The Reproductive The Reproductive SystemSystem

ReproductionReproduction

Primary function: to produce Primary function: to produce offspringoffspring

genetic material passed from genetic material passed from generation to generationgeneration to generation

Sharing intimate feelings with Sharing intimate feelings with another personanother person

Some terms to knowSome terms to know Gonads: the organs in the body Gonads: the organs in the body

that produce the sex cells that produce the sex cells (GAMETES)(GAMETES)

Male = testes --> SpermMale = testes --> Sperm Female = ovaries --> Ova or Egg Female = ovaries --> Ova or Egg

cellscells Ducts: transport and secreteDucts: transport and secrete Glands: secreteGlands: secrete

TestesTestes Paired organs Paired organs

located inside located inside the scrotumthe scrotum

Located outside Located outside the body to the body to ensure proper ensure proper temp for sperm temp for sperm productionproduction

Function of the testesFunction of the testes

Produce and mature Produce and mature spermsperm

maturation of sperm maturation of sperm takes approximately takes approximately 74 days74 days

Protect sperm and Protect sperm and sperm sperm development--development--Sertoli cellsSertoli cells

Produce Produce testosterone: Leydig testosterone: Leydig cellscells

Functions of Functions of TestosteroneTestosterone the principle male hormonethe principle male hormone

produced by Cells of Leydigproduced by Cells of Leydig responsible for the male secondary responsible for the male secondary

sexual characteristics:sexual characteristics: growth and developmentgrowth and development maintenance of sex organsmaintenance of sex organs bone growthbone growth influences sexual behaviorinfluences sexual behavior influences final maturation of sperm influences final maturation of sperm

cellscells

Seminiferous TubulesSeminiferous Tubules tightly coiled tubules tightly coiled tubules

in testes in testes Spermatogenesis Spermatogenesis

occursoccurs Spermatogonia = Spermatogonia =

immature Sperm Cellimmature Sperm Cell Spermatozoa = Spermatozoa =

mature Sperm Cellmature Sperm Cell Interstitial Cells Interstitial Cells

(Cells of Leydig) = (Cells of Leydig) = endocrine cells endocrine cells produce and secrete produce and secrete testosteronetestosterone

EpididymisEpididymis• 7 m long7 m long• HeadHead - -

superior, superior, receives receives spermatozoaspermatozoa

• BodyBody • TailTail - leads to - leads to

ductus ductus deferensdeferens

EpididymisEpididymis• Functions:Functions:• 1) Monitors and 1) Monitors and

adjusts tubular adjusts tubular fluidfluid

• 2) Recycles 2) Recycles damaged damaged spermatozoaspermatozoa

• 3) Stores sperm 3) Stores sperm and facilitates and facilitates maturationmaturation

Ductus (Vas) DeferensDuctus (Vas) Deferens long duct (18 long duct (18

inches) inches) passageway for passageway for sperm from sperm from epididymis to epididymis to urethraurethra

enters the body enters the body through the through the pelvic floor called pelvic floor called the Inguinal Canalthe Inguinal Canal

Ejaculatory DuctsEjaculatory Ducts

union of union of seminal vesicles seminal vesicles and the ductus and the ductus (vas)deferens(vas)deferens

eject sperm into eject sperm into the prostatic the prostatic urethra prior to urethra prior to ejaculationejaculation

UrethraUrethra passageway for passageway for

sperm and urine sperm and urine to the external to the external environmentenvironment

measures about 8 measures about 8 inches in lengthinches in length

4 sections of the 4 sections of the UrethraUrethra

UrethraUrethra

11

22

33

1. 1. prostatic prostatic urethraurethra2.2.MembranoMembranous urethraus urethra

3. 3. spongy spongy urethraurethra

UrethraUrethra

44

4. external urethral 4. external urethral orificeorifice

Accessory Male Sex Accessory Male Sex GlandsGlands

secrete most of the liquid secrete most of the liquid portion of Semenportion of Semen

provides a liquid, nutrious provides a liquid, nutrious medium for the support of medium for the support of sperm cellssperm cells

Seminal VesiclesSeminal Vesicles Paired, on Paired, on

posterior wall of posterior wall of urinary bladderurinary bladder

Tubular Tubular (~ 15 cm)(~ 15 cm)

Produce 60% of Produce 60% of semen, semen, hormones, hormones, fructose, etc.fructose, etc.

Activate sperm Activate sperm (leading to (leading to motility)motility)

Prostate GlandProstate Gland about the size of a about the size of a

chestnut located chestnut located inferior to the urinary inferior to the urinary bladder - surrounds bladder - surrounds the urethrathe urethra

secretes a fluid rich secretes a fluid rich in citric acid, in citric acid, prostatic acid, prostatic acid, phosphatase, and phosphatase, and prostaglandinsprostaglandins

makes up about 13% makes up about 13% - of the semen- of the semen

often site of often site of cancerous growth in cancerous growth in malesmales

Bulbourethral Glands (CowperBulbourethral Glands (Cowper’’s s Glands)Glands)

• Pea size, paired, Pea size, paired, at base of penisat base of penis

• Produce about Produce about 10% of semen10% of semen

• Alkaline mucus -Alkaline mucus -neutralize acidic neutralize acidic nature of nature of female vaginafemale vagina

Semen (Seminal Fluid)Semen (Seminal Fluid)

mixture of sperm and mixture of sperm and secretions of accessory glandssecretions of accessory glands

2.5 - 5.0 ml of semen per 2.5 - 5.0 ml of semen per ejaculation (1/2 tsp)ejaculation (1/2 tsp)

300-500 million sperm per 300-500 million sperm per ejaculationejaculation

if less than 100 million sperm-- if less than 100 million sperm-- male is considered infertilemale is considered infertile

MALE: EXTERNAL MALE: EXTERNAL GENITALIAGENITALIA

SCROTUMSCROTUM

supports and supports and protects testes protects testes

continuation of continuation of abdominal wall abdominal wall skinskin

Separated by a Separated by a structure structure called the called the rapheraphe

Cremaster muscle

SCROTUMSCROTUM

Dartos muscle in dermisDartos muscle in dermis Cremaster muscle - continuous with Cremaster muscle - continuous with

abdominal wall musclesabdominal wall muscles Involuntary contraction in response to Involuntary contraction in response to

TEMP changes TEMP changes Temp must be 2-3Temp must be 2-3oo Lower than body temp Lower than body temp

PenisPenis used to used to

introduce sperm introduce sperm into the female into the female vagina during vagina during intercourseintercourse

Voids urine Voids urine (urination)(urination)

cylindrical in cylindrical in shapeshape

Three parts of penisThree parts of penis BodyBody : 3 : 3

cylindrical masses cylindrical masses of tissueof tissue

Corpora Corpora Cavernosa Penis ( Cavernosa Penis ( 2)2)

Corpus Corpus Spongiosum PenisSpongiosum Penis

Made of erectile Made of erectile tissue filled with tissue filled with blood sinusesblood sinuses

Penis (cont)Penis (cont) Root--portion Root--portion

attached to attached to pubic areapubic area

Bulb--attached Bulb--attached to abdominal to abdominal wallwall

Crus--Attached Crus--Attached to muscles to muscles that aid in that aid in erectionerection

Glans Glans penispenis Slightly enlarged Slightly enlarged

portion of the portion of the corpus spongiosumcorpus spongiosum

Separated from Separated from body by coronabody by corona

Contains many Contains many nerve endingsnerve endings

Uncircumcised Uncircumcised glans contains glans contains prepuce or prepuce or foreskinforeskin

Penis erectionPenis erection

With sexual With sexual stimulation, stimulation, arteries dilate, arteries dilate, veins constrict, veins constrict, large quantities large quantities of blood enter of blood enter sinuses and an sinuses and an erection occurserection occurs

Erections occur Erections occur also to maintain also to maintain health of penishealth of penis

End of male End of male REPRODUCTIVE SystemREPRODUCTIVE System

QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMSYSTEM

OvariesOvaries the female the female

gonadsgonads oogenesis oogenesis

occurs occurs females are females are

born with all born with all egg cells as egg cells as they will ever they will ever have have (500,000)(500,000)

OogenesisOogenesis

Maturing of an oocyte (egg)Maturing of an oocyte (egg) Begins with primary follicles, ends with Begins with primary follicles, ends with

secondary ooctyesecondary ooctye other primary follicles donate material to other primary follicles donate material to

developing eggdeveloping egg

Ovarian folliclesOvarian follicles each month about each month about

20 primary 20 primary oocytes are oocytes are stimulated to stimulated to undergo meiosisundergo meiosis

usually only one of usually only one of these 20 these 20 completes the completes the process of process of oogenesis & oogenesis & develops into a develops into a secondary oocytesecondary oocyte

Graffian FollicleGraffian Follicle

Oocyte continues Oocyte continues to mature before to mature before released by ovary released by ovary during ovulationduring ovulation

Contains two Contains two partsparts

Antrum and Antrum and oocyteoocyte

Secretes Secretes estrogenestrogen

OvulationOvulation

Process where Process where secondary secondary oocyte is oocyte is released from released from ovaryovary

About day 14 of About day 14 of cyclecycle

Corpus Luteum and Corpus Corpus Luteum and Corpus AlbicansAlbicans

Glandular body that Glandular body that develops after develops after release of eggrelease of egg

Secretes Secretes progesterone, progesterone, estrogen, relaxin, estrogen, relaxin, inhibininhibin

Becomes corpus Becomes corpus albicans if egg is albicans if egg is NOT fertilizedNOT fertilized

Stays in tact during Stays in tact during pregnancypregnancy

Uterine (Fallopian) Uterine (Fallopian) TubesTubes ducts transport ducts transport

ova from site of ova from site of ovulation to ovulation to uterusuterus

Infundibulum = Infundibulum = funnel shaped, funnel shaped, open distal endopen distal end– Fimbriae = Fimbriae =

““little fingerslittle fingers”” on on distal enddistal end

Uterine (Fallopian) Uterine (Fallopian) TubesTubes Ampulla = widest, Ampulla = widest,

longest portion of longest portion of the uterine tubesthe uterine tubes– fertilization usually fertilization usually

occurs in this occurs in this regionregion

Isthmus = narrow, Isthmus = narrow, constricted, constricted, proximal end proximal end where the tubes where the tubes attach to the attach to the uterusuterus

UterusUterus serves as the site of serves as the site of

menstruation, menstruation, implantation of a implantation of a fertilized ovum, and fertilized ovum, and development and development and maintenance of fetus maintenance of fetus during pregnancyduring pregnancy

inverted pear inverted pear shaped muscular shaped muscular organorgan

has 3 sections or has 3 sections or areasareas– FundusFundus – BodyBody – CervixCervix

Tissue Layers of the Tissue Layers of the UterusUterus 3 tissue layers3 tissue layers

Perimetrium = Perimetrium = outermost layeroutermost layer

Myometrium = middle, Myometrium = middle, muscular layermuscular layer– majority of the uterusmajority of the uterus– consists of three layers consists of three layers

of smooth muscleof smooth muscle Endometrium = Endometrium =

innermost layer of the innermost layer of the uterus uterus

Made of stratum Made of stratum functionalis and functionalis and stratum basalisstratum basalis

VaginaVagina

tubular fibromuscular organ lined with tubular fibromuscular organ lined with mucous membranemucous membrane

passageway for sperm & menstrual flowpassageway for sperm & menstrual flow receptacle for penis during sexual receptacle for penis during sexual

intercourseintercourse lower portion of birth canallower portion of birth canal

FEMALE: EXTERNAL FEMALE: EXTERNAL GENITALIAGENITALIA

Female External Female External GenitaliaGenitalia Vulva = term used Vulva = term used

to describe female to describe female external genitalia external genitalia

Mons Pubis = Mons Pubis = adipose tissue adipose tissue above the pubic above the pubic symphysis, covered symphysis, covered by skin and coarse by skin and coarse pubic hairpubic hair

Labia Majora = an Labia Majora = an area of longitudinal area of longitudinal folds of tissuefolds of tissue

Labia Minora = Labia Minora = medial longitudinal medial longitudinal folds of tissue folds of tissue

Female External Genitalia Female External Genitalia (cont)(cont)

Vestibule: the Vestibule: the space between the space between the Labia MinoraLabia Minora

Bulb of vestibule Bulb of vestibule contain:contain:

Greater Vestibular Greater Vestibular Glands (BartholinGlands (Bartholin’’s)s)

produce mucoid produce mucoid substancesubstance

Provide lubrication Provide lubrication for sexual for sexual intercourseintercourse

Female External Female External Genitalia (cont)Genitalia (cont)

Clitoris: small Clitoris: small cylyndrical cylyndrical mass of mass of nervous and nervous and erectile tissueerectile tissue

Prepuce: layer Prepuce: layer of skin from of skin from labia minora labia minora covers clitoriscovers clitoris

Hymen: thin Hymen: thin membrane membrane partially partially covering the covering the vaginavagina

Mammary Glands Mammary Glands (Breasts)(Breasts) modified modified

sudoriferous glands sudoriferous glands (Sweat Glands)(Sweat Glands)

each gland contains each gland contains 15 - 20 lobes or 15 - 20 lobes or compartments compartments separated by adipose separated by adipose tissuetissue

amount of adipose amount of adipose tissue between lobes tissue between lobes determines breast determines breast sizesize

breast size is not breast size is not related to milk related to milk productionproduction

Mammary Glands Mammary Glands (Breasts)(Breasts)

each lobe has each lobe has compartments compartments called lobulescalled lobules

Inside lobules are Inside lobules are milk secreting cellsmilk secreting cells

Nipple = the raised Nipple = the raised area on the breast area on the breast that an infant that an infant suckles to receive suckles to receive milk and stimulate milk and stimulate lactationlactation

Areola = the dark, Areola = the dark, circular, pigmented circular, pigmented area that encircles area that encircles the nipple the nipple

LactationLactationthe process of milk the process of milk

production, secretion, and production, secretion, and ejectionejection

Menstrual and Ovarian Menstrual and Ovarian CyclesCycles Ovarian Cycle = Ovarian Cycle =

maturation and maturation and ovulation of an ovumovulation of an ovum

Menstrual Cycle = Menstrual Cycle = changes of the changes of the endometrial lining of endometrial lining of the uterusthe uterus– preparation for preparation for

implantation of a implantation of a fertilized ovumfertilized ovum

correlated with each correlated with each other and are under other and are under the influence of the influence of hormoneshormones

Endocrine influenceEndocrine influence Hypothalamus Hypothalamus

stimulates pituitary stimulates pituitary FSH and LHFSH and LH

FSH : ovarian folliclesFSH : ovarian follicles LH: ovulation--LH: ovulation--

stimulates stimulates production of production of estrogen, estrogen, progesterone and progesterone and relaxinrelaxin

Ovaries produce Ovaries produce estrogen and estrogen and progesteroneprogesterone

EstrogenEstrogen

6 different types6 different types development and development and

maintenance of the female maintenance of the female reproductive systemreproductive system

helps control fluid and helps control fluid and electrolyte balanceelectrolyte balance

Keeps heart strongKeeps heart strong Keeps bones strongKeeps bones strong

ProgesteroneProgesterone hormone of maturationhormone of maturation prepares the endometrial prepares the endometrial

lining for implantation lining for implantation stimulates milk production stimulates milk production

and secretionand secretion Drop in progesterone Drop in progesterone

starts menstrual cyclestarts menstrual cycle

Relaxin and InhibinRelaxin and Inhibin

Relaxin = produced by the corpus Relaxin = produced by the corpus luteum during pregnancyluteum during pregnancy

Relaxin = most prominent during Relaxin = most prominent during the final trimester of pregnancythe final trimester of pregnancy

relaxes the pubic symphysis and relaxes the pubic symphysis and helps dilate the cervixhelps dilate the cervix

Inhibin = is the negative feedback Inhibin = is the negative feedback hormone for estrogen and hormone for estrogen and progesteroneprogesterone

DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENTandand

INHERITANCEINHERITANCE

HUMAN DEVLOPMENTHUMAN DEVLOPMENT The continuous process of The continuous process of

body changesbody changes Begins at fertilizationBegins at fertilization Continues until deathContinues until death Two periodsTwo periods Prenatal: Conception until Prenatal: Conception until

birthbirth Postnatal: birth until deathPostnatal: birth until death

Spermatogenesis vs. Spermatogenesis vs. OogenesisOogenesis

SpermatogenesiSpermatogenesis: production & s: production & maturation of maturation of spermsperm

Oogenesis: Oogenesis: production & production & maturation of maturation of eggegg

Prenatal DevelopmentPrenatal Development

changes that occur prior to Birthchanges that occur prior to Birth Divided into Two PeriodsDivided into Two Periods The Embryonic PeriodThe Embryonic Period

– fertilization until eight weeksfertilization until eight weeks The Fetal PeriodThe Fetal Period

– eight weeks until birtheight weeks until birth

FertilizationFertilization also called also called

““ConceptionConception”” union of sperm & union of sperm &

oocyteoocyte one sperm cell one sperm cell

penetrates layers of penetrates layers of the eggthe egg

aided by enzyme on aided by enzyme on head of spermhead of sperm

oocyte cell membrane oocyte cell membrane changes changes biochemicallybiochemically

The Embryonic PeriodThe Embryonic Period

first 8 weeks of lifefirst 8 weeks of life fertilized egg called fertilized egg called

ZygoteZygote first cell divisions of first cell divisions of

Zygote are called:Zygote are called: CLEAVAGE --result in CLEAVAGE --result in

ball of cells called ball of cells called MorulaMorula

Morula turns into a Morula turns into a large mass of cells large mass of cells called Blastocystcalled Blastocyst

Blastocyst Stages of Blastocyst Stages of DevelopmentDevelopment

Implantation = Implantation = attachment of the attachment of the Blastocyst to the Blastocyst to the endometriumendometrium

about 6 days after about 6 days after fertilizationfertilization

Blastocyst Blastocyst differentiates into differentiates into primary Germ primary Germ Layers Layers (Endoderm, (Endoderm, Mesoderm, Mesoderm, EctodermEctoderm))

Trophoblast Trophoblast Development and Development and

ImplantationImplantation Becomes Becomes

Trophoblast-- Trophoblast-- layers form layers form (Chorion, (Chorion, Amnion, and Yolk Amnion, and Yolk Sac) begin to Sac) begin to form around the form around the embryoembryo

Called pregnancy Called pregnancy when implantedwhen implanted

Embryonic PeriodEmbryonic Period 5 weeks after 5 weeks after

conceptionconception Bones begin to Bones begin to

form, major blood form, major blood vessels formvessels form

other systems other systems formform

Heart forms & Heart forms & starts to beatstarts to beat

Nervous system Nervous system formsforms

Embryonic Embryonic DevelopmentDevelopment

Development of Development of Body FormBody Form– weeks three to eightweeks three to eight– the embryo the embryo

resembles a human resembles a human like figurelike figure

Development of Development of OrgansOrgans– most major organs most major organs

appear during the appear during the first eight weeks of first eight weeks of developmentdevelopment

Embryonic PeriodEmbryonic Period

8 weeks8 weeks Resembles Resembles

a human a human and is and is called a called a FETUS—FETUS—Latin word Latin word for for OFFSPRINGOFFSPRING

Fetal DevelopmentFetal Development

18 weeks18 weeks Face looks Face looks

humanhuman Joints formJoints form Bones ossifyBones ossify Rapid Rapid

development development of body of body organsorgans

Fetal DevelopmentFetal Development Can Can

recognize recognize soundssounds

Urine formsUrine forms

Fetal DevelopmentFetal Development 18 weeks18 weeks Rapid Rapid

developmendevelopment of body t of body organsorgans

Fetal DevelopmentFetal Development

• 20 weeks20 weeks• Lanugo appears-Lanugo appears-

protects fetus protects fetus from waste in from waste in amniotic fluidamniotic fluid

• Fetal movements Fetal movements felt by motherfelt by mother

• Hair appears on Hair appears on headhead

Fetal DevelopmentFetal Development

20 weeks20 weeks

Fetal DevelopmentFetal Development

24 weeks24 weeks Sense of taste Sense of taste

develops, lungs are develops, lungs are ready to produce ready to produce surfactantsurfactant

Substantial weight gainSubstantial weight gain Eyelashs formEyelashs form Can survive outside Can survive outside

womb (viable)womb (viable)

Fetal DevelopmentFetal Development 30 weeks30 weeks Head and body Head and body

more proportionatemore proportionate In male, testes In male, testes

descenddescend Fetus assumes Fetus assumes

upside down upside down positionposition

Subcutaneous fat Subcutaneous fat depositeddeposited

Fetal DevelopmentFetal Development 40 weeks40 weeks Additional Additional

subcutaneous subcutaneous fat accumulatesfat accumulates

Lungs secrete Lungs secrete oxytocinoxytocin

Lanugo is shedLanugo is shed Fetus is full Fetus is full

termterm Is ready at 38 Is ready at 38

weeksweeks

Fetal DevelopmentFetal Development

LaborLabor movement of the fetus through movement of the fetus through

birth canal in response to uterine birth canal in response to uterine contractionscontractions

Three Stages of LaborThree Stages of Labor Stage One Stage One = dilation & effacement= dilation & effacement contractions push fetus against contractions push fetus against

cervixcervix amniotic sac rupturesamniotic sac ruptures cervix dilatescervix dilates Once cervix dilates to 10 cm Stage Once cervix dilates to 10 cm Stage

Two beginsTwo begins

Fetal DevelopmentFetal Development Stage Two Stage Two = =

delivery and delivery and birth birth

Stage Three Stage Three = = expulsion of expulsion of the placentathe placenta

Stages of Physical Stages of Physical DevelopmentDevelopment

Neonate - Neonate - ““newbornnewborn”” InfancyInfancy ToddlerhoodToddlerhood ChildhoodChildhood Adolescence – pubertyAdolescence – puberty AdulthoodAdulthood Middle AgeMiddle Age Advanced AgeAdvanced Age