The Rise and Fall of Rome 500 BC 476 AD Pax Romana ©2012, TESCCC.
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Transcript of The Rise and Fall of Rome 500 BC 476 AD Pax Romana ©2012, TESCCC.
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The Rise and Fall of Rome
500 BC
476 AD
Pax Romana
©2012, TESCCC
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Rise of Rome
©2012, TESCCC
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Early Romans: • Latin- Early settlers of Rome• Etruscans- Northern Italy
– Eventually take control of Rome and build it into a great city.
– Build it on 7 hills for protection.
• 509 BC- Romans drive Etruscans out.
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Roman Government: Republic
• Republic - a government Republic - a government with elected representativeswith elected representatives
• Twelve TablesTwelve Tables
• PatriciansPatricians
• PlebeiansPlebeians
• SenateSenate
• ConsulsConsuls
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Roman government
• Patricians- wealthy landowners that controlled the republic.
• Consuls- two individuals that directed the daily affairs of government and led the army.– One-year terms
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The Senate
• 300-member council of patricians that made laws and served Rome–Most powerful part
of the Republic
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The Plebeians• The common people (common farmers, artisans, merchants)• Had no say in government• Allowed to take part in the assembly, but had less power than
the Senate.• Twelve Tables- 451 BCE
– Plebeians have Roman laws written.– Gives common people some protection against unfair
patrician decisions.
©2012, TESCCC
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The Punic Wars
• 264-202 BCE- Series of wars between Rome and Carthage for control of Mediterranean– Carthage – North African city founded by
Phoenicians.
• First Punic War (Rome wins)– Rome-superior army/Carthage-superior
navy– Rome gains Sicily – makes it a province
• Second Punic War (Rome wins)– Hannibal invades Italy.
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Hannibal• Carthaginian general• Invades Italy from the north via the Alps with
elephants.• Battle of Cannae
– Hannibal pulls back from Rome.– Romans believe he is retreating and follow.– Hannibal surrounds and defeats.
• Scipio- Roman general attacks Carthage– Hannibal tries to return home.– Defeats Hannibal at the Battle of Zama.
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Destruction of Carthage
• Romans burn it because it represented Hannibal.
• Survivors sold into slavery.• Becomes a Roman province along with
Greece and the Mediterranean.
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©2012, TESCCC
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The Roman Republic in Crisis
• Hannibal’s invasion destroyed the farms.
• Newly conquered lands begin to import food into Rome.– Farmer income declines.– Latifundia (large estates) created.
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The Gracchus Brothers• Tiberius Gracchus
– Elected to tribune promising aid to the farmers
– Called for taking land and distributing it to the landless
• Limit farm size
• Gaius Gracchus– Gives grain to the poor– Opened more land to farmers– Secured more rights for the middle class
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More turmoil…• Romans originally stayed united due
to their fear of Carthage– No Carthage – nothing to fear
• Senate unable to provide effective leadership– Patricians become more concerned w/
keeping their power and wealth.
• Slave revolts!
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Spartacus
• 73 BCE
• Proclaims war on Rome in attempt to free the slaves.
• 2 years of successful revolts
• Eventually killed along with 6000 followers.
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The rise of dictators
• Dictator- one person w/ absolute power• Military loyalty came from loyalty to Rome.• Gaius Marius
– Ensures loyalty of troops by promising loot from conquered lands.
• Lucius Sulla– Rival to Marius– Bloody wars over power– Kills Marius and becomes dictator of Rome.
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First triumvirate• 60 BCE- Three army generals unite to rule Rome.
– Pompey – Crassus – Julius Caesar
• Caesar becomes consul and commands the Roman legions in Gaul.– Conquers Gaul (France) and England.
• Pompey gets support from Senate.– Orders Caesar to return home w/out the army.
• Caesar invades Rome w/ army and defeats Pompey.– Becomes a “hero of the empire.”
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Julius Caesar• Reforms Rome
1. Reorganized government with him as dictator.
2. Lowered taxes.
3. Makes governors responsible to him.
4. Grants citizenship to conquered peoples.• March 15, 44 BCE- Caesar assassinated
– Stabbed in the Senate as many became jelious– Augustus Caesar becomes next ruler– Pax Romana (a period of peace: 27 BC to 395 AD)
©2012, TESCCC
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The Roman Empire
• Augustus Caesar gains control of the following:– Military
• Takes complete control of army• Gives veterans bonuses of land.
– Provinces• Supervised all the governors.
– Loyalty to Rome• Granted citizenship to more conquered
peoples of Europe.
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Second triumvirate• Mark Antony• Lepidus• Octavian• Created by Mark Antony
– Falls in love w/ Cleopatra, queen of Egypt
• Octavian crushes the combined fleet of Antony and Cleopatra.
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Octavian• 31 BCE- creates the Roman Empire
• Allows Senate to keep some power, but he would retain sole rulership.
• Changes name to Augustus– “honored and majestic”
• Takes title of “Caesar”– “first citizen”
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Pax Romana
• ““The Roman Peace”- 27-180 ADThe Roman Peace”- 27-180 AD– Period of peace and prosperity.Period of peace and prosperity.
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Tiberius
• 14-37 AD
• Augustus’ stepson
• Plots and violence become common in Roman politics.
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Caligula
• Cruel and insane
• Rules for 4 years–Assassinated by his imperial
guard.
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Claudius
• 41-54 AD
• Restores order to the Roman Empire.
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Nero• Claudius’ stepson• Becomes Emperor at age 17.• Becomes bloodthirsty and violent.
– Murders own mother for criticizing his mistress.
• Rome burns in 64 AD.– Nero blames the Christians.
• Army rebels against him, and he commits suicide.
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Vespasian
• The year after Nero’s death, 2 emperors are assassinated and 1 commits suicide.
• Chosen by military as emperor of Rome.
• Restores discipline in the army and the administration of the Empire.– Puts down revolts in Judaea and Gaul.
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Nerva
• Vespasian's sons rule for almost 10 years.
• Senate chooses Nerva as the new emperor in 96 AD.
• Establishes the adoptive system. – Adopts a son and declares him the
heir to the throne.
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Trajan
• 98-117 AD
• Adopted son of Nerva.
• Spanish-born
• Wise and popular– Eases tax burden.
• Empire reaches its greatest size.
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Hadrian
• 117-138 AD
• Devoted to protecting the Empire, rather than expanding it.
• Creates Palestine out of Jewish territory.– Encourages non-Jews to live there.
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Marcus Aurelius• Last of the adopted emperors
– “Good Emperors”
• Abandons the adoptive system and chooses his own son as the new emperor– Commodus – unfit to rule– End of the Pax Romana
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Roman Empire is divided into the Western Empire and the Eastern Empire by Diocletian and Constantine
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Fall of Rome
• Empire was too large
• Increase use of slaves put Romans out of work
• Prices increased• Corruption• Decrease in trade• Invasions: Franks,
Visigoths, Huns, Vandals, Saxons
©2012, TESCCC