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Transcript of THE ROMAN CULTURE. SSWH3 The student will examine the political, philosophical, and cultural...
THE ROMAN CULTURE
SSWH3 The student will examine the political, philosophical, and cultural interaction of classical mediterranean societies from 700 bce to 400 ce.
c. Analyze the contributions of Hellenistic and Roman culture; include law, gender, and science.
STRUCTURE OF THE REPUBLIC
3
• Patricians= landholding upper class
• Plebeians= farmers, merchants, artisans, traders
• Senate= governing body
• Consuls= two patricians• Dictator= assigned to
be in charge in the event of a war for six months
Patricians
Plebeians
PATRICIANS• Land holding upper class.• The most prosperous families in Rome.• The ruling class.• The wealthy citizens.• Overthrew the Etrucans and claimed Rome to be a Republic.
THE PLEBIAN SOCIAL CLASS
• Were the lower class.• The common-folk.• In between Patricians
and the slaves.• The vast majority of
society.• Usually poor.• Would sell themselves
and their children into slavery.
THE PLEBIAN SOCIAL CLASS
• Illegal for a Pleb to marry a Patrician. • Plebs were considered an
addition to the "real" roman life-styles by the citizens of Rome.• Jobs: farming, military,
trading, prostitution, politics, arts, gladiator/ charioteer, fireman, fishing, management, construction, religion.
PLEBEIANS• Were tradesmen• Lived in apartments
called flats above or behind shops.
• The rich Plebian flats had running water.
• Were sanitary and clean.
• Poor flats did not have running water, toilets, or sewage systems.
• Many of the flats were built with the wood or timber
THE ROMAN FAMILY• Family was the basic social unit in
Rome• Paterfamilias- dominant male• Extended family households• Upperclass children learned to read,
including Greek, even girls• Slaves = teachers• Boys learned: Reading, writing, moral
principles, law and physical training• Girls: taught by private tutors or sent
to private schools• No secondary schools for girls• 12 to marry (girls), 14 the norm• Men married later• Arranged marriages• Divorce introduced in 3rd century
b.c.e.
THE ROMAN FAMILY2nd century a.d changes:
• Paterfamilias no longer had absolute authority over children and wife.
• Women no longer required to have guardians.
• Women could: own, inherit, and sell property.
• Not segregated from men w/in home.
• Viewed as enjoyable company and center of househod social life.
• Women could attend races, theater, and events in amphitheater.
• Could not participate in politics
DID YOU KNOW THAT…• The Romans took
baths?• Baths were used
for entertainment and healing purposes?
• Roman men bathed in wine and women bathed milk?
• It required 500 donkeys to supply the milk for Emperor Nero’s wife to bathe!
SLAVERY• Slavery common = war
captives• Used as: tutors,
musicians, doctors, artists, and teachers
• All nationalitites used as: household workers, farmed estates, built roads and public buildings.
• Slave revolts happened• Spartacus led most
famous slave revolt, w/70,000 slaves.
• 71 b.c.e. Spartacus was captured and killed.
• 6,000 followers crucified.
Roman mosaic from Dougga, Tunisia 2nd century a.d.
ECONOMICS
12
• Conquests brought much wealth to Rome
• Wealthy families bought huge estates called latifundia.
• Romans forced the people they conquered to work as slaves on the latifundia Roman Slaves
ECONOMICS
13
• Slave labor hurt the small farmers b/c:• it cost more to produce
food• Overproduction brought
prices down• Results:
• Farmers fell into debt• sold their land• moved to the city looking
for work• gap between rich and
poor widens=riots and chaos
Roman Slaves
WHY IS ANCIENT ROME SO IMPORTANT TO WORLD HISTORY?
• The Romans did not necessarily create and invent everything that they are commonly given credit for.
• What the Romans were best at was taking something (like the Etruscan arch),
• adapting it, and putting it to great use (such as in the construction of aqueducts).
• Administration of a vast empire
• Christianity• Architecture• Engineering• Historians• Jewish Diaspora• Literature• Roman law• Romance languages• Transmission of
Greek (Hellenistic) culture
WHY IS ANCIENT ROME SO IMPORTANT TO WORLD HISTORY?
GLADIATORS
THE LIFE OF THE GLADIATOR• Was the fighting as
lawless as it has been portrayed to be?
• The crowds have been shown to be desperate for blood and the gladiators desperate to survive
• But the reality was quite different
• this would not have been a profitable business if the fights were staged the way they were in the movies
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE GAMES AT THIS TIME
• The gladiatorial combat was considered a religious events
• It was considered morally appropriate for young children to watch
• Games promoted honor, bravery and fearlessness in the face of death
• This type of entertainment was considered intellectual
• as opposed to going to other entertainments
NEW RESEARCH ON GLADIATORIAL GAMES REVEALS
• Referees were posted in the arena to make sure of a fair fight. • Unbeatable odds would not have been a good show for the crowd• Food and healthcare was provided
NEW RESEARCH ON GLADIATORIAL GAMES REVEALS
• a layer of fat over muscle, you stand a better chance of sustaining minor cut wounds
• Training camps were closed
• gladiators spent three years there training and could not leave
• that did not stop women, even ones from good families, from sneaking into the camps
GLADITORIAL GAMES• Games can best be
compared to today’s modern boxing matches
• Well organized, short fights with refs
• Weapon selection and pairing of partners very carefully monitored
• Main difference between this sport and modern boxing is that sometimes the gladiators were fighting for their lives.
• There is a big debate over the “Thumbs Up/Down” usage
• In reality, “Thumbs Up” probably meant “Kill the gladiator!” and “Thumbs Down” meant “Put down your weapon.”
ARCHITECTURE & ENGINEERING
• A large part of Rome’s success was due to the importance placed on building and maintaining the empire’s infrastructure– Aqueducts, bridges,
dams, harbors, roads• Public buildings
– Amphitheaters (e.g., Colosseum), basilicas (oblong halls), government offices, palaces, public baths, theaters, etc.
Saint Mary Major Basilica, Rome
ARCHITECTURE & ENGINEERING
• Architecture–Basic style was
copied from the Greeks–Arch copied
from the Etruscans–Dome–Vault
ART AND LITERATURE
Art• heavily influenced by the Greeks.• Roman sculpture tried to be more
realistic than the Greeks• Would show flaws, Greeks would never
do that
Literature• Virgil• Considered to be the greatest poet of
the Roman Empire• Wrote, Aeneid• Horace• Wrote satires, made fun of human
weakness• Livy• Historian, wrote History of Rome• Work became the standard history of
Rome for a long time.• More interested in the story rather than
the fact.
ROMAN LAW• Started with the Twelve Tables
(450 BCE)• Developed over a thousand years• Public law = Relationship of
citizen to state• Private (civil) law = Relationships
between people• Peoples law (jus gentium)=
Rights of foreigners• Justinian Code (6th century CE)• Encapsulated the previous 1000+
years of Roman law• Still used as the basis of civil law
in many parts of EuropeMarriage laws or a funerary relief
ROMANCE LANGUAGES• Law, medicine, and
science
– Scientists have traditionally used Latin as a “universal language”
– Our scientific names, and most legal and medical terminology, is Latin
• ReligionThe Catholic Church preserved the Latin languageCatholic masses were said in Latin until the 1960s
ROMANCE LANGUAGES• “Romance” meaning “Roman”• developed from Latin
– French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish
• English• Old English was a
Germanic language• William the Conqueror,
of Normandy (in France), brought French (a Romance language) to England in 1066
• Middle English is a mixture of these old Germanic and French languages
• About half of modern English can be traced to Latin
CHRISTIANITY• Christianity started in the
Roman province of Judea• Early Christians, as citizens
of the Roman Empire, could travel freely throughout the empire
• There was a significant number of Christians in Rome by 64 CE, the year Nero blamed them for the fire (ca. 30 years after Jesus died)
• According to tradition, Paul of Tarsus (St. Paul) used his Roman citizenship to have his criminal trial relocated to Rome from Caesarea (in Judea-Palestine) in the 60s CE
CHRISTIANITY• Significant number of
Christians in Rome by 64 CE• the year Nero blamed them for
the fire (ca. 30 years after Jesus died)
• According to tradition, Paul of Tarsus (St. Paul) used his Roman citizenship to have his criminal trial relocated to Rome from Caesarea (in Judea-Palestine) in the 60s CE
CHRISTIANITY
• Christianity finally gained acceptance with the Edict of Milan (313 CE) and Constantine’s conversion
• Future Roman emperors were Christians
• As the Western Roman Empire fell apart, the city became the headquarters of the Roman Catholic Church
• The Pope used the imperial title “Pontiff”
• The Church ended up ruling the city of Rome and surrounding areas
• Church used Roman administrative districts, such as dioceses, in its administration
JEWISH DIASPORA
• Judea-Palestina (roughly modern Palestine or Israel) was a Roman province• The Romans put down a
series of uprisings• The future Emperor Titus
destroyed the Second Temple of Jerusalem and carried its spoils to Rome (70 CE) Rome Jewish Ghetto
JEWISH DIASPORA• After the Bar Kokhba
Revolt (132-136 BCE), the Jews were forced to migrate from the area around Jerusalem• Jews were never again a
large presence in Israel-Palestine until the 20th century
Rome Jewish Ghetto
RELIGION
36
Greek God Roman God
Zeus-ruler of all gods Jupiter-ruler of all gods
Hera-wife of Zeus, protected marriage
Juno-wife of Jupiter, protected marriage
Poseidon-god of the sea
Neptune-god of the sea
• Romans were polytheistic-they believed in many gods and goddesses
• Many of the gods were adapted from the Greeks
RELIGION• Roman calendar is full
of feasts and celebrations to honor the gods and goddesses
• Temples for worship to ask for divine assistance
Neptune-and-Amphitrite-Roman-mosaic-from-Herculaneum
• Some Early Roman Gods or “Numen”– Bellona Goddess of War– Cardea similar to Artemis, had
power over doorways– Cupid God of love like the Greek
Eros– Dis God of the underworld like the
Greek Hades– Faunus God of fields and shepards
like the Greek Pan – Glaucus God of the sea– Lares God of the household-
represented dead ancestors who protected the family
– Liber God of fertility, identified with Baccus, the god of wine
– Saturn God of agriculture and the Roman like the Greek Cronus
– Vesta Goddess of home and hearth similar to the Greek Hestia
EARLY ROMAN GODS AND GODDESSES
the apotheosis (the transformation into gods) of antoninus pius
MERCURY• God of Motion,
Sleep and Dreams, Commerce and Travelers• Graceful, Clever
and Quick• Greek name is
Hermes• Symbols: Wand,
Winged Sandals and Winged Helmet
VENUS• Goddess of Love and Beauty• Greek name is Aphrodite• Married to Vulcan• Symbols: Dove, Sparrow, Swan and Myrtle
MARS• God of War• Greek name is Ares• Bloody, fiery character – not well liked• Symbols: Vulture, Dog
JUPITER• King of the
Gods/Ruler of the Skies
• Greek name is Zeus
• Married to Juno• Symbols:
Eagle, Shield, Thunderbolt and Oak Tree
SATURN• He was an ancient
Roman god of fertility and agriculture.
• Believed to be the deity who introduced agriculture and with it civilization and government.
• Greek name was Cronus• Symbol: a sickle • Saturn was worshiped in
a winter festival called the Saturnalia and his name is used for the day of the week, Saturday.
NEPTUNE• God of the Sea• Second most powerful God on Mt.Olympus• Greek name is Poseidon• Symbols: Trident, Horse and Bull
PLUTO
• God of the under world and wealth
• Greek name is Hades
• Symbols: Helmet, Metals, Jewels
JUNO
• Queen of the Gods• Goddess of Heaven, Marriage and Childbirth• Greek name is Hera• Married to Jupiter• Symbols: Peacock and Cow
VESTA• Goddess of the Hearth. Protector of the home and the family• Greek name is Hestia• Never married• Symbol: fire
APOLLO
• God of Light and Truth, Healing, Archery, and Music• Greek name is
Apollo• Brother of Diana• Symbols: Crow,
Dolphin, Laurel and Lear
CONCLUSION• The Roman mythology
tells us about what the early Romans thought was important.
• The Romans valued family, beauty, honor, truth, wisdom, wealth, courage and strength.
• They were a people who were building a great city and testing the courage and honor that their ancestors would cherish.
SSWH3 The student will examine the political, philosophical, and cultural interaction of classical mediterranean societies from 700 bce to 400 ce.c. Analyze the contributions of Hellenistic and Roman culture; include law, gender, and science. • List five facts that will help you remember this lesson:
• • • • •