The Role of Marine Reserves in Ecosystem-based Fisheries Management
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Transcript of The Role of Marine Reserves in Ecosystem-based Fisheries Management
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The Role of Marine Reserves in Ecosystem-based
Fisheries Management
This project supported in part by the National Science Foundation.
Opinions expressed are those of the authors and
not necessarily those of the Foundation.
byWynn W. Cudmore, Ph.D.
Northwest Center for Sustainable ResourcesDUE# 0757239
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Marine Protected Areas - definitions Marine protected area (MPA) – a geographic
area that has been designated to enhance the conservation of marine resources
Marine reserve – a type of MPA that prohibits all extractive activities including fishing
Marine sanctuary – a type of MPA that allows fishing but prohibits other extractive activities such as offshore oil development and mining
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Worldwide Distribution of Marine Reserves
Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans
Approximately 0.01% of oceans is designated as marine reserves
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What benefits do marine reserves provide within their boundaries?
Marine species are more abundant, larger and more diverse inside reserves as compared to outside reserves
Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans
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Temperate vs. Tropical Marine Reserves
Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans
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Sea scallops on Georges Bank
NOAA Fisheries – Northeast Fisheries Science Center NOAA Fisheries - Chantell Royer
Area Closed to fishing
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Large females produce more offspring
Vermillion rockfish
Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans
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Big Old Fat Females Rule!
NOAA Fisheries
Short-raker rockfish
Bering Sea, Alaska
60 lb. female
90-115 years old
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Marine reserves can restore ecological balance
Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans
Anacapa Island Marine Reserve,
California
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What benefits do marine reserves provide outside their boundaries?
SpilloverSpillover from reserves to non-reserve areas
Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans
Maximum distance traveled (miles)
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Evidence of Spillover
From 2001-03:
42% of total U.S. haddock catch was within 0.6 mi. of closed areas
73% within 3.1 mi.
Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans NOAA Fisheries
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Reserves can also export larval fish and invertebrates to other areas
“Seeding”
Year-old sea scallops on Georges Bank
Larval fish
Larval crab
D. Rorcucci, NOAA (Larval crab )
Matt Wilson/Jay Clark, NOAA, NMFS, AFSC (Larval fish)NEFSC (Sea scallops )
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What factors should be considered in the design of marine reserves?
Location Range of habitat types Species-specific spawning or feeding areas Locations of rare species Vulnerability to natural and human impacts Compatibility with human activities
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What factors should be considered in the design of marine reserves?
Location Size
Contribution to conservation Impact on fisheries
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Marine Reserve Size
Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans
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What factors should be considered in the design of marine reserves?
Location Size Number in an area
Protect 30% (10-65%) of the targeted fishery Protect 15-30% of ocean area
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What factors should be considered in the design of marine reserves?
Location Size Number in an area Proximity to each other
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Marine reserves – Proximity
Networks of small reserves may be more practical than a single large reserve
Many designs are possible
Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans
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Established marine reserves – some examples
Channel Islands Marine Reserves, California
Central California Coast Marine Reserves
Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans
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San Juan Islands, Washington
Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans
Lingcod
Seattle
OAR/National Undersea Research Program (NURP); Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game
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Exuma CayExuma Cays Land and Sea
Park, Bahamas
Established as a national park in 1959
No-take provision added in 1986
Used as a model to establish marine reserves in the Florida Keys Marine Sanctuary
Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans
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Exuma Cays Marine Reserve – Evidence for “Seeding”
Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal OceansNOAA
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Exuma Cays Marine Reserve – Evidence for “Spillover”
Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans
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The Complexity of Marine Reserves as a Management Tool
Marine reserves may be less effective for migratory species
Fishing effort may be displaced to areas of higher species diversity
Illustrates critical importance of:1. marine reserve placement2. considering entire community3. combining with fishing effort reductions
Scot Anderson , NOAA Photo Library
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Supporters say that marine reserves will …..
promote sustainable fisheries and enhance fishery yields by providing ‘spillover ’ of adult fish
provide a buffer against errors in fishery management provide reference areas for comparison to fished areas protect marine biodiversity help buffer marine ecosystems against other
disturbances
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Detractors of marine reserves contend that ……
benefits of reserves have not been conclusively demonstrated
sustainable fisheries management is better obtained by controls on fishing effort
adding reserves will require that quotas be reduced adding reserves to a fishery will reduce the area that
can be fished reserves will shift fishing effort to other areas reserves could lead to increased seafood imports from
countries with fewer restrictions
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Marine Reserves: are a type of marine protected area that excludes all extractive
activities including fishing can be a useful management and
conservation tool provide benefits both within and
outside their boundaries cover only 0.01% of ocean area must be designed with both conservation
and socioeconomic factors in mind should be used in conjunction with other
management tools
Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans
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Marine Reserve Video
http://www.piscoweb.org/publications/outreach-materials/film/science-of-marine-reserves-video
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Photo Credits National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) NOAA Fisheries: D. Rorcucci, Chantell Royer, Matt Wilson/Jay
Clark NOAA Photo Library, Scot Anderson Northeast Fisheries Science Center OAR/National Undersea Research Program (NURP); Alaska Dept.
of Fish and Game Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans (PISCO)