The Roman Army. Men in the Roman Army Men served 25 years The end of their term brought retirement...
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Men in the Roman Army
• Men served 25 years
• The end of their term brought retirement
• Retirement usually brought a grant of land or cash
• Those who were already Roman, were given citizenship
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The Hard Life
• Soldiers were sometimes required to walk 20 miles a day
• They had to carry their 80 pounds of armour, their shield, some food, and their camping equipment
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Dining
The generals made sure their men were well fed. Soldiers ate:
• Cereals
• Meats
• Pig, such as bacon, ham, lard
• Wheat
• Fruits and vegetables
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Nap Time
• Living quarters were cramped, sometimes holding 8 men
• Even so, these men usually bonded and became friends
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Entertain Yourself
• Jumping• Wrestling• Boxing • Racing• Riding• Throwing• Swimming
• Fishing• Hunting• Handball• Field hockey• Catch• A form of soccer
Soldiers found somehow found time to play around and have some fun. Their fun included:
Board games such as:
•Dice
•Roman Chess
•Roman Checkers
•Tic-tac-toe
•Tabula
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The Outside
Roman soldiers really did not get to communicate outside the army.
• Soldiers usually did not see their families for years
• Soldiers were not allowed to marry until they left the army
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Show Me the Money
• Legionary pay was low, only 112.5 denarii a year
• Centurions received anywhere from 3,750 to 15,000 denarii a year
• The cost of food and arms was deducted from each soldiers pay
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The Front Lines: Battle Equipment
Armour
• Simple military tunic with metal corselet over it
• Boots were laced high, and had extra traction
• Military belt had a sheath for a short sword or dagger
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Helmets
Many different types of helmets were used in the Roman Army
• Most had round cap
• Hinged cheek pieces
• Neck protector
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Shields
• Held in left hand
• Curved rectangle shape, or an oval
• Symbol on front represented their service, century, and cohort
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Weaponry
The Pilum• A throwing javelin that bent on impact,
thus rendering it useless and difficult to remove
The Gladius• A double edged short sword used for
stabbing and thrusting• 20-22 inches long used in favorable close
combat
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Form Up! Organization
• Century: 80-100 men led by a centurion
• Cohort: the basic fighting unit; 6 centuries (6 x 80=480 men).
• Legion: 10 Cohorts (10x480=4800 men)
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Commanding Officers
General:Imperator• One general led each military
campaign
Legates and Military Tribunes• Legate led a legion, which
contained 6 military tribunes
Centurions• Led 80 man century
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Emperor and the Army• Imperator was
term only given to emperor
• Emperor could take control of the army as he pleased, but only in the empire
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Roman Military Camps
Each Roman military camp was alike, even the temporary ones.
Each one had:• Constructed according to a
pattern• Laid out like a city, bisected
by 2 streets leading to 4 gates
• Always fortified; surrounded by a deep ditch and a wall
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The Troops Inside Rome
• The vigiles, served as fire fighters and night watchmen in the city of Rome
• The cohortes urbanae was a sort of police force
• The praetorian guard, served as a permanent bodyguard for the emperor
• Also, 9 cohorts were stationed in the city
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Battle Tactics and FormationsPig’s Head• The infantry was placed into a
wedge-shaped formation and would push into the enemy with a wall of shields.
Square Formation• When surrounded, the Romans
formed a square formation with interlocking shields
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Battle tactics (cont.)
• Phalanx – rectangluar formation of heavy infantry of spears, spikes, etc.– Impermeable points to the front– Phalangos – greek word for finger
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Formations Continued
The Testudo
• Tortoise-like formation with shields in front as well as on top for protection from arrows
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REPRESENT!!: Battle Standards
• Battle standards were tall poles topped with various insignia and symbols
• They helped to keep the units together
• Were also religious and they sometimes preformed rituals to them
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Ex. Of Battle Standards
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Battle Standards
• The standards helped to keep the units together, since the soldiers could see them above the action.
• Standards also helped to preserve the pride of each unit, they represented a symbol of that unit's achievements.
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Battle Standards
• Each century, cohort, and legion had its own standard.
• during battle and other activities, these were held by officers called standard bearers
• were marked out from other soldiers by the animal-head skins they wore on their heads.
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The Eagle
• The most important symbol was the legionary eagle
• It was the symbol of the power of Rome and the honor of the legion
• To lose the legionary eagle in battle was a terrible disgrace
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Sacramentum
• The sacramentum was like the oath of office for the Roman soldiers
• Says that he would fulfill his conditions of service even to the point of death
• In effect, he gave up his citizen's right of appeal for any death sentence
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Punishment• Minor offences involved
food rationing, hitting with the centurion's staff, or public flogging
• More serious offences could lead to fines and deductions from pay or reductions in rank
• For the most serious offences, such as desertion, a soldier could be summarily executed
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The Worst of the Worst
• The worst punishment of all was decimation, usually applied to a whole cohort
• Every tenth man in the unit was randomly selected to be clubbed or beaten to death by the other soldiers
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YAY!! Rewards
• Victorious generals could expect a triumph
• It was an elaborate procession through the city of Rome to Jupiter's temple on the Capitoline hill
• Usually made the generals feel like gods
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Credits• http://vindolanda.csad.ox.ac.uk/exhibition/army.shtml
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/vindolanda_01.shtml
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/romans/army.shtml
• http://myron.sjsu.edu/romeweb/ROMARMY/ROMARMY.HTM
• http://www.roman-empire.net/army/army.html
• http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/romanarmy.html