The Scientific Impact of Italy Giuseppe De Nicolao – Università di Pavia 23 Settembre 2010.
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Transcript of The Scientific Impact of Italy Giuseppe De Nicolao – Università di Pavia 23 Settembre 2010.
The Scientific Impact of Italy
Giuseppe De Nicolao – Università di Pavia
23 Settembre 2010
“The Shanghai Institute of Education has recently published a list of the top 500 world universities. The order is based on the number of Nobel laureates from 1911 to 2002, highly cited researchers, articles published in Science and Nature, the number of papers published and an average of these four criteria compared with the number of full-time faculty members in each institution. I believe none of these criteria are as reliable as citations.”
D. A. King, “The scientific impact of nations - What different countries get for their research spending”, Nature, vol. 430|15, July 2004, www.nature.com/nature
Assessing scientific impact of nations
Goals of the presentation
1.Assess the scientific impact of Italy as measured by citations
1.Assess research efficiency by input-output analysiso input = research spendingo output = scientific impact
Data• Citations 2008
o Cumulative cites of scientific documents published in 2008: 15 best countries are considered
o Source: SCImago (powered by SCOPUS) http://www.scimagojr.com
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP’06)• Research & Development expenditure (R&D’06)
o Currency unit: million dollars (M$) (Purchasing-Power-Parity adjusted)
o Source: World Bank http://data.worldbank.org
What is the scientific impact of countries?
Italy’s Citation Rankings ‘08 (SCImago/SCOPUS)
Subject Area Rank
All 8
Medicine 5Pharmacol., Toxicol. & Pharmaceutics 5
Earth and Planetary Sc. 6
Mathematics 6
Neuroscience 6
Biochem., Genetics & Molec. Biol. 7
Dentistry 7
Health Professions 7
Immunology and Microbiology 7
Nursing 7
Physics and Astronomy 7
Veterinary 7
Chemistry 8
Subject Area Rank
Computer Science 8Economics, Econometrics and Finance 8
Engineering 8
Arts and Humanities 9
Energy 9
Multidisciplinary 9
Psychology 9
Agriculture and Biol. Sc. 10
Decision Sciences 10
Environmental Science 10
Social Sciences 10
Chemical Engineering 11
Materials Science 11
What is the wealth of countries?
How much do countries spend in R&D?
How much do countriesspend relative to their GDP?
R&D intensity = R&D/GDP
Comments
• Compared to expenditure, Italy’s scientific impact is good:o R&D intensity ranks #15o Absolute R&D expenditure ranks #9o Citations rank #8 (scientific impact)
• Five excellence areas that rank #5 or #6• Next: let’s assess efficiency …
Efficiency assessment• Fact: cited papers are mostly written by
academic researchersGagliarducci, Ichino, Peri, Perotti (2005) http://www2.dse.unibo.it/ichino/gipp_declino_18.pdf
• Business R&D expenditure has other goals: technical innovation, patents, new products, …
• Relevant expenditure to be considered:Higher-education Expenditure in R&D
(HERD‘06)Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators, 2009/2
How much do countries spend in academic R&D?
What do countries get for their academic research spending ?
Academic research efficiency = cites/HERD
Is Italy’s research inefficient?• Italy’s Gross Expenditure in R&D (GERD) ranks #9• Italy’s Higher-education Expenditure in R&D (HERD)
ranks #8• The ranking of Italy’s citations (#8) is equal the ranking
of academic research spending (#8)you get what you spend for
• Italy’s academic research efficiency ranks #9 and is average among 15 most research-oriented countries. In particular, Italy is more efficient than Germany, France, USA, Canada, Korea and, Japan
Technical remarks• To account for the delay of scientific results with respect
to funding, the analysis considered 2006 expenditure (input) against 2008 citations (output)
• The rankings of Italy are rather insensitive to the following changes:o #papers in place of #cites as impact criterion (#8 in both cases)o removing purchasing-power-parity adjustment o different citations years (ranking of Italy’s impact remains stable)o different spending years (Italy’s R&D intensity remains stable)
What about university education?
From OECD “Education at a glance 2010” :
1.Expenditure for university education as %GDP
1.Average expenditure per student throughout the course of tertiary studies. The figures account for all students for whom expenditure is
incurred, including those who do not finish their studies.
How much do countries spend in university education
relative to their wealth?
Expenditure for university education as %GDP’07
How much do countries spend in university
education per student?
Average expenditure per student throughout the course of university
studies
Comments• Italy’s expenditure for university education as %GDP
ranks #30 among 33 considered countries. It is clearly inadequate: only Slovak Republic, Hungary and Brazil do worse
• With a -19% budget reduction, Italy will fight for last position
• Italy’s average expenditure per student throughout the course of university studies ranks #16 among 24 considered countries: in particular, we invest less than our main competitors (Sweden, NL, Switzerland, UK, Germany, Japan, Spain, Australia, France, Belgium, ...)