyeiI
Feynman’s explanation of the scientific method: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EYPapE-3FRw
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Observation vs. Inference
What is the difference between an observation and an inference?
When should you document observations in a lab write-up compared to an inference?
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Observation vs. Inference
Observations are made using your 5 senses DATA Examples: a red shirt, a flat & smooth surface,
2:20pm Inferences are conclusions that you make,
based on your observations ANALYSIS CONCLUSION Examples: a person likes red because they are
wearing a red shirt; a toy car will run smoothly because it is on a flat & smooth surface; school is out because it is 2:20pm
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Two Types of Observations
Quantitative observations: results are measureable and are made with instruments such as rulers, balances, graduated cylinders, beakers, and thermometers. Examples: 100°C17 people54 grapes9.65 cm
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Two Types of Observations
Qualitative observations: results are made by using your senses (sight, smell, touch, taste and hearing). Examples:The flame is blue It smells like lemon It feels roughThat was a soft thud It tastes sweet
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Practice!!!
Indicate whether the following observations are quantitative or qualitative.
1. It is light green in color. 2. It taste sour. 3. One leaf is 9 cm long. 4. It makes a loud pop sound. 5. The mass of the computer is 1 1/2 kg.6. It smells sweet. 7. The temperature of the room increases by 8 degrees C. 8. It gets darker over a period of time.9. The flower clusters in 3 blooms. 10. The plant is short. 11. Leaves are brittle. 12. The veins are 3 mm wide.
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Variables
Manipulated: Variations of m.v. (at least 4)
Responding: Controlled:
1.
2.
3.
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An Issue with Control
Same word, two different concepts…Controlled variables: variables that
stay constant through the experimentExperimental control / Control group:
the mv that is most “normal”. The EC acts as a baseline so that you can compare all of your other results to it.
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A Controlled Experiment
KNOW THIS!!!
A controlled experiment should have:Only ONE manipulated variable to
determine its impact on the RVExperiment with properly controlled
variables so that only the MV changes An experimental control to compare all of
your other results to
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Testable Question
How does changing the ____MV____ affect the ____ RV ____?
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Hypothesis
If the ____MV____ increases
then the ____ RV ____ will increase / decrease / stay the same
because ___give your reasoning here___.
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Experiment
Materials Give a detailed list of the items used Include how much / many and sizes used
Methods Explain each step of the process thoroughly and
clearly Establish which mv variation will act as your
experimental control / baseline Describe how you will keep all of the c.v.s constant
throughout the experiment Get my initials on your paper before you
conduct the experiment!!!
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Data
m.v. variations
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
1 tsp. of soap
2 tsp. of soap
3 tsp. of soap
4 tsp. of soap
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Analysis
Calculate the average diameter for each test. Create a graph, showing the results from your
experiment Put the m.v.’s on the x-axis, label & include units Put the r.v.’s on the y-axis, label & include units
Title the graph “The effect of different ___MV___ on the ___ RV ___”
Plot your data
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Conclusion
Restate problem (direct or paraphrase) Support or reject hypothesis Make a relationship statement between the MV and
the RV… ANSWER THE QUESTION!!! Refer to key data (use at least two items for
comparison) Discuss errors (at least 2… they DO exist!!!) How did each error impact the results? How could those errors be minimized in the future? Next steps & application How can these findings be applied to real life? What question would you present to be answered in a future
experiment, based on what you learned or what sparked your interest from this investigation?