The review of modern physics has given us a description of nature. Waves are described with a wave...
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![Page 1: The review of modern physics has given us a description of nature. Waves are described with a wave equation. Particles are described with particle equations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697bfa81a28abf838c9943c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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The review of modern physics has given us a description of nature.
• Waves are described with a wave equation.• Particles are described with particle equations.• Experiments indicated that particle phenomena
could be explained with a wave theory.• Experiments indicated that wave phenomena
could be described with particle theory.• Schrodinger equation evolved whose solutions
yielded a probability density of finding a state.• Fermi function determined whether the state was
filled.
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Materials could now be described.
• Materials were understood in terms of an energy band diagram.
• Conduction band – valence band – Fermi energy.
• Electrons being promoted from the valence band into the conduction band left a vacancy (“hole”) in the valence band.
• “n type” semiconductor and “p type” semiconductor.
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Basic model
p n
aN
dNhole diffusion electron diffusion
Homogeneous doping model
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Homogeneous doping model
p n+-
space charge region -- uniform distribution
negative chargeaN positive chargedN
Electrons diffuse into the p region and holes diffuse into the n region. This creates an electric field.
px nx
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Homogeneous doping model
p n
space charge region -- uniform distribution
negative chargeaN positive chargedN
px nx
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Forces on electrons and holes
p n
negative chargeaN positive chargedN
px nxdiffusion forceon electrons
diffusion forceon holes E field force
on holes
E field forceon electrons
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Basic model – thermal equilibrium
FE
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p n+-
cE
cE
vE
vE
FiEbi biE eV
FiEbi biE eV
bi biE eV
FneVFpeV
= is a "built in" potentialbi Fp FnV V V
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electrons and holes face a barrier
FE
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p n+-
cE
cE
vE
vE
FiEbi biE eV
FiE
+
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Electron density in the conduction band of the n type material
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p n+-
cE
vE
FiE
c F0 c
B
E En N exp
T
or F Fi
0 iB
E En n exp
T
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Hole density in the p type semiconductor material
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p n+-
cE
vE
FiE
Fi F0 i
B
E Ep n exp
T
F v0 v
B
E Ep N exp
T
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Barrier potential can now be defined
a dBbi 2
i
N NTV ln
e n
=bi Fp FnV V V
F Fi0 i
B
E En n exp
T
Fni
B
eVn exp
T
dBFn
i
NTV ln
e n
aBFp
i
NTV ln
e n
d 0N n
a 0N p
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Potential distribution in the depletion region
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p n+-
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0( )
0
a p
d n
eN x xx
eN x x
1( )
a a
s s
eN eNE x dx x A
0E 10
ap
s
eNx A
( )
a
s
eNdE x
dx
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0( )
0
a p
d n
eN x xx
eN x x
2( )
d d
s s
eN eNE x dx x A
0E 20
dn
s
eNx A
( )
d
s
eNdE x
dx
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0
( )
0
ap p
s
dn n
s
eNx x x x
E xeN
x x x x
a dp n
s s
eN eNx x
a p d nN x N x
Epx nx
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0
( )
0
ap p
s
dn n
s
eNx x x x
E xeN
x x x x
1( ) ( ) V x E x dx B
Epx nx
1( )
a
ps
eNV x x x dx B
a
ps
eNx x
V = 0
2
102
pa
s
xeNB
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0
( )
0
ap p
s
dn n
s
eNx x x x
E xeN
x x x x
2( ) ( ) V x E x dx B
Epx nx
2( )
d
ns
eNV x x x dx B
Voltage is continuous
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2
22
02
( )
02 2
ap p
s
d an p n
s s
eNx x x x
V xeN eNx
x x x x x
2d nN x
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2 2
2bi d n a ps
eV N x N x
22( )
2 2d a
n ps s
eN eNxV x x x x
0 nx x
a p d nN x N x2 1s bi a
nd d a
V Nx
e N N N
2 1s bi d
pa d a
V Nx
e N N N
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2 1s bi an
d d a
V Nx
e N N N
2 1s bi d
pa d a
V Nx
e N N N
2 s bi d a
d a
V N NW
e N N
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( ) tanh( )V x x
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( ) tanh( )V x x
( )( )
dV xE x
dx
2
2
( )( )
d V xx
dx
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Reverse biased PN junction- - - - - -
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p n
bias RV Vtotal bi RV V V
WW
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p n
2 s bi R a d
a d
V V N NW
e N N
bi Rmax
2 V VE
W
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Reverse biased PN junctionenergy diagram
cE
cEvE
vE
FiE
FiE
FnE
FpE
ReV
total bi ReV e V V
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Voltage-dependent capacitor
px
nx
with RV
with R RV dV
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Voltage-dependent capacitor
px
nx
with RV
with R RV dV
dQ
dQ
differential R
dQC'
dV
nd
R R
dxdQC' eN
dV dV
deN
aeN
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Simple three-dimensional unit cell
a
b
c