The Rise of Napoleon, 1794-1815. French Expansion 1794 Fall Harvest – worst of decade October 1795...
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Transcript of The Rise of Napoleon, 1794-1815. French Expansion 1794 Fall Harvest – worst of decade October 1795...
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The Rise of Napoleon, 1794-1815
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French Expansion
• 1794 Fall Harvest – worst of decade• October 1795– National Convention installed new regime• Directory: 5 man executive committee that ruled
France• 2 house legislature
• France still at war abroad– Winning many victories and expanding territory
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Napoleon Bonaparte
• Member of the Royal Army when the revolution began
• 1793 = general• 1795 = commander of the army in Italy• Very successful commander…• Disaster– Military campaign in Egypt – unsuccessful– Back home: growing discontent with Directory
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Coup d’etat
• Napoleon leaves his army in Egypt (sneaks away) to France
• November 1799: coup d’etat of Directory– Napoleon is unchallenged in his declaration of
leadership of France
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Napoleon Crossing the Alps, Jacques
Louis David, 1800
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Order and Administration
• New Constitution of 1799– Napoleon is First Consul of Three Consuls– Opposition to new government was silenced– New constitution did not include the Rights
• Napoleon reorganized administration of France– Prefects: local government administrators– Created standard system of taxation
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• Peace returns to Europe – N. is signing treaties and concordats to end war– 1801: concordat with Pope Pius VII that allows
Catholics to worship in France again• Napoleon decides to recapture Haiti –
executes leaders of the slave revolt – but isn’t able to take Haiti over again
• Reinstituted slavery in French colonies• 1802: N. elected Consul for Life
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Napoleonic Code• Civil Code of 1804– Reaffirmed equality of persons before the law– Reaffirmed security against arbitrary arrest– Private property rights reaffirmed– Principle of free market economy affirmed
• Freedom of speech silenced• Society dominated again by notables – class of
land owners
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• 1804: declared himself Emperor
• Modeled his court on Versailles
• Republican state eroded, but not destroyed– Napoleonic Code in place– Legislatures still met– Written constitution still
existed– Popular ratification still
occurred for some changes in the regime
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The Napoleonic Empire, 1804-1815• War on the Continent– 1805: France defeated Austria, Prussia, and Russia– 1805 - Trafalgar: Great Britain defeats France and
controls international trade (blockade on France)– Napoleon organized his territory into satellite
kingdoms run by his family members– 1806: Elimination of the Holy Roman Empire– 1806-7: Economic warfare – Continental System –
closure of all French controlled ports to GB– Continental System led to invasion of Spain and
capture of the Pope
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Arc de Triumphe
As a result of his many victories, Napoleon begins building the Arc de Triumphe in 1806
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Napoleon’s Grand Empire • French Empire • Dependent States– Spain, the Netherlands, the kingdom of Italy, the
Swiss Republic, the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, and the Confederation of the Rhine
• Allied States (defeated by Nap. and forced to take up fight against Great Britain)– Prussia, Austria, and Russia
• Reign of the Bonapartes• Joseph, King of Naples till 1808• Caroline, Queen of Naples 1808• Louis, King of Holland• Jerome, King of Westphalia
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Napoleonic Empire
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Stages of Napoleonic Occupation
• Stage 1 = military conquest & occupation• Stage 2 = establishment of native satellite
gov’t. – draft new constitution– regularize relationships w/ France (Spain and Grand
Duchy of Warsaw stopped here)
• Stage 3 = great internal reform & reorganization – esp. Belgium, Rhine territories, Italy and bulk of
Germany– Reform all that is FEUDAL!!!
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Rise in Nationalism• European countries begin to unite around
the ideas of common language, religion, and national symbols THAT ARE NOT FRENCH
• Under Napoleon France has become a HATED OPPRESSOR
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Austrian War and Invasion of Russia
• June 1812: 650,000 French men invade Russia– Win at Smolensk and Borodino, occupy Moscow– Moscow is mostly deserted– Fire destroys most of Moscow – Russians scorched-
earth tactic– N. orders retreat to Germany – only 15% of the men
make it back– Defeat in Russia = Beginning of the End of Napoleon
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Europe’s defeat of Napoleon
• Austria, Prussia, Russia and Great Britain unite• Summer of 1813: 400,000 in French Army• Battle begins in eastern Germany– Germans finally rise up against the French– French retreat
• French generals refused to continue to fight• April 1814, Napoleon abdicated his throne• Louis XVIII marched into Paris with the Allied
forces• Napoleon was exiled to Elba
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Napoleon’s return
• Napoleon escapes from Elba and heads to the south of France
• Louis XVIII sends troops to intercept him, but they join him
• Louis XVIII flees to Belgium• Napoleon triumphantly reentered Paris• First task: reorganize for battle– Gets 100,000 men– June 18, 1815: Battle of Waterloo
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Battle of Waterloo
• English general, Duke of Wellington, led a coalition of Austrians, Prussians and Russians
• Defeated Napoleon– Abdicated again (ended 100 Days)– Louis XVIII entered Paris– Exile of Napoleon to South Atlantic, St. Helena
• Napoleon died in 1821 at age 52