The Role of Radiation for Symptom Palliation

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The Role of Radiation in Symptom Palliation Greg Hermann, MD MPH PGY3 Resident Physician Roswell Park Cancer Institute

Transcript of The Role of Radiation for Symptom Palliation

Page 1: The Role of Radiation for Symptom Palliation

The Role of Radiation in Symptom Palliation

Greg Hermann, MD MPHPGY3 Resident Physician

Roswell Park Cancer Institute

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• No financial disclosures

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Definition

from late Latin, pallium ‘cloak.’‐hide, cover or disguise

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Rocque Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol 2013

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Approximately 50% of RT is delivered with palliative intent

Guadagnolo JCO 2013

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“When the initial objective of radiation therapy is palliation, new ground rules must be applied. 

Possible serious complications or even slowly self limiting adverse effects of treatment are no longer acceptable. Overall treatment time must be short. 

Cost must be minimized. Convenience of treatment must be considered.”

‐ Robert G. Parker, MDJAMA 1964

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Outline

• Quad Shot• High Yield

– Bone Metastases– Brain Metastases

• Cases– Lymphomas– Graves Ophthalmopathy– SVC Syndrome– Hemostasis– Lightning Round

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Why do we use radiation for palliation?

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Because it works!

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Quad Shot

1 cycle= 3.7Gy per fraction, twice daily for 2 days2‐4 week break

2nd cycle2‐4 week break

3rd cycle

Total 44.4Gy in 12 fractions

Spanos IJROBP 1989

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• RTOG 7905– 10Gy x 3fx (4 week breaks)– Response Rate 41%– G3‐4 Toxicity 45% 

Spanos IJROBP 1989

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Quad Shot• RTOG 8502‐ palliation for advanced pelvic ca.

– Phase II (n=148)• 45% response, only 5% late complication 

• Australia– HNSCC (n=30)

• 53% response, 44% improved QOL• WashU

– HNSCC (n=20), with chemo• 90% response, no late toxicity

• MSKCC– HNSCC (n=75)

• 65% response, 5% G3 toxicity• Number of cycles predictive of response• OS 5.7mo

Spanos IJROBP 1989Corry Radiother Oncol 2005Carrascosa J Palliative Med 2007Lok Oral Oncology 2015

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Quad Shot• RTOG 8502‐ palliation for advanced pelvic ca.

– Phase II (n=148)• 45% response, only 5% late complication 

• Australia– HNSCC (n=30)

• 53% response, 44% improved QOL• WashU

– HNSCC (n=20), with chemo• 90% response, no late toxicity

• MSKCC– HNSCC (n=75)

• 65% response, 5% G3 toxicity• Number of cycles predictive of response

• OS 5.7mo Spanos IJROBP 1989Corry Radiother Oncol 2005Carrascosa J Palliative Med 2007Lok Oral Oncology 2015

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Pre Treatment

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After 1 Cycle

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After 2 Cycles

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After 3 Cycles

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High Yield

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Bone Metastases

• 400,000 cases annually• Breast + Prostate + Lung= 50‐80% • 70% involves axial skeleton• 75% painful

Yu Cancer Control 2012Maurer Nature Reviews 2016

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Mechanism of RT

• Pain relief– Reduction of cytokine release– Direct damage to osteoclasts– Effect/damage to nerve endings– Remineralization for lasting effects

Mercadante Pain 1997

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Dose

• RTOG 9714• N=897 with painful uncomplicated bone metsfrom breast or prostate

• Randomize to 30Gy/10fx or 8Gy/1fx

Hartsell WF, J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005

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Hartsell WF, J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005

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Chow Clinical Oncology 2012

Overall Response Rate: 60% SF vs. 61% MF

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8Gy/1fx 30Gy/10fxPain Control

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8Gy/1fx 30Gy/10fx

Retreatment

20% 8%

Chow Clinical Oncology 2012

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Why more retreatment?

• Dutch Bone Metastasis Study (n=1200)– 4X as many retreatments in SF– Retreatment following SF occurred sooner despite less pain

Steenland Radiother Oncol 1999Van Der Linden IJROBP 2004

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Retreatment• Meta‐analysis

– Pain response 58% 

Huisman IJROBP 2012

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Retreatment• Meta‐analysis

– Pain response 58% 

• Secondary analysis of NCIC CTG SC.20– QOL analysis

Huisman IJROBP 2012Chow JCO 2014

Retreatment is Effective

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Retreatment• Meta‐analysis

– Pain response 58% 

• Secondary analysis of NCIC CTG SC.20– QOL analysis

• ToxicityNo acute or late G3 0‐2% fracture 

Jeremic Radiother and Oncology 1999Van der Linden IJROBP 2004

Retreatment is Safe

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Lutz et al,  Pract Radiat Oncol 2017

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Summary of Guidelines

• 8Gy/1fx– Similar to MF for pain control– Effective for spinal bone metastases– Toxicity rates similar– Consider retreatment at 1 month if no pain improvement

Lutz et al,  Pract Radiat Oncol 2017

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SBRT for Metastases

• Can be used for retreatment to reduce toxicity• High BED

– Oligometastatic disease control?

• ASTRO guidelines recommend clinical trial

Owen PRO 2014

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Spinal Cord Compression

• Radiation Emergency!• Tumor entering epidural space • 5‐10% pts will experience • Symptoms

– Back pain– Weakness/Paralysis– Numbness/Parasthesias– Cauda Equina Syndrome

• Survival est. few months

Klimo Oncologist 2004Francel Peds Review 1998

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Surgery+RT vs. RT Alone

• Randomized Trial• ≥1 neurological symptom• Good PS, more favorable survival prognosis• Surgery+RT (n=50) vs. RT Alone (n=51)

– 30Gy in 10 fx

Patchell Lancet 2005

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Surgery+RT vs. RT Alone

• Closed Early due to stopping rule• Post‐treatment ambulatory rate 

• 84% Surgery+RT vs. 57% RT alone• Also able to maintain ambulatory state longer

Patchell Lancet 2005

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Why RT Alone

• Equally effective for pain control• Surgical Risks

– Perioperative complication rate 11‐38% – 5% postoperative mortality

Jacobs Neuosurgery 2016

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Dose

• SCORE‐2 Trial– 30Gy/10fx vs. 20Gy/5fx– No difference

• SCORAD III– Multicenter Phase III randomized non‐inferiority trial

– Abstract from ASCO 2017– N=688– 20Gy/5fx vs. 8Gy/1fx

Rades JCO 2016Hoskin ASCO 2017 Abstract

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SCORAD III abstract

• Good Ambulatory Status at week 8• 73.3% vs. 69.5% walking or using an aid• No difference in OS or toxicity

Hoskin ASCO 2017

8Gy/1fx 20Gy/5fx<

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Brain Metastases

• Occur in 20‐40% of patients• 97‐170K cases/ year• Increasing incidence due to more MRI and increased survival with improving chemotherapy

• Common Primary:1. Lung (50%)2. Breast (15‐20%)3. Unknown (10‐15%)4. Melanoma (10%)5. Colorectal (5%)

Mehta IJROBP 2005Nayak Curr Oncol Rep 2012

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Brain Metastases: Symptoms

• 2/3 develop neurological symptoms• Headaches• Cognitive dysfunction• Focal neurological signs • Seizures• Strokes due to tumor emboli or hemorrhagic lesions

• Due to progressive edema, symptoms worsen without treatment

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Brain Metastases: Treatment

• Steroids

1987

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Brain Metastases: Treatment

• Steroids• Surgery 

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Brain Metastases: Treatment

• Steroids• Surgery • WBRT 

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Brain Metastases: Treatment

• Steroids• Surgery • WBRT • SRS

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WBRT

• WBRT+ Steroids• 74% improvement in neurological symptoms

• Majority having durable relief

• OS benefit (beyond the scope of this presentation)

Cairncross Ann Neuol V7, p529‐41, 1980Patchell JAMA 1998

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WBRT Toxicity

• Acute– Fatigue, hair loss, somnolence, n/v, HA

• Subacute– Short term memory loss, somnolence

• Delayed Injury (>6 months)– Attention and memory impairment– IQ decline– Dementia

DeAngelis Neurology 1989Roman and Sperduto IJROBP 1995

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RTOG 0933

• Phase II trial • Hypothesis: Sparing hippocampus may mitigate radiation‐induced neurocognitive toxicity

• IMRT or Tomotherapy– Contour subgranular zone of the hippocampus

Mehta, Gondi,  et al. 

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RTOG 0933‐ Contouring Atlas

Mehta, Gondi,  et al. 

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SRS

• Stereotactic Radiosurgery– Uses 3D coordinate system– Highly focused, precise beam – Higher doses, less normal tissue radiated– Delivery

• Linac‐based , Gamma Knife or CyberKnife

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Presentation 4 months 7 months

Tse Medscape 2017

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Chang Lancet Oncol 2009

4 Months

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Quad Shot is not the only catchy name…

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“Boom‐Boom”

2Gy 2Gy

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Lymphomas

• Radiosensitive• Can be indolent or aggressive

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FORT Trial

• Phase III Non‐inferiority Trial• Follicular and Marginal Zone Lymphoma• 2Gy x 2 vs. 24Gy/12fx

Hoskin Lancet Oncol 2014

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Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma

Thomas IJROBP 2012

7‐8Gy x1

94% complete response

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Orthovoltage (superficial)

Radiologykey.com

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Stanton and Stinson Applied Physics for Radiation Oncology 2009

200KVp Co‐60 (1.25 MV)

25MV

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Mycosis Fungoides/Sezary Syndrome

Buder ActaDV 2013Hauswald Radiation Oncology 2012 

Before

AfterTSEI

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Piotrowski Postep DermAlergol 2013

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Bahn NEJM 2010

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Graves’ Ophthalmopathy

• Inflammation of extraocular muscles due to antibodies

• Can threaten eyesight with corneal ulceration• Treatment

– Tx underlying hyperthyroidism– Steroids– Surgery or RT

• Common Dose: 20Gy in 10fx

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88 Pts

20Gy/10fx

SHAM RT

Prummel JCEM 2004

Randomized Double Blind Trial

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Prummel JCEM 2004

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Wilson NEJM 2007

Superior Vena Cava Syndrome

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SVC Syndrome

• Impaired venous drainage from head, neck, upper extremities due to obstruction of superior vena cava (SVC)

• 75% due to lung cancer (more often small cell)• 15% Lymphoma 

Talaptra J Can Res Ther 2016

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SVC Syndrome

• Symptoms– Face/neck swelling– Upper ext. swelling– Distended neck/chest veins– Cough– Shortness of breath– Headache– Confusion– Dizziness– Obtundation

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SVC Syndrome

• Treatment– Elevate head of the bed– Steroids– Chemo for lymphoma and small cell

– Endovascular stenting• No biopsy needed

– Radiation• 78% small cell and 63% NSCLC have relief by 2 weeks• Clinical improvement by 72 hours

Armstrong IJROBP 1987

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SVC Syndrome

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SVC Syndrome

• Consider high dose per fraction initially (3‐4Gy/fx)

• Can transition to definitive treatment +/‐chemo (1.8‐2Gy/fx)

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Hemostasis

• Bleeding occurs in 10% of patients with advanced cancer– Hematemesis– Melena/hematachezia– Hemoptysis– Hematuria– Epistaxis– Vaginal bleeding – Ulcerated skin (breast ca.)

Pererira Topics in Palliative Care 2000

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• Fatigue

Symptoms

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• Fatigue• Hypovolemic Shock

Symptoms

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RT for Hemostasis

• Better for “oozing” blood, not arterial bleeding

• Hemostasis occurs at ~6Gy• Dose Range

• 8Gy/1fx, 3Gyx3, 20Gy/5fx

Tey IJROBP 2007

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52 y/o progressive pancreatic cancer p/w black stools and HgB=6.

CT showing invasion into the duodenum.

3Gy x 3Limit side effects

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60 y/o with metastatic esophageal adenocap/w black stools.HgB=6.5

6Gy x 1

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Lightning Round

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Brachial Plexopathy

72 y/o metastatic serous carcinoma p/wPain and Parasthesiasright hand 

37.5Gy in 15fx

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Recurrent Tumor

Metastatic giant cell tumor of bone p/w fungating recurrence

30Gy/10fx

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Airway Obstruction

Metastatic NSCLC p/w SOB

20Gy/5fx

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Impending FractureMetastatic SCC H/N p/w hip pain and impending fx of the femoral neck

8G/1fx

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Lower Ext Lymphedema

Metastatic sarcoma p/w worsening LE edema

20Gy/5fx

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Radiation Indications for Palliation cont’d

• Bowel or Biliary obstruction• Urinary retention• Pelvic recurrence• Dysphagia• Abdominal pain• Recurrent primary brain tumors• Inflammatory breast disease• Etc.

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Summary

• Palliative radiation is effective • Delivery should be safe• ASTRO Guidelines recommending 8Gy/1fx• Spare healthy tissue when possible• Consider each patient individually

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Questions?