The Scarborough Fair Study

Effects of increased intake of fruit, vegetables and herbs on adiponectin

Caroline Gunn, Janet Weber & Marlena C Kruger. Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, NZ. Anne-Thea McGill. University of Auckland

Group A (50 PM women)Intervention

Group B (50 PM women) Intervention

Group C Group C (43 PM women) Control Usual diet

.

Overview of 3 month study

Randomised active comparator design

 

GroupsA

(50)

B

(50)

C

(43)

P

Age 60 (4) 61 (4) 61 (5) NS

Years since

Menopause11 (5) 11 (4) 11 (5) NS

Weight 72 (13) 70 (13) 66 (11) NS

BMI 27 (5) 25 (5) 24 (5) 0.01

Characteristics of study groups at baseline

Mean (SD)

Groups

 

A

(49)

B

(50)

C

(43)

P

BMD (g/cm2)

Spine 1.0 (0.2) 0.9 (0.1) 1.0 (0.2) N/S

Total Hip BMD 0.9 (0.1) 0.9 (0.1) 0.9 (0.1) N/S

Neck of Hip 0.8 (0.1) 0.7 (0.1) 0.8 (0.1) N/S

Bone Mineral Density

Mean (SD)

DEXA classification

BMI classification

Relationship between body weight and hip bone mineral density in post-menopausal study women

(n=142)

.

r=0.58 p<0.001

Servings /day A

(47)

B

(47)

C

(40)

P

Fruit

Baseline 2.0 (0.9) 1.8 (0.9) 2.2 (1.2) 0.15

End 2.9 (1.4) 3.0 (1.0) 2.2 (1.4) 0.003

Vegetable

Baseline 3.4 (1.2) 3.3 (1.3) 3.7 (1.3) 0.21

End 5. 5 (1.9) 6.1 (1.9) 4.0 (1.2) 0.001

PRAL mEq/day

Baseline-0.1 (16) -1.2 (15) -1.8 (13) 0.76

PRAL mEq/day

End-17 (17) -23 (16) -3 (16) 0.001

Changes in food group servings and PRAL

Means (SD)

Change in PRAL

Milli equivalents

Nutrient intake and changes at 3 months

A

(47)

B

(47)

C

(40)

EAR/AI RDI/SDT P

Fibre(g) 27(8) 27 (8) 28 (8) /25 /28

change 5.7 (7) 6.4 (10) -0.5 (0) 0.001

Folate (μg) 368 (153) 380(225) 381 (134) 400/ 600

change 109 (213) 121 (250) _9 (164) 0.009

Sodium (mg) 2345 (618) 2766 (900) 2551 (979) /1600

change _63 (887) _376 (943) 24.5 (1256

Potassium (mg) 3695 (766) 3643 (1000) 3781±790 /2800 /4700

change 935 (953) 1393(1375) 64(933) 0.001

Calcium (mg) 850(257) 872(347) 905(270) 1100 /1300

change 181(353) 164 (141) 5 (293) 0.03

Urinary mineral excretion mmol/24hours

Group Baseline End Change % change

P change

Calcium A (29) 3.9 (2.0) 2.7 (1.5) -1.2( -1.8--0.5) -26 .002

Calcium B (36) 4.8 (2.1) 3.5 (1.8) -1.3(-2.0--0.6) -24 .001

Calcium C (22) 4.2 (1.6) 3.6 (1.6) -0.61(-1.6--0.2) 2 0.14

p change between groups

N/S <0.05

Potassium A (29) 135 (91) 221 (199) 86(-5-167) 93 0.04

Potassium B (36) 174 (189) 260 (217) 85(-9-178) 141 0.07

Potassium C (22) 187 (150) 291 (265) 104(-27-235) 93 0.10

p change between groups

NS NS

Changes in urinary mineral excretion

Means (SD) or 95% CI

Adiponectin

•secreted by osteoblasts and adipocytes in both marrow fat and visceral depots

• anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-atherogenic effects and increased bone loss

•three major forms: low molecular weight (LMW) trimer medium molecular weight (MMW) hexamer high molecular weight (HMW) oligomer.

Changes in adiponectin within each group

Adiponectin (µg/ml)

A(48,47)

B(50,47)

C(43,39)

P

Baseline 9.0 (7.9-10.1) 8.5 (7.5-9.3) 8.0 (7.1-9.2) 0.5

End 6.7(5.8-7.5) 7.1(6.0-8.0 6.3(5.4-7.7) 0.8

Change -2.3(3.4- -1.2) -1.4(-2.4- -0.4) -1.2(-2.3- -0.1) 0.3

P change4 p<0.000 p<0.003 p<0.007

Values are means (95% CI).P values for group comparisons are derived from ANOVA.P change by student t tests. P<0.05 is statistically significant. Cytokines log transformed for ANOVA.

Change in adiponectin in PM women (n=141) stratified by bone mineral density

Bone Mineral Density

Adiponectin Normal

(51)

Osteopenia

(73)

Osteoporosis

(17)

P

(ug/ml)/kg fat mass1

Baseline 0.32(0.26-0.38) 0.34 (0.30-0.39) 0.52 (0.39-0.65) 0.007

Final 0.28 (0.21-0.35) 0.28(0.24-0.33) 0.30 (0.18-0.41) 0.72

Change -0.04(0.01-0.08) -0.06(0.03-0.09) -0.22(0.12-0.33) 0.001

1Values are means (95% CI).2P values derived from ANOVA using log transformed values. P<0.05 statistically significant

Dietary intake for potassium, calcium, folate, sodium, fibre and magnesium more favourably aligned with MOH (NZ) recommendations

in groups A and B

Significantly less calcium lost from urine in intervention groups A and B with lowered PRAL

Lowered inflammatory levels resulted in significant reduction in adiponectin in all groups

Adiponectin significantly decreased in women with osteoporosis

Main Findings

Funding for this study was kindly provided from the following

organisations  

Hawke’s Bay Medical Research Foundation

Massey University Research Fund (MURF)

National Heart Foundation (NZ)

AMGEN (Osteoporosis Australia, Glaxo Smith Kline, Australian and NZ Bone Mineral Society).