The Road to War World War I The Russian Revolution Treaty of Versailles.
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Transcript of The Road to War World War I The Russian Revolution Treaty of Versailles.
The Road to War
World War I
The Russian Revolution
Treaty of Versailles
Chapter 24 Notes
MilitarismSize of European militaries double between 1890
& 1914Alliances
Austria, Germany, & Italy form the Triple Alliance in 1882
England, France, & Russia form the Triple Entente in 1907
ImperialismRace for remaining territory after 1880 created
tensionNationalism
Decline of Ottoman Empire led to BalkanizationSerbs (Slavs) desire an independent SerbiaRussia supports idea of Serbia; Austria-Hungary
rejects it
MAIN causes of World War I
Triple Alliance & Triple Entente
Triple Alliance in red; Triple Entente in gray
Serbia
Alliances – A Tangled Web
An Inevitable War?
“The entire able-bodied population is preparing to massacre one another; though no one, it is true, wants to attack, and everybody protests his love of peace and determination to maintain it, yet the whole world feels that it only requires some unforeseen incident, some unpreventable accident, for the spark to fall in a flash…and blow Europe sky-high.”
Frederic Passy, 1895
“…some unforeseen incident…”
Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand on June 28, 1914 The assassin was a Serbian nationalist in a group called
Young Bosnia
The assassin, Gavrilo Princip, was only 20 years old
Austria-Hungary issued a list of ten demands to Serbia called the July UltimatumSerbia accepted 9 of the 10 demands
Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914Russia immediately mobilized its army
“The Guns of August”Germany declared war on Russia on August 1,
1914Germany declared war on France on August 3,
1914Great Britain declared war on Germany on
August 4, 1914
“…the spark to fall… and blow Europe sky high”
Europe at the start of World War I
The Plan: Germany Wins
The Schlieffen PlanThe Reality: A Stalemate
European Theater
Trench WarfareThe war quickly turned to stalemate as
neither the Germans nor the French dislodge the other from the trenches they had begun to dig for shelter.
Two lines of trenches soon extended from the English Channel to the frontiers of Switzerland.
The Western Front had been bogged down in a trench warfare that kept both sides immobilized in virtually the same position for four years.
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare
“No Man’s Land”
"No Man's Land is pocketmarked like the body of foulest disease and its odor is the breath of cancer...No Man's Land under snow is like the face of the moon, chaotic, crater-ridden, uninhabitable, awful, the abode of madness.
Wilfred Owen
The Result
Northern France by 1917
The Great War was a “global” war
Colonial Soldiers
Clockwise from top left: Sikh soldiers in India, Chinese troops in Greece, African soldiers in German East Africa, a Bermuda militia in London
Global Recruiting Posters
Ottoman Empire joins Central Powers Attempt to regain territory in
Balkan peninsula
Arab Revolt of 1916 Arabs want independence from
the Ottoman Empire British promise military aid Revolt was unsuccessful due to
the lack of military support
Arabs gain their “independence” after World War I
The Middle East
T.E. Lawrence, leader of the Arab revolt
Armenian Genocide
China was divided into spheres of influence prior to World War I
Japan entered the war as an Allied PowerSeized German colonies in the Pacific & China
Japan issued the Twenty-One Demands to China in 1915Hoped to turn China into a protectorate of
JapanChinese government did not accept or reject
the demandsLed to collapse of China’s military government
East Asia
IndiaMost involved tropical dependencyGandhi and other leaders supported the
warHoped to achieve self-governmentBritish promised to move towards self-
government after the warProvided loans & materials to aid the British
war effort1.3 million Indians served as soldiers and
laborersOver 100,000 casualties
“The moment Britain gets into trouble elsewhere, India, in her present temper, would burst into a blaze of rebellion.”
William Archer
New technology changes nature of warfareOver 8 million soldiers killed; over 19 million
woundedOver 8 million civilians were also killed
World War I was a high-tech war
World War I biplane
Machine gunners w/ gas masksBritish Tank
German U-boat
Definition of Total WarConflict in which the participating countries
devote all of their resources to the war effortAspects of Total War
Mandatory military conscription (a.k.a. the draft)
Control of the economy & nationalization of industry
Rationing of food and other essentialsThe Home Front
Women, children, ethnic minorities, etc. are considered a vital part of the war effort
Propaganda
World War I was a Total War
The Home FrontWomen in the Great War
Worked in jobs traditionally held only by men, who were at war (ex: Factory workers, nurses, farmers)
Strengthens suffrage movements
Discovered the benefits of financial freedom (some refused to return to domestic service after the war)
The Home FrontRationingFood ShortagesDiets Change
Left: German bread ration card
Above: U.S. Food Administration propaganda posters
African-Americans in World War I
380,000 African-Americans served in the army200,000 were sent to Europe; only 42,000 saw
combat
War Propaganda
War Propaganda
Weird War Propaganda
U.S. Enters the Great WarGermans sink the British
passenger ship, the Lusitania, on May 7, 1915 – killing 100 Americans
Zimmerman Telegram in Feb 1917 A secret message sent
between German diplomats suggesting that Mexico might want to join forces with Germany and thereby regain the territory it had lost to the US in the Mexican-American War of 1846. It was intercepted by the U.S.
President Wilson and the U.S. declare war on Germany on April 6, 1917
One of the most devastating outbreaks of disease in modern times
Mass movement during World War I spread the flu around the worldSpread to the trenches of the Great War
“Spanish” flu kills 30 million people worldwideKills 550,000 in the United StatesKills 12.5 million in India and China
1918-1919 Influenza Epidemic
End of the Great WarRussia withdraws in Feb.
1918Russian RevolutionTreaty of Brest-Litvosk
War of AttritionAlmost no fighting occurs
in GermanyGermany surrenders at
11:00 on November 11, 1918
Treaty of Versailles conference starts January 1919
Military Casualties in World War I
Germany 1,935,000
Russia 1,700,000
France 1,368,000
Austria-Hungary
1,200,000
British Empire
942,135
Ottoman Empire
725,000
Italy 680,000
Romania 300,000
United States 116,516
Bulgaria 87,495
Belgium 45,550
Serbia 45,000
Greece 23,098
Portugal 8,145
Montenegro 3,000
Japan 1,344
Causes of the RevolutionIndustrialization of Russia
Used foreign investment to build factoriesPoor working conditions led to urban unrest
Russo-Japanese WarRussia was embarrassed by loss to Japan
Revolution of 1905—”Bloody Sunday”Russian soldiers fire on unarmed protesters
500-1000 people were killedLed to creation of the Duma
Resistance MovementsWorkers begin to
support the revolutionary ideas of Karl Marx
Believed industrial workers would overthrow the czar
Bolshevik party formed in 1903Led by Vladimir
Lenin (right)
Causes of the RevolutionWorld War I
Russia was consistently defeated by Germany4 million casualties in the first year
Demonstrates weakness of czarist ruleCzar’s wife Alexandria runs the government
while husband leads the war effortRasputin undermines her authority
Defeats destroyed the moral of Russia troopsSoldiers mutinied, deserted, or ignored orders
February RevolutionWomen in St. Petersburg led citywide strike
March 1917200,000 workers joined the strikeSoldiers sent to stop the strike joined the
strikersLed to general uprising in Russia
Czar was forced to abdicate his throneProvisional government established
Led by Alexander Kerensky
Bolshevik RevolutionLenin and the Bolsheviks seize power in
October 1917Motto was “Peace, Land, Bread”
Immediate ReformsOrdered all farmland be distributed to peasantsControl of factories given to workersWithdrew from World War I
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Russian Civil War
Reforms of Vladimir LeninNew Economic
PolicyCreates limited
capitalists reforms in order to promote agricultural and industrial development
Dies in 1924Battle for
succession between Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin
Reforms of Joseph StalinGoal was to create
communist state envisioned by Bolsheviks
CollectivizationEliminate private farms in
favor of collective farmsKills millions of peasantsSecures Soviet control of
countryside
Five-Year PlansFirst Five-Year Plan (1928) focuses on iron,
steel, machine tools, and electricityCalled for 1115% increase in coal production,
200% increase in iron, and 335% in electric power
Posted worker production in factoriesWorkers who failed to meet production quotas
were shot or imprisoned in the Gulag
Great Purge (1936-1939)Attempt by Stalin to eliminate political
oppositionLeading members of the Bolshevik party were
executed or sent to labor campsStalin purged prominent military officials
50% of a military officers were purgedHistorians estimate 10 to 20 million people
died during the Great Purge
Difficult Peace Process
Wilson’s Fourteen Points.Reduction of weapons.People’s right to choose their own government.Organization of world nations to protect against
aggression. Allied Goals.
The four major countries all had different ideas for a peace treaty.
France and Great Britain wanted to punish Germany. However, Great Britain did not want to weaken
Germany. Italian leaders hoped to gain land.
Disappointed that they were mostly ignored by the other leaders.
Versailles Peace ConferenceCouncil of Four
British Prime Minister David Lloyd George
French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau
Italian Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando
American President Woodrow Wilson
Not in AttendanceRussia and GermanyLeft to Right: David Lloyd
George, Georges Clemenceau, Woodrow Wilson
Major Provisions of the TreatyItaly and Britain
wanted territoryFrance wanted to
punish GermanyItaly and United
States left, leaving peace settlement to France and Britain
France and Britain created a severe treaty that punished Germany
Germany had to:Return land to
FranceKeep area near
France, called Rhineland, demilitarized (no military)
Pay 32 billion dollars
Agree to they were guilty for the war
Europe after World War I New Countries
PolandFinlandEstoniaLatviaLithuaniaCzechoslovakiaAustriaHungaryTurkeyYugoslavia
The Aftermath
League of Nations.Organization of world governments proposed by Wilson.Established by the Treaty of Versailles.Main goal was to encourage cooperation and keep peace.Germany was excluded.United States did not join.
Ultimately weakened the League of Nations. Changes in Europe.
Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire lands were broken up.Independent nations were created.
Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, and Turkey. Other treaties signed with the defeated Central Powers.
Unrest in the Colonies Many colonists who fought in the war heard
the words of the Allies leaders about the importance of freedom and democracy.
After fighting for colonial rulers they expected rights for themselves.
Wartime sacrifices did not win new freedoms. European powers split up lands controlled by
Germans, Austro-Hungarians, Ottomans.Redistributed them to other colonial powers.