THE ROARING TWENTIES 1919-1929. A BOOMING ECONOMY 5a, 5c, 6a.
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Transcript of THE ROARING TWENTIES 1919-1929. A BOOMING ECONOMY 5a, 5c, 6a.
THE ROARING TWENTIES1919-1929
A BOOMING ECONOMY5a, 5c, 6a
KEY TERMS AND PEOPLE Henry Ford Mass Production Model T Scientific Management Assembly Line Consumer Revolution Installment Buying Bull Market Buying on a Margin
THE AUTOMOBILE DRIVES PROSPERITY Henry Ford
Used mass production and the assembly line to manufacture the Model T Made them cheaper and more readily available
Hired scientific management experts to further improve efficiency
Impact of the automobile Increase oil, rubber, and steel production More gas stations More highways=people moved to suburbs More advertising More vacation spots
A BUSTLING ECONOMY Consumer revolution
Flood of new, affordable goods available to the public
Advertising Able to sell more products to more consumers
Installment buying Consumers make a small down payment and pay
off the rest in regular monthly payments Increased the amount of debt
Bull Market Period of rising stock prices
Buying on the Margin Buying stocks on credit
CITIES, SUBURBS, AND COUNTRY People flock to the cities
Immigrants and farmers in the cities Skyscrapers change the skyline
More efficient use of the land Suburbs Grow
Mass production and automobiles Urban workers moved to suburbs
Hardships Rich were getting richer and the poor, poorer Industrial wages were not rising, farm incomes
declined
THE BUSINESS OF GOVERNMENT5a, 6a, 6c
KEY TERMS AND PEOPLE Andrew Mellon Herbert Hoover Teapot Dome Scandal Calvin Coolidge Washington Naval Disarmament Kellogg-Briand Pact Dawes Plan
THE HARDING ADMINISTRATION Favored “big business”
Named wealthy banker, Andrew Mellon, as Secretary of the Treasury Favored low taxes and reduced government spending
Harding raised the tariff rate Returned to a “laissez-faire” attitude
Reduced government regulation of business The Ohio Gang
Harding didn’t like to make decisions, so he relied on others to make them for him Close friends that he gambled with Used the government to get rich Very scandalous
THE TEAPOT DOME SCANDAL The worst scandal of Harding’s
administration Involved Secretary of the Interior, Albert Fall
Leased government oil reserves intended for the navy to private oil men in return for private loans The loans were actually bribes
Senate investigation Oil reserves returned to the government Fall sentenced to a year in prison Harding was never found to be involved
Soon after, Harding died of a heart attack while still in office
CALVIN COOLIDGE TAKES THE PRESIDENCY Far different personality from the outgoing Harding
Nickname was “Silent Cal” Silent Cal supported big business
“the business of America is business” Continued to follow Mellon’s economic approach
Trouble was brewing Farmers were struggling to keep their land Labor unions demanded higher wages African Americans faced discrimination
Southern Jim Crow Laws To all of these, Silent Cal remained silent
It is not the business of the government to help create an ideal nation
AMERICA’S ROLE IN THE WORLD Seeking an end to wars
Washington Naval Disarmament Conference To reduce arms race and size of navies of major
powers Kellogg-Briand Pact
To “outlaw war as an instrument of national policy” 62 nations ratified But knew that it was actually unenforceable
Collecting War Debts France and Great Britain owed money to the U.S. Germany owed money to France and Great
Britain The Dawes Plan
U.S. loans to Germany to make reparation payments France and Great Britain used the money to repay the
U.S.
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL TRENDS1a, 2a, 4a, 7d
KEY TERMS AND PEOPLE Modernism Fundamentalism Scopes Trial Clarence Darrow Quota System Ku Klux Klan Prohibition Eighteenth Amendment Volstead Act Bootlegger
TRADITIONALISM AND MODERNISM CLASH Shift from Rural to Urban
Urban dwellers: more open to change Modernism: emphasize science and secular values over
traditional ideas Rural dwellers: embraced a more traditional view of
religion, science, and culture Education becomes more important
Rural: Reading, Writing, and Arithmetic Muscle, endurance, and crop knowledge
Urban: formal education; math and language Religious Fundamentalism Grows
Growing number of Christians reaffirmed belief in the basic truths of their religion.
What the Bible says is literally true
SCOPES TRIAL 1925 Fundamentalism vs Modernism Teacher, John Scopes taught
the theory of evolution in a Tennessee classroom It was illegal in Tennessee He was arrested
AKA “the monkey trial” Scopes attorney was
Clarence Darrow Prosecutor was William
Jennings Bryan Found guilty and fined $100 Trial gained national
attention
RESTRICTING IMMIGRATION Nativists Oppose Immigration
WWI, The Russian Revolution, and The Red Scare all increased nativism
Quota Laws Emergency Quota Act of
1921 National Origins Act of 1924
Number of immigrants from a given nationality could not exceed 2% of that nationality living in the United States
No Asians are allowed in
THE NEW KU KLUX KLAN Original Klan formed in the South to terrorize
African Americans The revived KKK
Continued to harass African Americans Targeted Jews, Catholics, and immigrants
Americans Oppose the Klan NAACP and the Anti-Defamation League
PROHIBITION AND CRIME Prohibition: the banning of alcohol use 18th amendment passed
Forbade the manufacture, distribution, and consumption
Volstead Act Enforced the 18th amendment Stated exactly what alcohol was (beer, liqour,
etc) Organized crime
Bootleggers Al Capone Unintentional result of the 18th amendment
A NEW MASS CULTURE3c, 4f, 7a, 7d
KEY TERMS AND PEOPLE Charlie Chaplin The Jazz Singer Babe Ruth Charles Lindbergh Flapper Sigmund Freud “Lost Generation” F. Scott Fitzgerald Ernest Hemingway
NEW TRENDS IN POPULAR CULTURE Americans Enjoy More Leisure Time
Average work week in the city was 70 hours Salaries and wages were on the rise
Americans Go To The Movies Charlie Chaplin: most popular silent film star The Jazz Singer: first movie with sound
The Radio and Phonograph Powerful instruments of mass culture Radios brought distant events in to homes Created a shared culture among Americans from
coas-to-coast
AN AGE OF HEROES Sports Heroes
Babe Ruth: baseball home run hero Charles Lindbergh
Made the first transAtlantic flight Spirit of St. Louis
WOMEN ASSUME NEW ROLES Flappers
Shorter dresses, more makeup, public dancing, drinking, smoking
Assumed she had the same political and social rights as men
Left traditional roles and moved toward modern role
Family Life Marrying later and having fewer children Entered the workforce Inventions made daily chores much easier
Dishwasher, vacuum cleaner
MODERNISM IN LITERATURE “Lost Generation”: American writers of the
1920s F. Scott Fitzgerald: The Great Gatsby Ernest Hemingway: A Farewell to Arms
THE HARLEM RESAISSANCE3c, 4a, 4b, 7a
KEY TERMS AND PEOPLE Marcus Garvey Jazz Louis Armstrong Bessie Smith Harlem Renaissance Claude McKay Langston Hughes Zora Neale Hurston
AFRICAN AMERICANS FACE CHANCES AND CHALLENGES Most that migrated North did find a better life
Still did not escape racism and discrimination Post WWI brought about an increase in the
demand for a solution to racial problem Garvey Calls for Racial Pride
Marcus Garvey Believed that African Americans would never escape
discrimination in the United States Promoted “Back to Africa” movement
Advocated the separation of the races Movement fell apart in the second part of the decade
THE JAZZ AGE African Americans developed jazz
A musical form based on improvisation Emerged in the south, particularly New Orleans Louis Armstrong: trumpet Bessie Smith: “Empress of the Blues”
Jazz helped to bridge the races Spread with the help of the Great Migration
HARLEM RENAISSANCE African American novelist, artists and poets
celebrated their culture Helped give a new vocabulary and dynamic to
race relations “The New Negro”
African Americans would no longer endure old ways of exploitation and discrimination
Writers Claude McKay Langston Hughes: Poet
Most powerful literary voice of the time Zora Neale Hurston
Their Eyes Were Watching God
LASTING IMPACT Gave a voice to African American culture Altered the way whites viewed their culture Ended with the national financial collapse
Sense of identity and solidarity became the bedrock for the later Civil Rights Movement