The Scientific Method Chpt. 1
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Transcript of The Scientific Method Chpt. 1
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The Scientific MethodChpt. 1
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Science
• is the organised and objective study of the physical, material and living world.
• three main areas – physics, chemistry and biology.
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What is Biology???The word Biology comes from two Greek words:
BIOS meaning LIFE and
LOGOS meaning A STUDY
*Biology: is the study of living things.
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Biology has many different areas of studyAnatomy
Biochemistry Botany EcologyGenetics
MicrobiologyPhysiology
ZoologyTaxonomyCytology
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Anatomy
• the study of the internal and external structure of plants and animals
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Biochemistry
• the study of the chemical processes and products involved in metabolism
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Botany• the study of plant structure, physiology, distribution and classification
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Ecology• a study of how living things relate to each other and to their environment
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Genetics• a study of the structure and function of genes and their transmission from parents to offspring
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Microbiology• a study of small living things, i.e. micro-organisms
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Physiology• a study of the functions of living organisms and their parts
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Zoology•a study of animal physiology, structure, habits, classification and distribution
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Taxonomy• Classification of organisms
Cytology• Is the study of cells
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All of the previously discussed areas can be subdivided again providing more specific areas of study:
• Microbiology: bacteriology, mycology, virology.
• Anatomy: zootomy (animal anatomy), phytotomy (plant anatomy).
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The Scientific Method
The Scientific Method: • is an attempt at using an organised approach to solve problems.
• based on the concept of asking questions and searching for answers.
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Process of the Scientific Method
The following steps are used where possible to solve problems:
1. Observation*
2. Hypothesis
3. Experimentation
4. Result
5. Interpretation
6. Conclusion
*Theory
*Principle
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Process of the Scientific Method1. Observation:• * most important part of the scientific method• obtained a) directly by our senses.
b) indirectly by the use of equipment which are basically extensions of those senses.
2. Hypothesis:• is an educated guess based on observations. • should a) account for all the facts which have been
observed.
b) lead to the prediction of new information• generally stated in the form of an If...., then...
statement.
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Process of the Scientific Method
3. Experimentation:• experiment designed to test hypothesis.
4. Result:• results should be written down and recorded so that
they can be examined and analysed by others.• results will either support or contradict a hypothesis.
5. Interpretation:• results of experiment are collected, recorded and
analysed.
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Process of the Scientific Method
6. Conclusion:• data from experiment is interpreted to reach a
conclusion.• you state whether your prediction was confirmed or
not and try to explain your results.
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Process of The Scientific Method
TheoryIf a hypothesis is continually supported by many different experiments it may then be called a theory.
PrincipleWhen a theory has stood the test of time and is valid under all conditions it may then be termed as a principle or law.
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Process of the Scientific MethodFinally:Relating Conclusion to existing knowledge:• Conclusion should tie in with existing knowledge
of the topic being examined.• On the basis of conclusion reached, the hypothesis is
- supported if results agree fully- changed if results partly agree- rejected if results contradict it
Reporting and Publishing results:• Experiments are published in order to allow them to
be repeated.• Often published: in journals, magazines, newspapers,
on internet, on television etc.
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The Scientific Method
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Principles of an Acceptable Experiment
1. Careful Planning and Design:- in general only a single factor is tested, all other influences (factors) should be kept constant.
2. Safety: - important factor when designing any experiment.
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Principles of an Acceptable Experiment
3. Control Experiment:a) used to provide a standard against which the actual experiment can be judged.b) only one difference between the control and the actual experiment.
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Principles of an Acceptable Experiment
4. Experiments must be fair:- personal opinion should not influence the
procedures or interpretation of the results. Use of the following is important to ensure a fair test:
- sample size - random selection - repeating experiment - double blind testing
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Limitations of the Scientific Method
The scientific method is limited by problems such as:• insufficient knowledge• design of experiment• difficulty in interpreting results• changes in nature• accidental discovery• faulty conclusions• human error• personal bias• ethical issues