The Roman Rural Settlement Project · British] rural settlements, ... Farmstead morphology....

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The Roman Rural Settlement Project Preliminary results from the SouthWest: Settlement forms & architecture Dr Alex Smith

Transcript of The Roman Rural Settlement Project · British] rural settlements, ... Farmstead morphology....

Page 1: The Roman Rural Settlement Project · British] rural settlements, ... Farmstead morphology. Enclosed Farms Penhale Round, Fraddon, Cornwall (© J Stanley) • All or majority of domestic

The Roman Rural Settlement Project

Preliminary results from the South‐West:Settlement forms & architecture

Dr Alex Smith

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The South‐West region is defined here as the modern counties of Gloucestershire, Wiltshire, Somerset, Dorset, Devon and Cornwall

Encompasses 26 Natural England regions

Geographic context of the South‐West 

region

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‘…so little is known of the lesser status [Romano‐British] rural settlements, villages, farmsteads, hamlets and other forms of settlement in which the majority of the population of the region must have lived.’

C J Webster (ed.) 2008, 152‐3

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The impact of developer‐funded archaeology:distribution of reported Roman rural sites in the South‐West

Up to 1949 Up to 1989

Up to 2013

PPG 16

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Origins and type of data

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Organisations0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Wessex Archaeology

Cotswold Archaeology

Oxford Archaeology

Exeter Archaeology

AC Archaeology

Birmingham Archaeology

Bristol and Region Archaeological Services

Foundations Archaeology

Thames Valley Archaeological Services

Bath Archaeological Trust

County Archaeological Units

Other units/consultants

Local societies/groups

Universities

English Heritage/Government organisation

Museums

Individuals/no organisation stated

number of records

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Roman records vs. NMR records of all excavation

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The AMIE Roman dataset

The PAS Roman dataset

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Quantity of site type by countyMajor category Site type Cornwall Devon Dorset Gloucestershire Somerset Wiltshire Total

Settlement and Associated Landscape

farm 38 38 40 89 71 68 344villa 1 6 13 44 28 30 122field system 14 7 10 34 21 33 119village* 3 3 7 9 7 9 38

unwalled small town* 0 1 1 2 4 3 12hillfort 9 4 3 4 5 4 29oppidum 0 0 1 3 0 0 4agricultural/isolated building 0 0 1 5 1 4 11Military 1 7 3 3 3 2 19

sub‐total 66 67 81 201 143 163 721

Religious/Ritualshrine 3 0 4 15 11 11 44funerary site 6 5 19 44 22 34 130RC temple 0 0 4 3 4 1 12

sub‐total 9 5 27 62 37 46 186

Communications/ Infrastructure

road 0 0 5 5 2 7 19jetty/bridge 0 0 0 0 1 0 1mansio 0 3 0 1 0 1 5

sub‐total 0 3 5 6 3 8 25

Industry

mill 0 0 0 1 0 1 2iron production 4 7 2 30 16 3 62other metal production 3 0 0 13 18 1 35pottery production 0 1 8 5 3 4 21quarry 0 2 4 19 6 11 42salt production 2 0 4 0 6 0 12tile production 0 1 0 3 0 2 6other industry 2 0 9 2 4 1 18

sub‐total 11 11 27 73 53 23 198Total 86 86 140 342 236 240 1130

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Farming settlements: morphology, distribution and chronology

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• Site Plans for c 70% of settlements in South‐West database

• c 40% of sites categorised as farms contain site plans

Farmstead morphology 

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Enclosed Farms

Penhale Round, Fraddon, Cornwall (© J Stanley)

• All or majority of domestic activity contained within 1 or 2 enclosures

• Internal space not sub‐divided to a significant degree

• A total of 77 Farmsteads categorised as ‘enclosed farms’ in the South‐West region, though with marked intra‐regional variety

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Complex Farms

Claydon Pike, Fairford, Glos (© P Lorimer)

• A complex of conjoined enclosures with internal area often extensively sub‐divided

• Multiple areas used for domestic and agricultural activity• Trackways and field‐systems tend to be incorporated within settlement system• A total of 78 Farmsteads categorised as ‘complex farms’ in the South‐West 

region

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Farmsteads: Intra‐regional morphologies 

• Very distinctive and well‐documented zone of enclosed farmsteads in Cornwall: The Cornish ‘Rounds’, often with substantial earth and stone banks and masonry circular houses.

• Still huge variation in size and form

Romano‐British ‘Round’ at Trethurgy, St Austell Complex farmstead at Tewkesbury, Severn Valley, Glos

• Zone of greater density and variety of farmsteads, with a significant higher proportion of complex type farms

• Particularly prevalent in river valleys (especially Upper Thames and Severn): c 60% vs 22% of enclosed farms

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Villa farmsteads• 122 Romano‐British villas

• Well known concentrations in parts of Glos, Wilts & Somerset

• At least 30% had demonstrable ‘pre‐villa’ phases, many of these going back into the Iron Age, almost certainly an under‐representation

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Villa farmstead morphology

• Where examined most villas appear to have been part of wider complex networks of enclosures & trackways

• Less direct association with the main river valleys than complex type farms

• Most ‘enclosed’ villas are fairly modest

Geophysical survey 2009‐11 south of Lufton villa, Somerset © GeoFlo & Lufton Project

Late Roman ‘villa’ at Claydon Pike, Glos

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Wider perspectives

• Central zone of increased settlement density and diversity

• Particularly associated with emergence of complex type farmsteads

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Chronological patterns

• 32% of farming settlements (n=166) occupied in the late Iron Age

• Most continued in use but 17% (n=28) were ‘abandoned’ during the mid to late 1st century AD

• At the same time 61 ‘new’ settlements established, with a notable uneven distribution

• Height of activity in most areas is 2nd‐3rd century AD

• Height of villa occupation in later 3rd‐4th century AD

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Chronological trends in settlement morphology

• General trends of decline in enclosed farms, early Roman increase in complex farms and mid‐late Roman increase in villa type farms

• The ‘whole regional’ pattern masks fundamental intra‐regional differences

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Late Iron Age farming settlements

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Later 1st century AD farming settlements

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Early 2nd century AD farming settlements

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Later 2nd century AD farming settlements

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Early 3rd century AD farming settlements

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Later 3rd century AD farming settlements

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Early 4th century AD farming settlements

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Later 4th century AD farming settlements

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Nucleated settlements (late Iron Age – 5th century + AD)

• 24 roadside

• 21 rural (‘villages’)

• 3 ports

• 3 industrial

• 28 hillforts

• 3 ‘oppida’

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Forms of rural ‘village’ settlements

A: Chysauster, CornwallB: Chisenbury Warren, Wilts

• Vary in size from 1‐3ha to 26ha (most less than 10 ha)

• 62% had origins in late Iron Age (compared with 47% of farms)

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Nucleated roadside settlement at Somerdale, Keynsham, Bath & NE Somerset (Traiectus?)

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Rural settlement architecture

• 306 settlements (farms, villas & nucleated settlements; 56% of total) contained specific evidence for c 1200 domestic or possible domestic structures 

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Regional trends in domestic architecture

• 37 settlements in Cornwall and Scilly with dated evidence for settlement architecture

• Dominated by circular architectural forms throughout, though still huge variety, with ‘courtyard houses’, oval houses etc.

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Regional trends in domestic architecture• 220 settlements in Glos, Wilts & 

Somerset with dated evidence for settlement architecture

• Sharp transition from circular to rectangular architectural forms

• Significant later 1st century AD rise in rectangular building form due to roadside settlements & villas/farms that become villas.

• Most other farms (n=91) undergo main architectural transformation during 2nd century AD 

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Character of domestic architecture• 714 ‘domestic’ masonry 

buildings on 223 settlements

• 166 timber structures explicitly noted – a massive under‐representation

• Masonry buildings well spread across region, though marked differences in context and distribution of mortared masonry structures

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Character of domestic architecture (excluding villas)

Reconstruction of Romano‐British ‘farmstead’ building, Upton Park, based upon building excavated at Ower, Dorset

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Villa architecture

Woodchester

Claydon Pike

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Regional distribution of villa architecture

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The rural dead

• 3125 burials from 250 sites

• 161 cremation burials and 2971 inhumation burials

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Conclusions to date…• Rural settlement patterns (density, form, chronology etc) 

are incredibly diverse throughout the region• Height of settlement activity during later 2nd to mid 4th

century AD, within minimal ‘tail‐off’ compared to further east

• The north‐east zone is not only particularly densely settled, but also has the greatest variety in settlement form, architecture and even treatment of the dead – indications of greater social and economic stratification/mobility?

• This is also the region which experiences the most marked degree of ‘change’ throughout the Roman period, particularly evidenced through the growth of complex farms, villas and roadside settlements.

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Proportion of rural settlement site types by Natural England Regions