The Respiratory System

Importance:

Supplies the blood oxygen so that the blood can deliver oxygen to all parts of the body.

Removes carbon dioxide waste that cells produce.

The Respiratory System

Parts of the Respiratory System

Nose -the respiratory organ through which air is inhaled and exhaled. Nostrils- involved in air intake, i.e. they

bring air into the nose, where air is warmed and humidified. The tiny hairs called cilia filters out dust and other particles present in the air and protects the nasal passage and other regions of the respiratory tract.

Vestibule -a part of the nostrils lined with coarse hair. It filters and humidifies the air that enters the nasal cavity.

Pharynx -a tubular part of the respiratory system which allows the passage of air to the lungs. It is located behind the nasal and oral cavities.Nasopharynx -connects the upper portion

of the throat with the nasal cavity.Oropharynx -located between the soft

palate and upper part of epiglottis.Laryngopharynx -located below the

epiglottis. It opens into the esophagus and larynx.

Epiglottis -a flap-like structure which prevents food from entering the trachea at the time of swallowing.The epiglottis is composed of cartilaginous tissue and is located at the opening of the larynx (back of our tongue); it is covered with mucous.

Larynx -a part of the respiratory system which connects the trachea with laryngopharynx.The larynx controls the flow of air while breathing.The larynx, which is also known as sound box is formed of cartilages.Epiglottis, thyroid and cricoid are the three important cartilages of larynx.

Trachea-known as the windpipe extends from larynx to the bronchi. In fact, the trachea is branched into bronchi. It facilitates the flow of air towards the bronchi.The trachea lies to the anterior side of the esophagus; it has a tubular structure with 1 inch. diameter and a length of 4.25 inch. Length of the trachea spans between the 6th cervical and 5th thoracic vertebrae.The trachea is composed of around 15-20 C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage. These pieces are held together by tracheal muscles.

Bronchi-two air tubes that branch off of from the trachea and carry atmospheric air directly into the lungs.

Lungs -main organ of the respiratory system.They are the site in body where oxygen is taken into and carbon dioxide is expelled out. The red blood cells present in the blood picks up the oxygen in the lungs and carry and distribute the oxygen to all body cells that need it. The red blood cells donate the oxygen to the cells and picks up the carbon dioxide produced by the cells.

Alveoli -sac-shaped bodies present inside the lungs. The alveoli function as an interface for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and capillaries.

Diaphragm-a dome-shaped muscle located at the bottom of the lungs. Acts as a partition between thoracic and abdominal cavity.

Types of Diseases

Obstructive Lung Disease -diseases of the lung where the airways become reduced in volume or have free flow of gas impeded, making it more difficult to move air in and out of the lung.o Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)- Is the occurrence of chronic bronchitis

or emphysema, a pair of commonly co-existing diseases of the lungs in which the airways become narrowed.[1] This leads to a limitation of the flow of air to and from the lungs, causing shortness of breath (dyspnea).

-caused by smoking cigarettes or other kind of irritants like dust

Respiratory Tract Infections - Upper Respiratory Tract infection: illnesses

caused by an acute infection which involves the upper respiratory tract: nose, sinuses, pharynx or larynx

( common examples are sinusitis and common cold )Sinusitis -inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, which

may be due to infection, allergy, or autoimmune issues

-Lower Respiratory Tract Infection› Pneumonia- an inflammatory condition of the lung

affecting primarily the microscopic air sacs (alveoli) associated with fever, chest symptoms, and a lack of air space on a chest .

› Acute bronchitis -always due to a viral infection and therefore does not require antibiotic therapy.

Lung Cancer -a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. The main types of lung cancer are small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), also called oat cell cancer, and non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). The most common cause of lung cancer is long-term exposure to tobacco smoke, which causes 80–90% of lung cancers. Nonsmokers account for 10–15% of lung cancer cases, and these cases are often attributed to a combination of genetic factors, radon gas,  asbestos, and air pollution including secondhand smoke.

Prevention, Detection and Treatment of such Diseases

Disease Prevention Detection Treatment

COPD •Never smoke or quit smoking.•Avoid inhalation of lung irritants.

•Increase of sputum production•Chest tightness

•Stem Cell therapy•Bullectomy•Xiao Chuan treatment

Sinusitis •Sleep with the head of the bed elevated. Avoid air pollutants.•Eat a balanced diet and exercise.•Minimize exposure to persons with known infections.

•nasal congestion•postnasal drip

•Decongestants•Antibiotics like amoxicillin

Diseases Prevention Detection Treatment

Pneumonia •Stop smoking.•Always wash your hands.•Avoid people who have flu, respiratory tract infections, measles and chickenpox.

•Cough •Fever •Shaking chills•Chest pain

• Chest X-ray.•Sputum test•Pulse oximetry

•Acute Bronchitis

•Fever,Chills•Aches,soreness 

•Albuterol inhalation•Short-term steroid therapy

Diseases Prevention

Detection Treatment

Lung cancer •Avoid smoking tobacco.•Avoid secondhand smoke.

•Cough•Coughing up blood (hemoptysis)•Chest pain•Shortness of breath•Wheezing•Repeated respiratory infections, such as bronchitis or pneumonia

•Surgery•Chemotherapy•Radiation therapy

Technologies

Bullectomy -Resection of a bulla; helpful in treating some forms of bullous emphysema, in which giant bullae compress functioning lung tissue.

Chemotherapy is the treatment of cancer with one or more cytotoxic  antineoplastic drugs ("chemotherapeutic agents") as part of a standardized regimen.

Radiation Therapy -the medical use of ionizing radiation, generally as part of cancer treatment to control or kill malignant cells

End of discussion

Group II

Dexiel Kay Romiscal

Arnaldo GarciaDave Chavez