The Road to War Chapter 13 Independent Nations United States.

The Road to War Chapter 13

Independent Nations

United States

Sectionalism Continues

The North and the South The problems didn’t end with the Missouri Compromise and the Nullification Crisis

It continued to grow worse as the nation, itself, grew bigger

Expanded Lands of the US

Texas Annexation (1836)

Texas Declared itself independent from Mexico Wanted to become part of the United States as quickly as possibleMexico wasn’t willing to let Texas go without a fight

Lands claimed by seceding Texas

For what two reasons was the Mexican-American War important?

The Mexican American War•The Mexican American The Mexican American warwar was an attempt to was an attempt to gain egain even more land from ven more land from Mexico. Mexico. •At the end of the war, the the US gained the majority of US gained the majority of the land that is now the the land that is now the Western United States.Western United States.• The war also served as a The war also served as a major training ground for major training ground for many of the generals on many of the generals on both sides of the Civil both sides of the Civil War.War.

Why did California not want slaves in their territory?

CaliforniaThe California Territory became part of the United States through the treaty that ended the Mexican War. After the discovery of goldgold in 1849, people flocked to California. They did not want to compete with slave owners who would be able to use their slaves to mine for gold.

California applied to be a ‘free soil’ state, what does ‘free soil’ mean?

What would happen if California entered as a ‘free soil’ state?

CaliforniaoCalifornians wanted their state to be ‘free soil’free soil’oThey applied for admission as a They applied for admission as a free state. free state. o““Free soil’ supporters Free soil’ supporters were people who believed that slavery should not be allowed to expand to the territories.

•If California entered as a ‘free soil’ state, it would upset the balance of slave and free states. Free Soil Party Campaign

poster

The three parts of the Compromise of 1850:

~

~

~

The Compromise of 1850A compromise was reached between

slave states and free states.

The Compromise of 1850

1.1.It allowed California to be a It allowed California to be a free statefree state

2.2.Outlawed the slave trade in Outlawed the slave trade in Washington D.C.Washington D.C.

3.3.It provided that the rest of the It provided that the rest of the Mexican Cession land would Mexican Cession land would decide whether or not the decide whether or not the residents wanted to be a slave residents wanted to be a slave or free states through the vote, or free states through the vote, popular sovereigntypopular sovereignty..

California and surrounding territories

Why was the Fugitive Slave Law important for the South?

The Compromise of 1850

Gave Southerners a new Gave Southerners a new Fugitive Slave LawFugitive Slave LawGave them more Gave them more opportunity to capture opportunity to capture and return to the South and return to the South slaves that had escapedslaves that had escaped

Abolitionists were not happy about this

Runaway slave reward offer

What did politicians want to do with Kansas that caused them to need Southern Support?

The Kansas Territory

The Kansas Territory was in the northern part of the Louisiana Territory, soso…According to the Missouri Compromise, it could not be a slave statecould not be a slave state

Some politicians wanted to build a railroad across Some politicians wanted to build a railroad across the country through Kansas -but they needed the country through Kansas -but they needed Southern political supportSouthern political support

What did Jefferson Davis and other Southerners want to do on a Southern route?

The Kansas TerritorySoutherners, especially especially Jefferson DavisJefferson Davis, wanted to wanted to build a transcontinental build a transcontinental railroad on a southern route railroad on a southern route from New Orleans. from New Orleans. Kansas was something they could use to get the support they wanted

Kansas-Nebraska Act:

popular sovereignty

The Kansas-Nebraska Act


Repealed the 36◦ 30’ line of the Repealed the 36◦ 30’ line of the Missouri Compromise Missouri Compromise

•Gave the territories the right of Gave the territories the right of popular sovereigntypopular sovereignty

Popular sovereignty Popular sovereignty

Allowed people in these Allowed people in these territories to decide for territories to decide for themselves whether or not to themselves whether or not to allow slavery within their allow slavery within their borders by borders by voting. voting.

The Kansa Territory was known as “Bleeding Kansas” because…


In order to affect that vote,Northern abolitionists & Southern slave Northern abolitionists & Southern slave owners moved into the Kansas Territoryowners moved into the Kansas Territory

Soon their fighting led people to call the area Soon their fighting led people to call the area “Bleeding Kansas.”“Bleeding Kansas.”

The Dred Scott Decision


The Dred Scott decision was…

an attempt by the Supreme Court to end an attempt by the Supreme Court to end the controversy over the role of free states the controversy over the role of free states in determining the status of the enslavedin determining the status of the enslaved..

Who was Dred Scott?

What did Dred Scott do?


Dred Scott •A slave whose master A slave whose master had taken him into free had taken him into free territoryterritory. •Scott sued his master Scott sued his master for his freedom claiming for his freedom claiming ‘‘once free, always free.’once free, always free.’

•Did this with the help of northern abolitionists

Dred Scott

The Supreme Court Decision on the Dred Scott case


The Supreme Court Decided that African African Americans were not citizens of Americans were not citizens of the United States, even if they the United States, even if they had been born in the United had been born in the United StatesStatesTherefore, they had no right to had no right to sue in the Supreme Court. sue in the Supreme Court.

The court said that they

had no rights at all

The Supreme Court Said that the constitution protected…

The Supreme Court The court went on to rule that Scott was property Scott was property and his owner could take him anywhere he wantedand his owner could take him anywhere he wantedThat the Constitution of the United States protects the owner of property from having that protects the owner of property from having that property taken away by the government. property taken away by the government.


Congress would not limit the expansion of slavery into the

territories because…

Angry northerners reponded to the Angry northerners reponded to the decision claiming…decision claiming…

The Dred Scott DecisionThe Supreme Court

Furthered ruled that Congress could not Congress could not limit the expansion of slavery into the limit the expansion of slavery into the territoriesterritories.. Such acts were ruled unconstitutional Such acts were ruled unconstitutional

They denied the slave owner the They denied the slave owner the right to take his property anywhere right to take his property anywhere that he wanted. that he wanted.

Angry northerners claimed…The court would deny them the right to The court would deny them the right to outlaw slavery in their states outlaw slavery in their states Would end the idea of popular Would end the idea of popular sovereignty, limiting democracysovereignty, limiting democracy

The Dred Scott decision The Dred Scott decision was a victory for slave was a victory for slave

owners but it made owners but it made abolitionists very angryabolitionists very angry.

South Carolinians view of the Decision

_________ _________ gained national fame because of the Dred Scott Decision


South Carolinians South Carolinians Applauded the decision Applauded the decision Accepted the Supreme Accepted the Supreme Court’s ruling as the final Court’s ruling as the final word on the issue.word on the issue. Debates over the Dred Scott decision led Republican Abraham Republican Abraham Lincoln to be nationally Lincoln to be nationally knownknownSplit the Democratic Party

Political Cartoon from Harper’s Weekly Newspaper

Purpose of the Abolition Movement

The abolition movement in SC…The abolition movement in SC…

The Abolitionist Movement•The purpose of this movement was to outlaw slavery throughout the United States. •The abolitionist movement grew in the North

•In South Carolina it made In South Carolina it made slave owners more slave owners more determined to hold onto determined to hold onto their way of lifetheir way of life•Northerners called slavery a “peculiar institution.”

Crowds would often gather to Crowds would often gather to hear abolitionists speak out hear abolitionists speak out

against slavery.against slavery.

Demark Vesey plot’s impact on SC abolitionists

The Abolitionist Movement

Abolitionists were active in South Carolina prior to the uncovering of the Denmark Vesey plot.

After the plot was uncovered, abolitionists such abolitionists such as Sarah and Angelina Grimke were forced to as Sarah and Angelina Grimke were forced to either leave the state or keep silent.either leave the state or keep silent.

Northerners and the abolition movement

The Abolitionist MovementNortherners & the Abolition Movement

Most Most didn’tdidn’t support the abolitionist support the abolitionist movement because it threatened the movement because it threatened the harmony between the North and South as a harmony between the North and South as a UnionUnionNortherners were unsure of the impact that Northerners were unsure of the impact that the large pool of freed slaves would have on the large pool of freed slaves would have on job availability.job availability.

South Carolina’s reaction to abolitionist newspapers

The Abolitionist Movement•The movement grew with The movement grew with the publication of the publication of antislavery newspapers antislavery newspapers such as such as The Liberator The Liberator by by William A Garrison. William A Garrison.

•Postmasters across Postmasters across the state removed from the state removed from the mailthe mail•Considered Considered inflammatory materials inflammatory materials including anti-slavery including anti-slavery newspapers. newspapers.

The Underground Railroad in SCThe Underground Railroad in SC

Abolitionist and KansasAbolitionist and Kansas

The Abolitionist MovementAbolitionists helped to man Abolitionists helped to man the Underground Railroadthe Underground RailroadThis had limited impact in SCThis had limited impact in SC

The state was too far from the border with free states to make this escape route effective.

Abolitionist groups sent Abolitionist groups sent settlers to Kansassettlers to Kansas

To try to make that state a To try to make that state a free state and joined with free state and joined with the ‘free soilers’the ‘free soilers’

To form the Republican To form the Republican PartyParty

Harriet Beecher StoweHarriet Beecher Stowe

John Brown

The Abolitionist MovementAbolitionist Abolitionist Harriet Beecher Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin Uncle Tom’s Cabin oHelped the movement grow Helped the movement grow in the North in the North oEvoked sympathy for Evoked sympathy for slavesslavesoThe book was called a lie in The book was called a lie in South CarolinaSouth CarolinaAbolitionist John BrownRaided Harper’s Ferry Evoked a fear of slave rebellion among southerners

Harriet Beecher Stowe, right, and two portraits of

John Brown, below

Political Beliefs Divided

UnionistsUnionists

Political Beliefs DividedWithin South Carolina

The people were beginning to divide over political beliefs. Unionists favored the idea of Unionists favored the idea of remaining remaining part of the Union. part of the Union.

Unionists did not necessarily agree with the actions of the Northern states or the federal government They believed that the United States They believed that the United States Constitution was well-equipped to protect South Constitution was well-equipped to protect South Carolina’s way of Carolina’s way of life.

CooperationistsCooperationists

Political Beliefs DividedCooperationistsCooperationists

Were South Carolinians who

favored seceding from the favored seceding from the Union. Union.

However, this was a last resort However, this was a last resort and only if it was done with the and only if it was done with the support of all of the southern support of all of the southern states. states.

They believed that it would be They believed that it would be a big mistake for South Carolina a big mistake for South Carolina to secede without the to secede without the cooperation and support of cooperation and support of other southern states. other southern states.

CooperationistsCooperationists

Wanted to secede but weren’t Wanted to secede but weren’t sure they could do it alonesure they could do it alone

SecessionistsSecessionists

Political Beliefs DividedSecessionistsSecessionists

Argued that breaking apart from the Argued that breaking apart from the Union prior to the Civil War was the Union prior to the Civil War was the only answer for SC. only answer for SC.

They believed that the issue was not not debatable and debatable and were ready to secede were ready to secede as early as 1852as early as 1852. .

Also known as radicals or fire-eaters

It was the events of the 1850s & the election of Lincoln that convinced most South Carolinians to support the position of the fire-eaters.

Secession House in Secession House in Beaufort where the Beaufort where the

Articles of Secession were Articles of Secession were dateddated

Abraham LincolnAbraham Lincoln

Election of 1860There were South Carolinians There were South Carolinians who strongly discouraged who strongly discouraged secession secession prior to the election of prior to the election of 1860. 1860.

Republican Abraham Lincoln campaigned on a platform of ‘free soil’.

LincolnLincoln was was not not an an abolitionistabolitionist in 1860, but a in 1860, but a free-soiler.free-soiler. This election prompted SC to secede This election prompted SC to secede from the Union from the Union

Southerners’ and SC’s view of Southerners’ and SC’s view of what would happen if Lincoln what would happen if Lincoln became Presidentbecame President

Election of 1860

Because Lincoln was a Republican & therefore opposed slavery in the territoriesMany Southerners assumed that the federal government would soon make slavery illegal. Ending slavery would, in Ending slavery would, in turn, end southern wealth, turn, end southern wealth, political influence and way of political influence and way of lifelife.

SC’s reaction to Lincoln SC’s reaction to Lincoln becoming Presidentbecoming President

SecessionLincoln won the election with electoral votes from the North. Southerners and border states split their votes among several candidates.

When it became clear that When it became clear that Lincoln was to be the 16th Lincoln was to be the 16th president of the United States,president of the United States, the leaders of South Carolina the leaders of South Carolina carried through with their carried through with their threat to secede. threat to secede.

What was the purpose of South What was the purpose of South Carolina’s legislative Carolina’s legislative convention?convention?

Election of 1860The South Carolina legislature issued a call for a convention

–Without waiting for Lincoln to be Without waiting for Lincoln to be inauguratedinaugurated

To determine the To determine the relationship between SC & relationship between SC & the Union. the Union. Before the convention, Before the convention, communities throughout the communities throughout the state held meetings to state held meetings to discuss the issue. discuss the issue.

South Carolina Secession South Carolina Secession Banner used at the Banner used at the

Session ConventionSession Convention.

1. 1. Where was the original location of the convention?

2. To where was it moved and why?

3. What was the message the Ordinance of Secession gave to the federal government?

Secession The convention met at the First The convention met at the First Baptist Church in Columbia Baptist Church in Columbia

But they quickly adjourned & moved to Charleston because of rumors of a smallpox outbreak.When the meeting reconvened the leaders leaders unanimously unanimously adopted adopted an …an …

Ordinance of SecessionOrdinance of Secession

The message it gave the The message it gave the federal government was that federal government was that it should not interfere with it should not interfere with the decision making and the decision making and freedoms of the individual freedoms of the individual states (states’ rights). states (states’ rights).

What did the Ordinance of Secession say?

SecessionThey signed Ordinance of

Secession

Which said that the Which said that the rights of rights of South Carolinians had not South Carolinians had not been & would not be been & would not be protected by the federal protected by the federal government. government.

Other southern states seceded soon after to protect the institution of slavery and the Southern way of life.

The Road to War Chapter 13 Independent Nations United States.

Documents

Transcript of The Road to War Chapter 13 Independent Nations United States.