The Science of Development The Life-Span Perspective The Nature of Development Theories Research...
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Transcript of The Science of Development The Life-Span Perspective The Nature of Development Theories Research...
The Science of Development
• The Life-Span Perspective• The Nature of Development• Theories• Research methodology
The Life-Span Perspective
• Why study life-span development?
• The historical perspective and its characteristics
• Some contemporary concerns
The Nature of Development
• Biological, Cognitive, and Socioemotional processes
• Periods of development• Age• Developmental issues
Definitions of…
• Theory: A theory is an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain and to make predictions.
• Hypothesis: A hypothesis is a specific assumption or prediction that can be tested to determine its accuracy
Psychoanalytic Theories
• Sigmund Freud– Personality– Psychosexual development
• Oral (0-1)• Anal (1-3)• Phallic (3-6)• Latent (6-12)• Genital (12+)
Psychoanalytic Theories
Erik Erikson: Eight stages of development Trust v. Mistrust (0-1) Autonomy v. Shame/Doubt (1-3) Initiative v. Guilt (3-5) Industry v. Inferiority (5-11) Identity v. Role Confusion (11-22) Intimacy v. Isolation (22-40) Generativity v. Stagnation (40-65) Integrity v. Despair (65+)
Cognitive Theories
• Piaget’s cognitive development theory• Vygotsky’s sociocultural cognitive theory• The information-processing approach
Behavioral and Social Cognitive Theories
• These theories believe that scientifically we can only study what can be directly observed and measured.
• They also believe that development is observable behavior that can be learned through experience with the environment.
Ethological Theory
• Behavior is strongly influenced by biology.• Behavior is tied to evolution.• Behavior is characterized by critical periods.• European zoologist Konrad Lorenz (1903-
1989) identified imprinting.• John Bowlby theorized about attachment.
Ecological Theory
• Developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner.• Consists of 5 environmental systems:
– The Microsystem– The Mesosystem– The Exosystem– The Macrosystem– The Chronosystem
Research Methods
• Observation• Laboratories vs. naturalistic settings• Interviews and Questionnaires• Case Studies• Standardized Tests• Life-History Records• Animal Research• Correlational research• Experimental research
Definitions of…
• Independent variables• Dependent Variables• Experimental group• Control Group• Random assignment
Experiment example…
Research Challenges
• Ethics• Gender• Ethnicity and Culture