• THE RISE OF ISLAM

• ISLAM SPREADS

• GOLDEN AGE OF MUSLIM CIVILIZATION

• MUSLIMS IN INDIA

• THE OTTOMAN AND SAFAVID EMPIRES

THE MUSLIM WORLD

• Islam was founded on the Arabian Peninsula in the year 622 by the Prophet Muhammad

• Muhammad was born in Mecca in the year 570

• Muhammad claimed Allah came to him in his dreams and told him how he wanted people to live on earth

• The revelations continued until Muhammad’s death in 632

• Hijra: in 622 Muhammad and his followers fled to Medina in fear of persecution by Mecca’s leaders (marks the beginning of the Muslim calendar)

THE RISE OF ISLAM

• Islam means “submission to the will of God”• 5 Pillars

o Declaration of Faith: there is only one god and Muhammad is his messenger

o Daily Prayer: pray five times a day facing the holy city of Mecca

o Fasting during the holy month of Ramadano Paying alms – charity to the pooro Hajj: make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in

your lifetime, if able• Mosque: Muslim house of worship• Kaaba: it is believed to be the very first house of

worship built by Abraham

MAJOR BELIEFS

Jihad: struggle in God’s service; can be interpreted differently Spiritual effort to overcome immorality within

themselves Used warfare to spread or defend Islam

Quran: the sacred text of Islam Final authority on all matters & complete guide to life

Sharia: body of law that interpreted the Quran and applied its teachings to daily life Regulates moral conduct, business practices, family

life, government Does not separate religious matters from criminal or

civil law – Applies the Quran to all legal matters

MAJOR BELIEFS

• Muhammad died in 632 C.E. without naming a successor (caliph)

• This caused conflict that continues to today

• Abu Bakr (a close companion of Muhammad) succeeded him

• The Muslims began expanding their authority over Arab communities

• Caliph (king) and Caliphate (kingdom)

THE DEATH OF MUHAMMAD

• True Believer – a person who heard,

believed, and followed Muhammad• The first 3 caliphs were true believers and/or

companions of Muhammad• Ali (Muhammad’s cousin) was overlooked all

3 times• The third caliph was assassinated by people

who believed Ali should be caliph rather than just anyone in the Muslim community

• 2 sects (small religious group) emerge:oSunnisoShiites

2 SECTS EMERGE

SUNNIS

• Make up 90% of Muslim population

• Believe that the caliph can be any true believer in the Muslim community

• Supported the first 3 caliphs

SHIITES• Make up 10% of

Muslim population• Believe that the

caliph must be a descendent of Muhammad, not any true believer• Supported Ali

SUNNIS VS. SHIITES

CIVIL WAR BREAKS OUT BETWEEN THE SUNNIS

AND SHIITES – THEY WAGE JIHAD AGAINST

EACH OTHER

• Muslims spread Islam through

force – the Quran or the Sword!

• Islam spread to the Middle East, North Africa, Spain, and India

• When and Where?• 600’s(Before the death of Muhammad):

Arabian Peninsula• 600’s(After the death of Muhammad):

present day Egypt, Iraq & Iran• 700’s-800’s: Spain, North Africa, & India• 800’s-1200’s: present day Turkey and

Saharan Africa

THE SPREAD OF ISLAM

• Caliph (king); Caliphate (kingdom)• After Ali was assassinated, the Umayyad Caliphate

rose to power and ruled from Damascus, Syria• Umayyad Caliphate was Sunni and ruled until 750• The Umayyad caliphs ruled over an Arab realm rather

than a religious empire• The Abbasid Caliphate gained power by revolting

against the Umayyads in 750• The Abbasid Caliphate was Shiite and ruled until 1258

with Baghdad as its capital• Conversion to Islam accelerated under the Abbasid

caliphs• In 1258, the Abbasid Caliphate collapsed when the

Mongols invaded and sacked Baghdad

THE CALIPHATE

SOCIETY• Social mobility – people

could improve their social ranking through religious, scholarly, and military achievements

• Muslims could not be enslaved

• Slaves were brought in from conquered lands

GOLDEN AGE OF MUSLIM CIVILIZATION

ISLAMIC WOMEN• Rural women worked in the

fields and tended animals• Urban women (elite class) lived

in seclusion and did not leave their homes without covering themselves

• Women sometimes learned to read and write with relatives (away from unrelated men)

• A man could marry as many as four wives

GOLDEN AGE OF MUSLIM CIVILIZATION

TRADE• Merchants were honored

because Muhammad was a merchant

• Participated in many trade networks across the Muslim worldo Camel Caravan trade across

the Sahara Desert into West Africa

o Silk Road trade to and from China

o Indian Ocean trade with East Africa and India

GOLDEN AGE OF MUSLIM CIVILIZATION

ACHIEVEMENTS• Brought Arabic numerals from India to the western world• Adapted domes and arches of Byzantine buildings (Dome of

the Rock, Jerusalem)o Built domed mosques

• Baghdad became the greatest Muslim center of learning• Developed algebra• Made advancements in philosophy and astronomy• Made advancements in medicine

o Required doctors to pass difficult testso Set up hospitals with emergency roomso Studied diseases and wrote medical books

• These achievements made its way into Western civilization through trading routes and the Crusades

GOLDEN AGE OF MUSLIM

CIVILIZATION

• Arabs conquered the Indus Valley in 711, but they further advanced into India around the year 1000

• They conquered the city of Delhi and made the city its capital

• The Delhi Sultanate lasted from 1206-1526 and marked the start of Muslim rule in Northern India

• Sultanate: the land ruled by a sultan

• Sultan: Muslim ruler

MUSLIMS IN INDIATHE DELHI SULTANATE

• The Muslim invasion brought two very different religions and cultures face to face

• Hindus became second-class citizens under the Muslims

• Hindus had to pay a special tax in order for them to practice their religion

• Some Hindus did convert to Islam

• This marked the beginning of a long history of Hindu-Muslim conflict

MUSLIMS IN INDIAHINDUS AND MUSLIMS

• Mughal Empire was founded by Babur in 1526

• Chief builder of the Mughal Empire was Babur’s grandson, Akbar the Great

• Akbar the Greato Tolerated the religious beliefs of others

and opened government jobs to Hindus of all castes

o He ended the tax on non-Muslimso He used paid officials in place of

hereditary office holderso Modernized the armyo Encouraged international trade

MUSLIMS IN INDIAMUGHAL INDIA

• After the rule of Akbar the Greato Mughal Emperors ended the policy of religious tolerationo Civil war broke out between Hindus and Muslimso The war drained Mughal resourceso Peasant revoltso Corruption became widespread and the central government

collapsed

• After the collapse of the Mughal Empire, Britain gained control of Indiao They used an army of British troops and sepoys to drive the

French from Indiao Forced the emperor to recognize British right to collect taxes in

Bengal

MUSLIMS IN INDIAMUGHAL INDIA

• It was clear that the caliphate was weak in the 14th

century• A Turkish family, the Ottomans, revolted against the

Caliphate and were able to get their independence• Eventually, the Ottoman Turks brought the Arab

Empire entirely under their control• Conquered Constantinople in 1453• The Ottomans were Sunni Muslims• Ottoman rulers took the titles of both the sultan and

the caliph (example: Suleiman the Magnificent)• The Turks were despised rulers because they had

one foot in Europe and one foot in the Middle East

THE OTTOMAN EMPIRERISE TO POWER

• Non-Muslims were divided into millets (religious communities) – each had its own religious leaders

• Each millet had to swear its allegiance to the Sultan and pay taxes

• The Ottoman millet system can be compared to British colonies and Roman provinces

• DIVIDE AND RULE!!!

THE OTTOMAN EMPIRESOCIETY

• Located in present day Iran• Located between the Ottoman Empire and

the Mughal Empire• Shiite Muslims• Engaged in frequent warfare – religion

always played a major role – Sunni Ottoman Empire vs. Shiite Safavid Empire

THE SAFAVID EMPIRE

THE GUNPOWDER EMPIRES