The Rise of Europe
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Transcript of The Rise of Europe
The Rise of Europe The Crusades Medieval Culture 1050-1270ACE The power of the Kings Heresy and Reform
The Crusades Jerusalem
Holy city to Jews, Christians and Moslems
Jewish center of culture and religion Christian city of Christ’s death and
resurrection Moslem site where Mohammad ascended
into heaven Under Moslem control since 600ACE
Moslems were tolerant Jews and Christians were tolerated
by Moslems Viewed as people of the book Shared the same ancient stories
and traditions Pilgrims traveled unmolested to
Jerusalem
Seljuk Turks New Islamic group from Central
Asia Took control of Jerusalem in late
1000’s ACE Closed the city to pilgrims Threatened Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Emperor wrote to Pope for help
Pilgrims were reported to be murdered by Turks
The First Crusade 1095 Pope Urban II
Called for Christians to take back the Holy Lands Knights and peasants vowed to join Promised immediate salvation in heaven if killed Knights saw opportunity for land and wealth Peasants saw opportunity for freedom from
feudalism Crusaders sewed red crosses on their backs as a
symbol of their commitment Began a long period of persecution of non-Christians
in Europe Focus of bigotry was the small Jewish population Crusaders killed entire communities
Appeal to Church Enabled the papacy to lead a
popular movement Gave Pope moral leadership of
Europe Peace in Europe
Pope forbade all warfare between Christians
Cubed violence Redirected warriors attention to
lands of the Muslims
Led by French nobles Groups met and joined in
Constantinople in 1097 Byzantine government had limited goals
Wanted to recapture the land lost at the Battle of Manzikret
Frightened by the number of western knights
25,00-30,000
Western Goal - Jerusalem 1099 conquered Jerusalem and killed most of the Moslem and
Jewish inhabitants Was a success as far as the west was concerned but set the
tone of slaughter and brutality for the confrontations to follow Some knights went home others stayed 4 crusader kingdoms established
County of Edessa(1098-1144) Principlaity of Antioch(1098-1268) County of Tripoli(1109-1289) Kingdom of Jerusalem(1099-1187)
Trade was reestablished and cultural isolation of western Europe ended
Second Crusade Seljuk's re-conquered parts of Crusader
states Pope Eugenius IV called for a Second
crusade King Louis VII of France and Holy Roman
Emperor Conrad III led armies 1147 to 1149 Complete failure because of animosity
between the kings
Third Crusade Salidin united Muslims in 1187
Recaptured Jerusalem Europe went nuts
3 kings led crusade 1189-1192 Fredrick Barbarrossa of Germany
Died on the way to Palestine-drowned Army returned home
Philip Augustus of France Quit and went home
Richard I – the Lionheart of England Left to fight alone Won several battles but lost the war
Other Crusades 1200’s other unsuccessful Crusades 7 in all European leaders no longer religiously obsessed Concentrated on trade and centralization of their
own powers Turned against Europeans as well
Albigensian Crusade 1209-1229 Cathars in France killed in thousands Heightened anti-Jewish sentiment
Effects of the Crusade Real importance lies in the interaction of
Europe with the cultural advanced east Broke down feudalism and increased
the power to the kings Nobles died in battle without heirs
Kings got the land Nobles sold their estates to gain cash and
supplies to go on crusade Fewer knights Serfs allowed to purchase freedom – more skilled
workers and towns grew
Effects Greek and Roman classics brought to
Europe New interest in literature and art Luxury goods were in demand
Spices for food Silk Tapestries
Improved technology as Muslim science and achievements were learned
New military skills and advanced weaponry
Birth of Commerce Agricultural Advances
New Plows More land Produce more and increased food production New lands opened up Germans moved to eastern Europe doubling the
size of their lands New harness and Yokes
Horses could be used instead of oxen Pulled faster
Trade Revival of towns cause rapid growth of
trade By sea, road and rivers goods from east
and other towns arrived Roads were rebuilt and repaired Venice, Pisa, Genoa controlled the
Mediterranean trade –fur,slaves,timber,cloth
Flanders(Belgium) controlled trade on northern coast - Wool
Trade fairs
Banking Barter first used for trade
2 chickens for 1 yard of cloth Luxury goods required cash Common means of exchange was needed
Money changers Frequently Italian or Jewish Determined value of currencies and
exchanged them Developed means to transferring funds Nobles and clergy dependent on them
Too far in debt Serfs allowed to purchase freedoms, towns purchased more rights, or Pogroms
Towns With decline of warfare and raiding
towns grew Usually on trade routes Walled to protect itself from bandits Shops on ground level homes above No sanitation and disease a constant
problem 1348-1350 Black Death – bubonic
plague carried by rats and fleas killed 1/3 of Europe's population
Merchants paid lords for charters of their freedoms(rights) and formed communes
Guilds Merchants and artisans formed
associations Merchant guilds formed monopolies on
products Uniform pricing foreign
Craft guilds used for training and quality control Rules of on prices, wages, employment Masters
Trained apprentices Worked without pay
Journey men Worked with pay
Women in urban areas Often towns had more women then
men More opportunity and women could
not inherit Most industry – textile (women’s
work) Also worked as undertakers and
midwives
Rise of Middle Class Wealthy merchants, bankers and
craftsmen Burgers, bourgeoisie, burgesses As kings and nobles relied on them
for cash and credit they gained political power
Town Government Exchanged cash for charters
Charters specified rights of city dwellers
Also spelled out obligations In Italy cities became independent
city states Hindered nation building and left the
country open to invasion
Education Most people were illiterate Clergy were the only educated class Growth of towns required an educated
middle class Needed lawyers Universities separate from the church began
to evolve Roman Classics and Law Greek philosophy and science
Medieval Scholars Peter Abelard
University of Paris Wrote Sic et Non showing 2 sides to
religious questions Thomas Aquinas
Universities of Paris and Naples Suma Theologica Claimed reason was a gift from God and
could be used to find philosophical answers
Medieval Literature Songs and Epics of non literate times
collected and written down Beowulf
Anglo-Saxon Epic Song of Roland Romances
Tristan and Isolde King Arthur
Dante-Divine Comedy Chaucer – Canterbury Tales
Medieval Art Seen in Cathedrals Sculpture Stained glass Illuminated manuscripts
The rise of Monarchy Norman Invasion of England
United England under Planteganets William
Henry I Edward I Henry II- Eleanor of Aquitaine
Kings of England owned more land in France then in England
Kings of England owned more land in France then the French King
1066 the Battle of Hastings William of Normandy (France)
Claimed throne of England Said the king, Edward the Confessor, and
his cousin had on his deathbed left the throne to him
Harold the Edward’s son-in-law claimed the throne
War and the last successful invasion of England took place..William won
Gave fiefs of land to his Norman knights and split them up so no one controlled large blocks of land
Kings power grew under the Plantagenets Henry II 1154-1189
Established common law Grand jury set up – charged crimes Petit jury-ruled on crimes Invaded Ireland 1171 beginning the Anglo-
Irish conflict Thomas a Becket
Arch bishop of Canterbury Opposed the growing power of Henry over
the church Murdered by followers of Henry and became
a saint
Richard I – the lion heart Spent most of his rule in Middle East
and France Only in England a total of 6 months Fought crusades Taken hostage and his ransom
bankrupted England
John I Ruled while Richard was gone Raised taxes to pay for the crusade and
ransom Lost land to France Nobles revolted
Runnymede 1215 forced John to sign the Magna Carta (Great Charter)
Beginning of limits on royal power – no taxation without representation
Henry III John’s son Middle class came into being Towns grew in power Townspeople allowed to sit on the
Great Council to advise the king Became known as parliament Forced to allow parliament to meet 3
times a year
France 987 Hugh Capet
Began with a power base of Paris Expanded Capetian rulers in power for 300
years Louis VI (the fat)1108 -1137
used townspeople to strengthen king Took power from nobles Granted self government to towns
Philip II 1180-1223 Double the size of France – taking land from
John of England Formed semi permanent royal army loyal to
him and not the lords Strengthened the power of the curia regis –
royal courts Louis IX 1125-1270 St. Louis
Made royal courts dominant over feudal counts
Only king could mint coins Banned warfare between his vassals
Philip IV ( the fair) 1285-1314 Raised taxes Taxed the clergy – Rome screamed
but powerless Called the Estates-General
Assembly of nobles, clergy and townspeople
Used them to raise national taxes Never as powerful as Parliament
The Holy Roman Empire Germans controlled Claimed right to influence election of
Popes Civil wars between German lords kept
them from gaining power Henry IV
Quarrel with Pope Gregory VII 1073 Lay investiture Henry had to back down and beg
forgiveness Concordant of Worms 1122
Emperor named bishops and gave land Pope could reject unworthy candidates
100 Years War War between France and England
England was defending its land ownership France was try to reclaim its land
1328 French king died without heir English King claimed the throne French supported Valois claim
English at first successful due to the use of its long bow archers Battle of Crecy 1346 Battle of Agincourt 1415
Jean d’Arc Peasant woman Claimed God had spoken to her and
demanded she help remove English from France
1429 went to Chinon and persuaded Charles heir to thrown to give her his troops
At Orleans she defeated the English 1430 Captured by English and burned
as a witch French rallied and threw out the English
France After defeat of English kings were
powerful Louis XI united France Strengthened the bureaucracy Promoted trade Limited power of nobles
England Civil war Henry VI died childless War between York and Tutors
Symbols were the red and white rose War of the Roses
Tutor family triumphed Henry VII married daughter to the king of
Scotland Made England strong and united
Spain Main problem Islamic control of south Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and
Isabella of Castile United Christian forces 1492 more important as the year the
Muslims were driven from Spain Also little recognized explore Christopher
Columbus set sail for India by going west Inquisition court enforced Catholicism and
Jews and Muslims forced to flee or die
Trouble in the Church Weakened by warfare, disease, and rise
of literacy 1300’s papacy came under control of
the French monarchy Pope Clement V 1205 moved from Rome to
Avignon to escape civil wars Appointed only French Cardinals Successors all French remained in Avignon until
1377 Called the Babylonian Captivity
Schism 1377 Pope Gregory XI left Avignon
for Rome Roman mobs force college of
cardinals to elect an Italian to succeed him
College elected a second Pope that moved back to Avignon
Church was divided until 1417
Reform Calls came from all levels for change Simony – selling of church positions Indulgences- pay away sins John Wycliff
English Claimed Bible was sole authority for
religious truth Translated Bible from Latin into English Support so wide spread he could not be
punished
Reform II Jan Hus
Czech Reforms were against abuses of church and
for Czech control Moved to eliminate power of German Clergy 1415 called to council of Constance to
defend his views Burned at the stake as a heretic Five crusades against the Hussites did not
stop the revolt
Bennet, J.M. & Hollister, C.W. (2006). Medieval Europe: A Short History.10th Edition. Boston. McGraw-Hill