The Science of Geography Geography is –methods, not just a body of knowledge –holistic...
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![Page 1: The Science of Geography Geography is –methods, not just a body of knowledge –holistic –eclectic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649de85503460f94ae2514/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Science of Geography
• Geography is – methods, not just a body of knowledge– holistic– eclectic
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Geography is:
• The science that studies the relationships among – natural systems, – geographic areas, – societies, – cultural activities, – and the interdependence of all of these over
space.
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Physical Geography is
• The spatial analysis of all the physical elements and processes that make up the environment.
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Figure 1.2
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• Geographers use scientific methods
Figure 1
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Earth Systems Concepts• System: an ordered, interrelated set of things &
their attributes, linked by flows of energy & matter, that is distinct from the surrounding environment
• Open systems have inputs and outputs of energy and matter
• System feedback: when outputs influence continuing system outputs via feedback loops
• System equilibrium: when rates of inputs and outputs are equal and amounts of energy and matter in storage are fairly constant
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Figure 1.3
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Global Effects of Mount Pinatubo
Figure 1.5
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Early Development of Physical Geography
• Aristotle (384-322 BC): ☺Earth is a sphere, not flat☺objects fall towards a common
center☺Apparent configuration of stars ∆
with movement to the south or north
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Eratosthenes estimated Earth’s circumference in 247 B.C.
Figure 1.9
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Figure 1.23
Figuring out how many degrees of Figuring out how many degrees of longitude should be in each time zone:longitude should be in each time zone:
Theoretical number of time Theoretical number of time zones of 1 hr. each: 24zones of 1 hr. each: 24
Number of degrees in a circle: Number of degrees in a circle: 360360
360/24 360/24 ≈ 15 degrees average ≈ 15 degrees average per zoneper zone
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The International Date Line: Where The International Date Line: Where all New Days Beginall New Days Begin
• Moving through time zones to the west, subtract 1 hour for each. (If it is 5 am in Wyoming, what time is it in the next time zone to the west?)
• As it turns midnight in the time zone of the IDL, the new day begins. At first, the new day is just in the 1st time zone, but 1 hr. later it spreads to the next zone to the west, and so on.
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Prime Meridian and Standard Time
Figure 1.14