THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Bleecker-ized for your Viewing Pleasure

The Point of Breathing

1. Oxygen is needed by our cells to burn the fuel we consume to walk, breathe, see, hear, play basketball, stay warm, etc.

2. Our lungs use a process called diffusion to transfer oxygen from high concentration to low concentration in the blood.

Of all the Elements, We Use Oxygen to Chemically React with the Food in our cells

to produce Energy

Respiratory System

How about a tour of the system, watch Mr. B click the diagram to jump to our tour

The Lungs contain Cilia to Clear them Up

Head Region

Air enters the Mouth And Nasal Passages where it is warmed & filtered

The brain stem controls breathing by CO2 concentration

Figure 10.13Slide 10.8ACopyright © 2001 Benjamin Cummings, an imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.

Regulation of Breathing:Nervous System Involvement

Respiratory center in the medulla oblongata: establishes basic breathing pattern

Medulla: sensitive to carbon dioxide in blood informs the lungs to keep “breathing.”

Aorta in heart has sensors: sensitive to carbon dioxide, and oxygen levels, telling the medulla to tell the lungs to “breath.”

Conscious control: resides in higher brain centers; ability to modify breath, hold breath, etc

Slide 10.8B

Breathing:Mechanical intake gas

Diaphram muscle expands & contracts the chest cavity

Human Respiratory SystemHuman Respiratory System

Inside each lung, air moves into finer and finer Inside each lung, air moves into finer and finer branchings called bronchioles. Their endings bear the branchings called bronchioles. Their endings bear the cup-shaped alveoli. The lungs have about 300 million cup-shaped alveoli. The lungs have about 300 million alveoli. Most often, alveoli are clustered as larger alveoli. Most often, alveoli are clustered as larger pouches called alveolar sacs. pouches called alveolar sacs.

Trachea, Bronchi & Alveoli

Alveoli at Base of LungAlveoli at Base of Lung

Pulmonary capillaries surround the alveoli. The Pulmonary capillaries surround the alveoli. The respiratory system's role in respiration ends at alveoli. respiratory system's role in respiration ends at alveoli. From that point on, the circulatory system takes over. From that point on, the circulatory system takes over. Oxygen and carbon dioxide move by diffusion between the Oxygen and carbon dioxide move by diffusion between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries around them. alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries around them.

Alveoli: Tiny air sacs Increase

Surface area for gas exchange

Rich in capillaries

Over 700 million !

Human Respiratory SystemHuman Respiratory System

Diagram of a section through an alveolus and the pulmonary Diagram of a section through an alveolus and the pulmonary capillaries that surround it. The close-up view on the right capillaries that surround it. The close-up view on the right shows that the alveolar and capillary walls are separated by shows that the alveolar and capillary walls are separated by only a narrow fluid-filled interstitial space. Oxygen diffuses only a narrow fluid-filled interstitial space. Oxygen diffuses easily out of the alveolus, across the interstitial space, and easily out of the alveolus, across the interstitial space, and into the capillaries. Carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite into the capillaries. Carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction. direction.

Gas Exchange and TransportGas Exchange and Transport

This red blood cell is packed full of the respiratory pigment This red blood cell is packed full of the respiratory pigment hemoglobin. The structure of hemoglobin molecule is on hemoglobin. The structure of hemoglobin molecule is on the right.the right.

B. Comparing terms:

Breathing: Mechanical intake and exhalation of gases (lungs)

Respiration: the exchange of gases by diffusion at the alveoli

Cellular Respiration: Use of oxygen by the mitochondria to make ATP energy

Respiration or Gas exchange at capillaries

By the law of diffusion Blue blood low in

oxygen coming into the alveoli

Red blood high in oxygen leaves the alveoli

Alveoli air sacs

Cellular Respiration Breakdown of

Food in the cell in Mitochondria Plants & Animals Produces ATP Cell energy CO2 gas waste

Respiration is like a Campfire to Burn Fuel to Do Work. The Fuel is CHO or carbohydrates

C6H12O6+ O2 ----> CO2 + H2O + ATP (energy)

Essentially: Eat glucose for cells to run on Burn glucose in factories (mitochondria) Factory exports useable fuel called ATP for use

The burning releases water, just like when you burn a log. It is a by-product. You see it when you breath out on a cold day.

Functions: Larynx: maintains an open airway, routes

food and air appropriately, assists in sound production

Trachea: transports air to and from lungs Bronchi: branch into lungs

Lungs: transport air to alveoli for gas exchange

Slide 10.4B

Lower Respiratory Tract

Vocal Cords, Open

Vocal cords, closed

Asthma – constriction of the bronchioles

What is Asthma?

1. Any reaction provoking a tightening or constriction of the bronchioles

2. This reduces air flow to the alveoli, inducing a form of suffocation

3. Treatment: Ventalin and other bronchio-dilating medicines

Testing Vital Capacity

VO2

The device above is called a Spirometer. It measures the total volume of inhalation and exhalation, and determines the VOLUME of the lungs.

Athletes normally have greater capacity. See the next slide.

Typical VO2 is 4 Litres. Leftover air is called Residual AIR

Vital Capacity determined by Heart Rate during Exercise

Taking Care of Your Lungs

Smoking & Second Hand smoke Diseases of the Lungs

Tuberculosis: Bacterial infection

Smoker’s Lung with tar deposits

Cancerous Lung

Whales have lungs……

Day2: A Closer Look at the Lungs

3 Lobes on right side & 2 Lobes on the left

Adding up the Volume of the Lungs1. Tidal Volume

= normal volume of air moved in and out of lungs ~ 500ml

2. Inspiratory Reserve Volume = extra air our lungs can take in ~ 3100mL

3. Expiratory Reserve Volume= air we can breath out beyond the typical tidal volume

~ 1400mL

4.4. Vital Capacity = TIDAL + IR + ERVital Capacity = TIDAL + IR + ER

5. Dead Space = parts of airpassages where air never reaches the lungs

H+ + HC03-1 H2CO3 H20 + CO2

CO2 carried by blood is converted into a bicarbonate ion and water, so it can enter the lungs where it dissociates into water and CO2 to be breathed out

Enzyme responsible for conversion= Carbonic AnhyndraseCarbonic Anhyndrase

Chemistry at the Alveolar Interface

Hemoglobin Hb1. Hb loses O2

Hb02 Hb + O2 O2 leaves blood!

2. H+ + HC03-1 H2CO3 H20 + CO2

H+ + Hb HHb (purple)

Hb picks up a hydrogen and is reduced to HHb and appears quite purple

3. Much C02 travels in plasma as bicarbonate ions, in addition to riding on Hb.

Respiratory Infections / Diseases

1. Tuberculosis

2. Bronchitis

3. Strep throat / Rheumatic Fever

4. Pneumonia

5. Emphysema

6. Pulmonary Fibrosis

7. Lung Cancer

Tuberculosis

Bacterial infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Create calcified domes in the lungs and walls itself off from the immune system

Heavy coughing ruptures the domes, which causes bleeding

Tuberculosis: Bacterial infection

BronchitisTypically a viral infection spread to sinuses, middle ear, larynx and then bronchi

Acute bronchitis usually is caused by a secondary bacterial infection

Strep Throat•Strep throat is the most common bacterial cause of sore throat

•can occasionally lead to rheumatic fever, antibiotics are given.

•Strep throat often includes a fever (greater than 101 degrees Fahrenheit),

•Signs white draining patches on the throat, and swollen or tender lymph glands in the neck. Children may have headache and stomach pain.

What is Rheumatic Fever?

a heart condition in which the heart valves are damaged streptococcal bacteria

Rheumatic fever begins with a strep throat from streptococcal infection

Pneumonia

Viral/bacterial infection of the lungs

The bronchi / alveoli fill with fluid

Drowning-effect occurs

Emphysema Emphysema is a condition in which the walls between the alveoli

or air sacs within the lung lose their ability to stretch and recoil.

The air sacs become weakened and break.  Elasticity of the lung tissue is lost, causing air to be trapped in the air sacs and impairing the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

 Early symptoms include shortness of breath and cough. Symptoms of emphysema include shortness of breath, cough and a limited exercise tolerance.

What causes it?What causes it?

Cigarette smoking is by far the most common cause of emphysema.  Smoking is responsible for approximately 80-90% of deaths .

In addition, it is estimated that 100,000 Americans living today were born with a deficiency of a "lung protector" protein

Pulmonary Fibrosis scarring of the lung. Gradually, the air sacs of the lungs become

replaced by fibrous tissue. When the scar forms, the tissue becomes thicker causing an irreversible loss of the tissue’s ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream.

Symptoms?

Shortness of breath, particularly with exertion Chronic dry, hacking cough Fatigue and weakness Discomfort in the chest Loss of appetite Rapid weight loss

Causes?

Inhaling silica, coal dust, asbestos Lungs cannot clear out these fibres

Cancerous Lung