The Roaring Twenties The Roaring 20’s An era of prosperity, Republican power, and conflict.
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Transcript of The Roaring Twenties The Roaring 20’s An era of prosperity, Republican power, and conflict.
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The Roaring The Roaring TwentiesTwenties
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The Roaring 20’sThe Roaring 20’sAn era of prosperity,An era of prosperity,
Republican power, Republican power,
and conflictand conflict
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Women had right to voteWomen had right to voteFashion more liberalFashion more liberalAlcohol was bannedAlcohol was bannedBabe Ruth, Charles Babe Ruth, Charles
LindberghLindberghMoviesMoviesJazzJazz
Roaring TwentiesRoaring Twenties
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Prosperity/PoliticsProsperity/Politics
Return to NormalcyReturn to Normalcy From 1922 economy soaredFrom 1922 economy soared Mass production/Competition drops as Mass production/Competition drops as
corporations gain more controlcorporations gain more control Few unions/wages rise slowlyFew unions/wages rise slowly Minorities /women bottom of pay scaleMinorities /women bottom of pay scale
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Civil UnrestCivil Unrest
Red ScareRed ScareAttorney General A. Attorney General A.
Mitchell PalmerMitchell PalmerPalmer RaidsPalmer RaidsSacco - Vanzetti CaseSacco - Vanzetti Case
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Decade of Prosperity and Decade of Prosperity and PlayPlay
Unemployment was lowUnemployment was low60% of wealth with just a 60% of wealth with just a
few familiesfew families27,500 wealthiest had as 27,500 wealthiest had as
much as 12 million poorestmuch as 12 million poorest
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Desire to return to normalcy Desire to return to normalcy but:but:
High pricesHigh pricesIncreased demand for goodsIncreased demand for goodsWages lowWages lowLabor strikes; Boston Police, Labor strikes; Boston Police, steel workers, (both steel workers, (both unsuccessful)unsuccessful)
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1920's collectively known as the 1920's collectively known as the "Roaring 20's", or the "Jazz Age""Roaring 20's", or the "Jazz Age"
a period of great change in American a period of great change in American Society - modern America is born at this Society - modern America is born at this timetime
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AgeAge of Prosperityof Prosperity Economic expansionEconomic expansion Mass Production Mass Production Assembly LineAssembly Line Age of the Age of the
AutomobileAutomobile
Ailing Agriculture…Ailing Agriculture…
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Republican PowerRepublican Power President President
HardingHarding Elected 1920Elected 1920 Legacy of Legacy of
Scandals Scandals ““Teapot Dome”Teapot Dome” Died in officeDied in office
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ELECTION of 1920ELECTION of 1920
RepublicanRepublicanWarren G. Harding and Calvin Warren G. Harding and Calvin
CoolidgeCoolidge““Return to Normalcy”Return to Normalcy” Isolationism, Laissez -faireIsolationism, Laissez -faireLandslide victory for Landslide victory for
RepublicansRepublicans
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Warren G.HardingWarren G.Harding1921-19231921-1923
Popular, good lookingPopular, good lookingWife , Florence King DeWolfe Wife , Florence King DeWolfe
ran his campaignran his campaignGolfed, Played poker, had a Golfed, Played poker, had a
mistressmistressPoor judge of characterPoor judge of character
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HardingHarding
Has heart attack and diesHas heart attack and dies Country was saddened as he was Country was saddened as he was
popular. His poor presidency doesn’t popular. His poor presidency doesn’t come to light until latercome to light until later
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Warren G. HardingWarren G. Harding
Teapot Dome ScandalTeapot Dome Scandal– Govt. oil reserves sold for Govt. oil reserves sold for
business interestsbusiness interests– Sec. of Interior Albert FallSec. of Interior Albert Fall
Naval Limitation TreatyNaval Limitation Treaty Immigration LegislationImmigration Legislation
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HardingHarding
““I have no trouble with my enemies, I have no trouble with my enemies, but my friends keep me walking the but my friends keep me walking the floor at night”floor at night”
Many took bribes, many caughtMany took bribes, many caught
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POLITICAL SCANDALSPOLITICAL SCANDALS
Teapot Dome ScandalTeapot Dome Scandal–Albert Falls: oil rich public Albert Falls: oil rich public lands set aside for the Navylands set aside for the Navy
–Secretly leased to oil Secretly leased to oil companies for cash and companies for cash and cattlecattle
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POST WAR ECONOMYPOST WAR ECONOMY
Assembly line: (Henry Ford) Assembly line: (Henry Ford) increases productivity by 40%increases productivity by 40%
Corporate mergersCorporate mergers Oligopolies: Fix prices, lead to Oligopolies: Fix prices, lead to
chain storeschain stores AdvertisingAdvertising Installment-buying plansInstallment-buying plans
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Consumer EconomyConsumer Economy
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Consumer Good
»new consumer goods most readily to city dwellers
»new electrical appliances transform household duties
»the department stores of food industry--supermarkets and commercial bakeries--spring up during this period
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ORGANIZED LABORORGANIZED LABOR
Organized labor membership Organized labor membership fallsfalls
Managers offer benefit plansManagers offer benefit plansWages rise slowlyWages rise slowly
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POST WAR ECONOMYPOST WAR ECONOMY
InflationInflation–Caused by wartime Caused by wartime shortagesshortages
1919 - 3,600 strikes1919 - 3,600 strikesBoston Police StrikeBoston Police StrikeSteel and Coal StrikesSteel and Coal Strikes
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LABOR under HARDINGLABOR under HARDING
American PlanAmerican Plan–UnAmerican to join a Union to UnAmerican to join a Union to get a jobget a job
–Employees offered benefits, Employees offered benefits, wage increases, stock options to wage increases, stock options to show unions were unnecessaryshow unions were unnecessary
–Harding pardoned many Union Harding pardoned many Union leadersleaders
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PPresident Coolidgeresident Coolidge “The business of America is business.”“The business of America is business.”
Fordney-Fordney-McCumber TariffMcCumber Tariff
Smoot-Hawley Smoot-Hawley TariffTariff
No help for farmersNo help for farmers Foreign PolicyForeign Policy
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CALVIN COOLIDGECALVIN COOLIDGE
1923-19291923-1929RepublicanRepublicanVP: Charles DawesVP: Charles Dawes““Silent Cal”Silent Cal”““Business of America is Business of America is
Business”Business”
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CoolidgeCoolidge
Slept 10 hours/daySlept 10 hours/day Upon the death of Harding, woke up, Upon the death of Harding, woke up,
was sworn in, then went back to bedwas sworn in, then went back to bed Widened the gap between rich and Widened the gap between rich and
poorpoor Very inactive presidentVery inactive president
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Gov. Calvin CoolidgeGov. Calvin Coolidge
““There is no right to There is no right to strike against the public strike against the public safety by safety by anyone,anytime, anyone,anytime, anywhere!”anywhere!”
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ProhibitionProhibition
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ProhibitionProhibitionBan on AlcoholBan on AlcoholEighteenth Eighteenth AmendmentAmendment
BootleggingBootlegging
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PROHIBITIONPROHIBITION
Volstead Act: EnforceVolstead Act: EnforceCriminal actsCriminal acts1933 – 211933 – 21stst Amendment to Amendment to
repealrepeal
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SPEAKEASIESSPEAKEASIES
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MoonshinersMoonshinersMade illegal alcohol from grainMade illegal alcohol from grainShipped from Ireland CanadaShipped from Ireland CanadaSpeedboats delivered liquor Speedboats delivered liquor
faster than Coast Guard ships faster than Coast Guard ships
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Souped up cars out ran Souped up cars out ran government agentsgovernment agents
Early beginnings of Early beginnings of NASCARNASCAR
SpeakeasiesSpeakeasiesIllegal clubs Illegal clubs
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Criminal GangsCriminal Gangs Al CaponeAl Capone Gang violenceGang violence
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Organized CrimeOrganized CrimeAl CaponeAl CaponeRacketeersRacketeersMade businesses pay Made businesses pay
“protection money“protection money
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Finally convicted on White Finally convicted on White Collar crime not violent Collar crime not violent crimecrime
Income Tax evasion landed Income Tax evasion landed Capone in jailCapone in jail
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African American MigrationAfrican American Migration
Reached millionsReached millionsRacial Prejudice everywhereRacial Prejudice everywhereMarcus GarveyMarcus GarveyW.E.B. DuboisW.E.B. DuboisKKKKKK Immigration laws: Quota Immigration laws: Quota
SystemSystem
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SOCIAL VALUESSOCIAL VALUES
Women Women Divorce: 1-17 ; 1-6; now 1-2Divorce: 1-17 ; 1-6; now 1-2Religion; suffered declineReligion; suffered declineScopes – Monkey TrialScopes – Monkey Trial
–Darwin v CreationDarwin v Creation–FundamentalismFundamentalism
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SOCIAL VALUESSOCIAL VALUES
FundamentalismFundamentalismBible contained no Bible contained no
contradictions or errorscontradictions or errorsSupported Bible is literally Supported Bible is literally
truetrueEvery story actually took Every story actually took
place as writtenplace as written
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A Society in ConflictA Society in Conflict Anti-immigrant Anti-immigrant
– National Origins ActNational Origins Act
– DiscriminationDiscrimination
Sacco-Vanzetti TrialSacco-Vanzetti Trial– Italian immigrantsItalian immigrants
– Unfair trialUnfair trial
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for immigrants – the point of origin for immigrants – the point of origin had shifted to S & E Europe and new had shifted to S & E Europe and new religions appeared: Jewish, religions appeared: Jewish, Orthodox, CatholicOrthodox, Catholic
N. European immigrants of early 19c. N. European immigrants of early 19c. feared this shift and felt it would feared this shift and felt it would undermine Protestant valuesundermine Protestant values
this fear was known as NATIVISMthis fear was known as NATIVISM many wanted Congress to restrict many wanted Congress to restrict
immigration, leading to a quota immigration, leading to a quota system that favoured n. areas of system that favoured n. areas of EuropeEurope
fear of immigrants (from SE Europe) fear of immigrants (from SE Europe) led to a sentiment known as the Red led to a sentiment known as the Red Scare (fear of comm. post-Bolshevik Scare (fear of comm. post-Bolshevik Rev.)Rev.)
basic comm. advocates a int'l basic comm. advocates a int'l revolution by the revolution by the proletariatproletariat/workers - /workers - fears that this ideology could find its fears that this ideology could find its way into the U.S.way into the U.S.
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at this time, W. at this time, W. Wilson was gravely Wilson was gravely ill following a strokeill following a stroke
his Attorney his Attorney General, General, A. Mitchell A. Mitchell PalmerPalmer, wanted to , wanted to take a shot at the take a shot at the presidency - he used presidency - he used fears of both fears of both immigrants and immigrants and communism to his communism to his advantageadvantage
he had he had J. Edgar J. Edgar HooverHoover round up round up suspected radicals, suspected radicals, many of which were many of which were deported (deported (Palmer Palmer RaidsRaids))
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SOCIAL VALUESSOCIAL VALUES
Scopes TrialScopes TrialEvolution vs. Evolution vs.
FundamentalistFundamentalistTennessee passed Tennessee passed Illegal to teach EvolutionIllegal to teach Evolution
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Scopes “Monkey” TrialScopes “Monkey” TrialEvolution vs. Creationism
Dayton, TennesseeFamous Lawyers
Science vs. Religion
John ScopesHigh School Biology teacher
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SOCIAL VALUESSOCIAL VALUES
John T. Scopes challenged John T. Scopes challenged lawlaw
Trial combatantsTrial combatantsWilliam Jennings BryanWilliam Jennings BryanClarence DarrowClarence Darrow
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ProhibitionProhibition18th Amendment Volstead Act
Gangsters
Al Capone
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SOCIAL CHANGESSOCIAL CHANGES
Civil RightsCivil RightsRiotsRiots25 cities summer of 191925 cities summer of 1919Chicago hard hitChicago hard hitRock fightRock fight
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SOCIAL CHANGESSOCIAL CHANGES
17 year old African 17 year old African American was struck and American was struck and killed while swimmingkilled while swimming
Several days of rioting Several days of rioting broke outbroke out
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SOCIAL CHANGESSOCIAL CHANGES
Revival of KKKRevival of KKKColonel William J. Simmons Colonel William J. Simmons
revivedrevivedNot only in SouthNot only in SouthIndiana had lad the largest Indiana had lad the largest
membershipmembership
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The Ku Klux KlanThe Ku Klux Klan Great increase
In powerAnti-black
Anti-immigrant
Anti-women’s suffrage
Anti-bootleggers
Anti-Semitic
Anti-Catholic
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SOCIAL CHANGESSOCIAL CHANGES
4 million members4 million membersAfrican Americans, Catholics, African Americans, Catholics,
Jews, Immigrants, all were Jews, Immigrants, all were victimsvictims
1925 leader of Indiana Klan1925 leader of Indiana KlanWas sent to prisonWas sent to prison
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Youth CultureYouth Culture FlappersFlappers
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SPORTSSPORTS
BaseballBaseballFootballFootballBoxingBoxingTennisTennis
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FAMOUS PEOPLEFAMOUS PEOPLE
HeroesHeroesLucky LindyLucky LindyFirst to fly across Atlantic First to fly across Atlantic
solosoloBecame National heroBecame National heroRemained modest thus Remained modest thus
increasing popularityincreasing popularity
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FAMOUS PEOPLEFAMOUS PEOPLE
Amelia EarhartAmelia Earhart first woman to fly solo first woman to fly solo
across Atlanticacross AtlanticFirst successful flight from First successful flight from
Hawaii to CaliforniaHawaii to California
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CULTURAL CREATIVITYCULTURAL CREATIVITY
LiteratureLiterature–Scott Fitzgerald, Sinclair Scott Fitzgerald, Sinclair Lewis, HemingwayLewis, Hemingway
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HARLEM RENAISSANCEHARLEM RENAISSANCE
Harlem RenaissanceHarlem Renaissance–Grew from 50,000 to Grew from 50,000 to 200,000 in 16 years200,000 in 16 years
–Literature and music of Literature and music of African Americans African Americans
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NAACPNAACP James Weldon JohnsonJames Weldon JohnsonAlain Locke Alain Locke The New Negro The New Negro
– African American CultureAfrican American CultureLangston HughesLangston Hughes Joys and difficulties of being Joys and difficulties of being
American and blackAmerican and black
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College LifeCollege LifeEnrollment tripledEnrollment tripledNew target groupNew target group
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Leisure Fun and fadsLeisure Fun and fads Dance MarathonsDance Marathons
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Beauty Contests- Miss America Beauty Contests- Miss America PageantPageant
Pole SittingPole Sitting
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Music & DanceMusic & Dance
Berlin, Gershwin, PorterBerlin, Gershwin, PorterJazz: Louie Armstrong, Jazz: Louie Armstrong, Duke EllingtonDuke Ellington
FlappersFlappers
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Theaters rose from 500 in Theaters rose from 500 in 1910 to 22,500 in 19301910 to 22,500 in 1930
Elaborate design ornate Elaborate design ornate lobbies balconies place to golobbies balconies place to go
125,000 million people in the 125,000 million people in the United StatesUnited States
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Magazines and NewspapersMagazines and NewspapersMore readers less More readers less
independent newspapersindependent newspapersTabloids instead of Hard Tabloids instead of Hard
NewsNews
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MagazinesMagazinesSaturday Evening PostSaturday Evening PostReaders DigestReaders DigestTimeTimeLadies Home JournalLadies Home Journal
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The 20’s The 20’s isis The Jazz AgeThe Jazz AgeThe Flappers
make upcigarettes
short skirts
MusiciansLouis ArmstrongDuke Ellington
WritersF. Scott FitzgeraldErnest Hemingway
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Jazz AgeJazz AgeAfrican American music of African American music of
the souththe southRadio popularized JazzRadio popularized JazzJazz clubs allowed Jazz clubs allowed musicians to playmusicians to play
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Louis ArmstrongLouis ArmstrongDuke EllingtonDuke EllingtonBenny Goodman Benny Goodman Charleston became Charleston became
popularpopular
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Culture of the Roaring 20’sCulture of the Roaring 20’sRadio
KDKA PittsburghGE, Westinghouse,&
RCA form NBC
Silent MoviesCharlie Chaplin
“Talkies”The Jazz SingerStarring Al Jolson
Mary Pickford“America’s Sweetheart”
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Jazz sprung Off shoots Jazz sprung Off shoots George GershwinGeorge Gershwin““Rhapsody in Blue”Rhapsody in Blue”Combination of symphonic Combination of symphonic
and jazzand jazz
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Mass EntertainmentMass Entertainment
Bigger Paychecks/more free timeBigger Paychecks/more free timeRADIORADIO
–800 stations by 1929800 stations by 1929–Broadcast church Broadcast church services,news,music, sporting services,news,music, sporting eventsevents
–advertisingadvertising
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MOVIESMOVIES
Silent Film,dramas, Silent Film,dramas, westernswesterns
Showed changes in Showed changes in morality, sexualitymorality, sexuality
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SPORTSSPORTS
Professional, college Professional, college levellevel
Football BaseballFootball BaseballBabe Ruth, Jack Babe Ruth, Jack DempseyDempsey
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CelebritiesCelebritiesBabe Ruth &Ty Cobb
Jack Dempsey
Charles Lindbergh The Spirit of St. Louis
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Divisions in American Divisions in American SocietySociety
Farm CrisisFarm CrisisMigration to city- fewer Migration to city- fewer
farmers neededfarmers needed1900- 42% of America on 1900- 42% of America on
FarmsFarms1920 – 25% on Farms1920 – 25% on Farms
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Farm DepressionFarm Depression
Over-productionOver-productionMortgage paymentsMortgage payments½ million lost farms½ million lost farmsMcNary-Haugen Bill (Govt. McNary-Haugen Bill (Govt.
buys surplus and resells buys surplus and resells abroad)abroad)
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AgricultureAgriculturethe 1920s a hard time for agriculture
–natural disasters and diseases –foreign markets shrink –increased production lowers prices –as a result, farmers have difficulty paying off loans and mortgages
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AutomobilesAutomobiles
»biggest impact on U.S. life and culture traffic jams and parking problems accidental traffic deaths rise sharply (as
many as 26,000 per year) changes in family life--people get away
form home more often, automobile comes into the household
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1920's great changes for 1920's great changes for women...women...
1920 - 19th Amendment 1920 - 19th Amendment
more women worked more women worked outside the homeoutside the home
women went to collegewomen went to college
characterized by the characterized by the FLAPPER/ "new FLAPPER/ "new woman"woman"– (bobbed hair, short (bobbed hair, short
dresses, smoked in dresses, smoked in public...)public...)