THE RIDDLE OF LATHYRISM

Dirk Enneking PhDQuedlinburg, Germany

enneking@westnet.com.au

Riddle of the sphinx:

"What has one voice, and is four-footed, two-footed and three-footed?"

A human being.

Lathyrism, a neurodegenerative disorder, three progressive stages:limping (two-footed)walking withstick (three-footed) crawling (four-footed).

The Greeks have used Lathyrus sativus (grasspea), L. clymenum and L. ochrus (greek: fava) as food since antiquity.

Global Production1-1,5 Mio ha0.7 - 1 Mio t of grain+/- forage

Also in

ChileCanadaChinaAustralia

Food & FeedNo problem withtoxicity

Neurolathyrism is intricately linked to famine (due to drought or conflict), poverty and malnutrition.

Malnutrition is also an important factor associated with other neurodegenerative afflictions such as Konzo (neuro-cassavaism) and optic neuropathy.

Eradicate lathyrism !

Reduce toxicity (ODAP) in cultivars and provide adapted non-toxic varieties to grasspea eaters

Manage nutritional stress

(famines, poverty) & excessive grasspea consumption

Identify undernourished grasspea eaters during times of hardship

Monitor grasspea production, consumption and prices

Educate about processing options (detoxification) + supplements

Intensive educational Intensive educational programmeprogramme

Fight against lathyrism is Fight against lathyrism is part of the fight against part of the fight against povertypoverty and and ignoranceignorance

Arya, L. S et al. (1988). Lathyrism in Afghanistan. Indian Journal of Pediatrics 55 (3):440-442

Governments need to pay attention to the potential threat of neurolathyrism and provide contingency plans to deal with high risk areas during times of famine. (Enneking, 1998)

Reduction of poverty and malnutrition in lathyrism prone areas are likely to provide the best solution

to this problem (Enneking, 1998)

Grain legumes are deficient in sulfur amino acids

Except, Non Protein sulfur amino acids, not available for nutritional utilisation:Vigna & Acacia spp. (glutamyl-S-methyl-cysteine sulphoxide)

Vicia (V. narbonensis et al.) (glutamyl-S-ethenyl-cysteine)

Their anti-nutritional factors deplete sulfur amino acids in predators

Many target glutathione (glu-cys-gly) dependent systems

Lathyrus sativus seeds contain:

Low levels of sulfur amino acids

Trypsin inhibitors [high SAA]

Tannins

Lectins

ODAP

Thiol Oxidation and Loss of Mitochondrial Complex I Precede ODAP mediated neurodegeneration= thiol reversible, male/female differencesSriram et al. Journal of Neuroscience 1998,18(24):10287–10296

see also review by Ravrindranath (2002) Neurochemistry Intl. 40, 505-509

Hypothesis:

A lack of reduced thiols predisposes to lathyrism

This is caused by depletion through antinutrients, low intake of SAA, oxidative stress and/or genetic defect (s) in thiol metabolism