The Role of Buildings and Sites in Promoting Physical Activity
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Transcript of The Role of Buildings and Sites in Promoting Physical Activity
The Role of Buildings and Sites in Promoting Physical Activity
Craig Zimring, PhD College of ArchitectureGeorgia Institute of Technology
Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2001
Source: Mokdad A H, et al. J Am Med Assoc 1999;282:16, 2001;286:10.
Prevalence (%) of overweight among children and adolescents
ages 6-19 years
Source: 1999-2000 NHANES
Why Do People Do Physical Activity?
Intentional Incidental Hybrid
Physical Activities In or Near Buildings
• Walking• Biking• Stair climbing• Running • Use of indoor exercise
facilities on/off site• Use of outdoor facilities
on/off site • Occupational/
household activities
Strategies for Encouraging Physical Activity
Pull: Make PA attractive
Push: Make sedentary alternatives less appealing
Environmental Factors at Different Scales
Personal Factors
Environmental FactorsAesthetics Comfort Safety Availability Convenience Legibility
Physical Activity
Organizational Factors
URBANSITEBUILDINGELEMENT
Harvard Alumni Health Study
In a study of more than 11,000 men, climbing at least 20 floors per week was associated with a 20% lower risk of stroke or death from all causes
Source: Lee & Paffenbarger, 1998; Lee, personal communication
Designing Activity-Friendly Buildings and Adding Steps for Better Health
If people spent only one more minute per day going upstairs, they would burn an extra 2900 kcal per year, or .8 pounds. For only 2 minutes per day, that’s more than 1.5 pounds per year. This would eliminate all weight gain among US adults. Heavier people will get more benefit.
Source: Kerr, Nicole Angelique MPH, Centers for Disease Control Stairwell Project slide set
Source: Jim Sallis Ph.D., San Diego State University
BEFORE
AFTER
Paint, art, music, signs and music increased persistent stair use by 14% for $16,000 Source: Kerr et al, 2004
Stair Use Statistics
Motivational Signage
Kerr J., Eves F., & Carroll D. (2001)
Motivational Signage
Anderson R. E., Franckowski S., et al (1998)
Motivational Signage and Aesthetic Upgrades
Boutelle, K., Jeffrey, R. W., Murray D. M., & Schmitz K. (2001)
Percentage stair use
Sta
ir P
rom
oti
on
Stu
die
s
0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
Intervention Values
Baseline Values
DOWNUP
UP
5 A
5 B
B E le v a to r
A x ia l L in e re p re s e n tin g M o s t In te g ra te d P a th
B o rd e r o f S ta ir E f fe c t i v e A r e a s
I s o v is t s
B u ild in g E n tra n c e
S ta ir 5 A E f fe c t iv e A r e a
4 9 .2 % O c c u p a n t L o a d
3 6 .0 % S ta ir U s e
2 7 .0 %
S ta ir 5 B E f fe c t iv e A r e a
5 0 .8 % O c c u p a n t L o a d
6 4 .0 % S ta ir U s e
1 2 .8 %
E le v a to r E le v a t o r U s e
6 0 .2 %
1 s t F lo o r P la n
Low Stair Use: 39.8%
Must pass elevator to get to stairs
Stairs out of direct sight
Must turn to get to stairs
Source: Nicoll 2006
2 n d F lo o r P la n
A x ia l L in e r e p re s e n t in g M o s t In te g ra te d P a th
B o rd e r o f S ta i r E f f e c t i v e A r e a s
3 A
3 B
3 C
I s o v i s t s
B u i ld in g E n tr a n c e
S ta ir 3 B E f fe c t i v e A r e a
3 5 .7 % O c c u p a n t L o a d
2 5 .2 % S t a ir U s e
5 .0 %
S ta ir 3 A E f fe c t i v e A r e a
3 4 .7 % O c c u p a n t L o a d
4 6 .9 % S t a ir U s e
7 7 .6 %
S ta ir 3 C E f fe c t i v e A r e a
3 2 .5 % O c c u p a n t L o a d
2 7 .9 % S t a ir U s e
2 .5 %
E le v a to r E le v a t o r U s e
1 4 .8 %
High Stair Use: 85.1%
Stairs in direct view
No turns to stairs
Elevator out of direct sight
www.activelivingresearch.org
Active Living Research is a national program of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
Caltrans District 7 HeadquartersCaltrans District 7 HeadquartersMorphosis Design 2004Morphosis Design 2004
750,000 square foot 1,700 state employees from the
California Department of Transportation
Investigators:Dr. Craig ZimringDr. Gayle NicollKeith JundanianSelen OkcuDr. Sheila BoschDr. William H. KohlCheryl Fuller Figure 3: Typical office plan of
the Caltrans District 7 Headquarters Building
Figure 2: Photos of the Caltrans District 7 Headquarters Building
Photo Credit: Gayle Nicoll
www.activelivingresearch.org
Active Living Research is a national program of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
Stair use in skip-stop core
• 245 flights/day per stair • Used by 72%
Fire stair use traditional core
• 7.5 flights/day per stair
www.activelivingresearch.org
Active Living Research is a national program of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
CASE STUDY: STAIR DESIGN AND CASE STUDY: STAIR DESIGN AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITYPHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Office workers became more satisfied with skip stop elevators
0
10
20
30
40
50
Satisfied Dissatisfied
Initally
Currently
Site: Site Design
“Pull” factors for walking
• Good aesthetics• Visible sidewalks• Pedestrian amenities
“Push” factors away from walking
• Fear of crime• Weather• Not seeing others• Barriers• Distances over ¼ mile
A N J A L I J O S E P H
Anjali Joseph Dissertation Research
WHERE OLDER ADULTS WALK
Research Question:
What aspects of indoor and outdoor paths influence where people walk?
A N J A L I J O S E P H
Preference for looped outdoor routes:
Small contained loops
• Long smooth segments
• Short distance traveled
• Reasons – safety, views
Loops through nature
• Many turns
• Many short segments
• Reasons – variations in scenery
Perimeter loops
• Long, smooth segments
• Long distance
• Most Challenging
• Reasons – exercise, distance traveled, views
A N J A L I J O S E P H
DESIGN IMPLICATIONS
Considerations for designers: Race tracks or loops Routes of different lengths and
challenge Integrate nature trails Eliminate barriers to
transition from buildings Access to community physical activity
resources Carefully design indoor corridors Provide connections between campus
buildings Balance distance and convenience
To Do
Capitalize on stairs
• Accessible• Visible • Pleasant• Point-of-decision prompts
Take advantage of sites
• Provide access to rec facilities• Add pull for walking:
connections, amenities, aesthetics, visiblity
• Reduce barriers: dim lighting, poor connections to buildings
It’s all downhill from here