The Scientific Methodmrsorangescience.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/3/1/32311305/...The Scientific Method:...
Transcript of The Scientific Methodmrsorangescience.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/3/1/32311305/...The Scientific Method:...
![Page 1: The Scientific Methodmrsorangescience.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/3/1/32311305/...The Scientific Method: Making Observations Observations vs. Inferences Inference: a logical explanation](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060906/60a14b2fc8313216187b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: The Scientific Methodmrsorangescience.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/3/1/32311305/...The Scientific Method: Making Observations Observations vs. Inferences Inference: a logical explanation](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060906/60a14b2fc8313216187b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Scientific Method
Scientific method• the process scientists use to investigate a
problem, question, and/or observation
![Page 3: The Scientific Methodmrsorangescience.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/3/1/32311305/...The Scientific Method: Making Observations Observations vs. Inferences Inference: a logical explanation](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060906/60a14b2fc8313216187b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Steps in the Scientific Method
I. Making Observations and Asking Questions (leads to a problem to investigate)
II. Developing a Hypothesis
III. Doing the Experiment (includes identifying variables, constants, and control group and writing a procedure)
IV. Collecting and Analyzing Data
V. Forming a Conclusion
VI. Communication
![Page 4: The Scientific Methodmrsorangescience.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/3/1/32311305/...The Scientific Method: Making Observations Observations vs. Inferences Inference: a logical explanation](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060906/60a14b2fc8313216187b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The Scientific Method: Making Observations– An observation is when you
use your senses to obtain information.
– There are 2 types of observations:
• Quantitative: involve numbers and measurements
• Qualitative: use your 5 senses
1.3
![Page 5: The Scientific Methodmrsorangescience.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/3/1/32311305/...The Scientific Method: Making Observations Observations vs. Inferences Inference: a logical explanation](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060906/60a14b2fc8313216187b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The Scientific Method: Making Observations
Observations vs. Inferences
Inference: a logical explanation for an observation; not a fact
Can only be used in the conclusion of a lab
1.3
Observations
• That plant is extremely wilted.
• The car stopped running
• The Sox are leading their division
Inferences
• That plant is extremely wilted due to a lack of water.
• The car stopped running because it was out of gas.
• The Sox are leading their division because they are playing well right now.
![Page 6: The Scientific Methodmrsorangescience.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/3/1/32311305/...The Scientific Method: Making Observations Observations vs. Inferences Inference: a logical explanation](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060906/60a14b2fc8313216187b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The Scientific Method: Developing a Hypothesis
• Hypothesis
– a prediction for a question; a proposed
explanation for an observation
– written as an “if…then…” statement
• Example: If I put more weight on the pirate ship
ride, then it will slow down because the extra
weight will cause it to not flow as freely.
1.3
![Page 7: The Scientific Methodmrsorangescience.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/3/1/32311305/...The Scientific Method: Making Observations Observations vs. Inferences Inference: a logical explanation](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060906/60a14b2fc8313216187b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The Scientific Method: Doing the Experiment
• Experiment
– a procedure that is used to test a hypothesis
• Variables
– Factors that change in an experiment
• Groups
– The people or things tested in an experiment
• Procedure
– A detailed, step-by-step description of how you will conduct your experiment; includes the materials needed
1.3
![Page 8: The Scientific Methodmrsorangescience.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/3/1/32311305/...The Scientific Method: Making Observations Observations vs. Inferences Inference: a logical explanation](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060906/60a14b2fc8313216187b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Variables
• Independent variable:– The factor that the experimenter changes during the
experiment; if you are the experimenter you say it’s the variable “I” change; follows ‘if’ in a hypothesis• Example: If I change the weight in the pirate ship ride…
• Dependent variable:– The factor that changes in response to the independent
variable; experimenter makes observations of this variable; follows ‘then’ in a hypothesis• Example: …, then the number of swings will reduce.
• Constants
– Factors that stay the same throughout the entire experiment• Example: length of pendulum’s swing, height at which
pendulum is dropped, person who drops pendulum
![Page 9: The Scientific Methodmrsorangescience.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/3/1/32311305/...The Scientific Method: Making Observations Observations vs. Inferences Inference: a logical explanation](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060906/60a14b2fc8313216187b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Groups• Control group
– The group of people or things that is NOT influenced by the independent variable, and is used to compare to the experimental group
• Example: A pirate ship that has NO weight in it.
• Experimental group
– The group of people or things that is influenced by the independent variable, and is compared to the control group
• Example: The pirate ships with weight in them.
1.3
![Page 10: The Scientific Methodmrsorangescience.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/3/1/32311305/...The Scientific Method: Making Observations Observations vs. Inferences Inference: a logical explanation](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060906/60a14b2fc8313216187b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Testing
• Experiments require many trials to improve accuracy
• Trials
– Repetitions of testing during the experiment
![Page 11: The Scientific Methodmrsorangescience.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/3/1/32311305/...The Scientific Method: Making Observations Observations vs. Inferences Inference: a logical explanation](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060906/60a14b2fc8313216187b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Scientific Method: Collect & Analyze Data
• Data: recorded observations made during an experiment; can be qualitative and quantitative
• Data table: a visual display of data using rows and columns; typically organized by trials (repetitions during the experiment)
![Page 12: The Scientific Methodmrsorangescience.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/3/1/32311305/...The Scientific Method: Making Observations Observations vs. Inferences Inference: a logical explanation](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060906/60a14b2fc8313216187b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Draw a Data Table
Micah asked all of his classmates what their favorite animals are. He found that 12 students liked dogs, 5 students liked cats, 3 students like horses, and 1 student liked bearded dragons.
![Page 13: The Scientific Methodmrsorangescience.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/3/1/32311305/...The Scientific Method: Making Observations Observations vs. Inferences Inference: a logical explanation](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060906/60a14b2fc8313216187b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Scientific Method: Collect & Analyze Data
• Graph:
– a visual display of quantitative data
– there are four major parts to a graph:
Title
Axis Scales Independent
Variable
Dependent
Variable
![Page 14: The Scientific Methodmrsorangescience.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/3/1/32311305/...The Scientific Method: Making Observations Observations vs. Inferences Inference: a logical explanation](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060906/60a14b2fc8313216187b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Draw a Graph Favorite Animals of Ms. Henry’s Class
Animal Number of Students
Dog 12
Cats 5
Horses 3
Bearded Dragons 1
Title
Axis Scales Independent
Variable
Dependent
Variable
![Page 15: The Scientific Methodmrsorangescience.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/3/1/32311305/...The Scientific Method: Making Observations Observations vs. Inferences Inference: a logical explanation](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060906/60a14b2fc8313216187b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Scientific Method: Writing a Conclusion
• Conclusion:
– Completed at the end of an investigation
– Summarizes the purpose and the results of the investigation
– Makes recommendations for future testing
![Page 16: The Scientific Methodmrsorangescience.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/3/1/32311305/...The Scientific Method: Making Observations Observations vs. Inferences Inference: a logical explanation](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060906/60a14b2fc8313216187b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Scientific Method: Writing a Conclusion
In our investigation, we hypothesized that …… During our experiment, we found that ….. Our hypothesis was supported/not supported because…. In the future, we suggest …
For example:We conducted an experiment that answered how weight affects the speed of swings. In our investigation, we hypothesized that if you put more weight in a pirate ship, then the speed of the swings will slow down. During our experiment, we found that the more washers we put in the pirate ship, the faster the pirate ship swung. Our hypothesis was not supported because the pirate ship went faster when more weight was added. This is probably due to the fact that they pirate ship had more energy because of the mass. In the future, we suggest that someone test whether the height of the pirate ship makes the pirate ship ride slow down.
![Page 17: The Scientific Methodmrsorangescience.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/3/1/32311305/...The Scientific Method: Making Observations Observations vs. Inferences Inference: a logical explanation](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060906/60a14b2fc8313216187b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Let’s put our knowledge of the Scientific Method to a realistic
example that includes some of the terms you’ll be needing to use and
understand.
![Page 18: The Scientific Methodmrsorangescience.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/3/1/32311305/...The Scientific Method: Making Observations Observations vs. Inferences Inference: a logical explanation](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060906/60a14b2fc8313216187b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Making ObservationsJohn watches his grandmother
bake bread. He ask his grandmother what makes the
bread rise.
She explains that yeast releases a gas as it feeds on sugar.
![Page 19: The Scientific Methodmrsorangescience.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/3/1/32311305/...The Scientific Method: Making Observations Observations vs. Inferences Inference: a logical explanation](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060906/60a14b2fc8313216187b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Initial Observation Problem/Question
John wonders if the amount of sugar used in the recipe will affect the size of the bread loaf?
![Page 20: The Scientific Methodmrsorangescience.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/3/1/32311305/...The Scientific Method: Making Observations Observations vs. Inferences Inference: a logical explanation](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060906/60a14b2fc8313216187b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Developing a Hypothesis
John researches the areas of baking and fermentation and
tries to come up with a way to test his question.
He keeps all of his information on this topic in a journal.
![Page 21: The Scientific Methodmrsorangescience.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/3/1/32311305/...The Scientific Method: Making Observations Observations vs. Inferences Inference: a logical explanation](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060906/60a14b2fc8313216187b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Developing a HypothesisAfter talking with his teacher
and conducting further research, he comes up with a
hypothesis.
“If more sugar is added, then the bread will rise
higher.”
![Page 22: The Scientific Methodmrsorangescience.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/3/1/32311305/...The Scientific Method: Making Observations Observations vs. Inferences Inference: a logical explanation](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060906/60a14b2fc8313216187b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Doing the Experiment: Identify the Independent Variable
The independent, or manipulated variable, is a factor that’s intentionally varied by the experimenter.
Independent variable: The amount of sugar
John is going to use 25g., 50g., 100g., 250g., 500g. of sugar in his experiment.
![Page 23: The Scientific Methodmrsorangescience.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/3/1/32311305/...The Scientific Method: Making Observations Observations vs. Inferences Inference: a logical explanation](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060906/60a14b2fc8313216187b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Doing the Experiment: Identify the Dependent Variables
The dependent, or responding variable, is the factor that may change as a result of changes
made in the independent variable.
Dependent Variable: the size of the loaf of bread
![Page 24: The Scientific Methodmrsorangescience.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/3/1/32311305/...The Scientific Method: Making Observations Observations vs. Inferences Inference: a logical explanation](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060906/60a14b2fc8313216187b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Doing the Experiment: Procedure/Materials
His teacher helps him come up with a procedure and list of needed materials.
• The materials list must be VERY complete.
• How much of each material will be used in the experiment (25-mL of water or 250-mL of water)
• The size of all equipment (ex 25-mL beaker or 250-mL beaker)
• Every step of the experiment is included
• Each step is short
Then she discusses with John how to determine the control group.
![Page 25: The Scientific Methodmrsorangescience.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/3/1/32311305/...The Scientific Method: Making Observations Observations vs. Inferences Inference: a logical explanation](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060906/60a14b2fc8313216187b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Doing the Experiment: Identify the Control Group
Remember: In a scientific experiment, the control is the group that serves as the
standard of comparison.
The control group may be “no treatment” or an “experimenter selected” group.
![Page 26: The Scientific Methodmrsorangescience.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/3/1/32311305/...The Scientific Method: Making Observations Observations vs. Inferences Inference: a logical explanation](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060906/60a14b2fc8313216187b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Doing the Experiment: Identify the Control Group
Because his grandmother always used 50g. of sugar in her recipe, John is
going to use that amount in his control group.
![Page 27: The Scientific Methodmrsorangescience.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/3/1/32311305/...The Scientific Method: Making Observations Observations vs. Inferences Inference: a logical explanation](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060906/60a14b2fc8313216187b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Doing the Experiment: Identify the Constants
John’s teacher reminds him to keep all other factors the same so that any observed
changes in the bread can be attributed to the variation in the amount of sugar.
What would be some constants for John’s experiment?
![Page 28: The Scientific Methodmrsorangescience.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/3/1/32311305/...The Scientific Method: Making Observations Observations vs. Inferences Inference: a logical explanation](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060906/60a14b2fc8313216187b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Doing the Experiment: Identify the Constants
They might include:1. Other ingredients to the bread recipe2. Oven used3. Rise time4. Brand of ingredients5. Cooking time6. Type of pan used7. Air temperature8. Humidity where the bread was rising9. Oven temperature10. Age of the yeast…etc.
![Page 29: The Scientific Methodmrsorangescience.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/3/1/32311305/...The Scientific Method: Making Observations Observations vs. Inferences Inference: a logical explanation](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060906/60a14b2fc8313216187b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Doing the Experiment: Procedure
John writes out his procedure for his experiment along with a
materials list in his journal. He has both of these checked by his teacher where she checks
for any safety concerns.
![Page 30: The Scientific Methodmrsorangescience.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/3/1/32311305/...The Scientific Method: Making Observations Observations vs. Inferences Inference: a logical explanation](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060906/60a14b2fc8313216187b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Trials
Trials refer to replicate groups that are exposed to the same conditions in an
experiment.
John is going to test each sugar variable 3 times.
![Page 31: The Scientific Methodmrsorangescience.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/3/1/32311305/...The Scientific Method: Making Observations Observations vs. Inferences Inference: a logical explanation](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060906/60a14b2fc8313216187b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Collect and Analyze Results
John comes up with a table he can use to record his data.
John gets all his materials together and carries out his experiment.
![Page 32: The Scientific Methodmrsorangescience.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/3/1/32311305/...The Scientific Method: Making Observations Observations vs. Inferences Inference: a logical explanation](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060906/60a14b2fc8313216187b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
SIZE OF BAKED BREAD (LxWxH) cm3
Amt. of Sugar (g.)
1 2 3 Average
Size (cm3)
25 768 744 761 758
50 1296 1188 1296 1260
100 1188 1080 1080 1116
250 672 576 588 612
500 432 504 360 432
Size of Bread Loaf (cm3)
Trials
Control group
![Page 33: The Scientific Methodmrsorangescience.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/3/1/32311305/...The Scientific Method: Making Observations Observations vs. Inferences Inference: a logical explanation](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060906/60a14b2fc8313216187b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Collect and Analyze Results
John examines his data and notices that his control worked
the best in this experiment, but not significantly better
than 100g. of sugar.
![Page 34: The Scientific Methodmrsorangescience.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/3/1/32311305/...The Scientific Method: Making Observations Observations vs. Inferences Inference: a logical explanation](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060906/60a14b2fc8313216187b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Conclusion
John’s hypothesis is unsupported so John rejects his hypothesis, but decides to re-test using sugar
amounts between 50g. and 100g.
![Page 35: The Scientific Methodmrsorangescience.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/3/1/32311305/...The Scientific Method: Making Observations Observations vs. Inferences Inference: a logical explanation](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060906/60a14b2fc8313216187b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
ConclusionJohn finds that 70g. of sugar
produces the largest loaf.
![Page 36: The Scientific Methodmrsorangescience.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/3/1/32311305/...The Scientific Method: Making Observations Observations vs. Inferences Inference: a logical explanation](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060906/60a14b2fc8313216187b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Communicate the Results
John tells his grandmother about his findings and prepares to
present his project in Science class.