The Renaissance in Italy Baroque and Rococo in Italy and...

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12/6/2015 1 COURSE NAME: HISTORY OF INTERIOR DESIGN PROPOSED BY: DR.MOHAMED ALNEJEM SEMESTER: FIRST 2015/2016 CHAPTER (5): -The Renaissance in Italy -Baroque and Rococo in Italy and Northern Europe Oman College of Management & Technology 1 CHAPTER 5 : The Renaissance in Italy Baroque and Rococo in Italy and Northern Europe 2

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COURSE NAME: HISTORY OF INTERIOR DESIGNPROPOSED BY: DR.MOHAMED ALNEJEMSEMESTER: FIRST 2015/2016

CHAPTER (5): -The Renaissance in Italy-Baroque and Rococo in Italy and Northern Europe

Oman College of Management & Technology

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CHAPTER 5 :

The Renaissance in Italy

Baroque and Rococo in Italy

and Northern Europe

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The Renaissance

in Italy

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What was the Renaissance?

• A period after the Middle Ages.

• The start of the “modern world”

• New interest in old stuff, like Greece & Rome

• Changes in thought about art, religion, literature, education

Where did the renaissance Start?

• Began in Italy

• Later spread north to Germany and England

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• The term “renaissance” means

“rebirth,” and stems from ideas

formulated by the Italian poet

Petrarch.

• Petrarch believed that he and his

contemporaries had revived Greek

and Roman ideas and thought after

a period of cultural stagnation in

the Dark Ages following the

collapse of the Roman Empire.

• The Italian city of Florence is

often described as the cradle of the

Renaissance.

The term “renaissance”:

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• Renaissance (1400–1600)o Means “rebirth”o Refers to the time period and the style of arto A renewed interest in Classical thinking, mythology, and art.

• Humanismo Philosophical approach that stressed the intellectual and physical

potential of human beings.

• Religiono Reformation and Counter-Reformationo Catholic and Protestant beliefs were reflected in the art of the

Italian Renaissance and the northern Renaissance.

The Renaissance in Italy:

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• The Early Renaissance .

• The High Renaissance .

• Late Renaissance and Mannerism.

The Renaissance period in Italy:

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The Early Renaissance in Italy

• Renewed interest in the Classical past

- Study of mathematics and science encouraged the systematicunderstanding of the world.

• Art was a balance of the real and ideal

- Realistic depictions of three-dimensional space and perspective- Idealistic portrayal of mythological or religious subjects, and the nudefigure .

• The artist Giotto represents the transition between the art of theMiddle Ages and the early Renaissance.

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• Building the cathedral began in 1296, but it was still incomplete more than 100 years later.

• No one had figured out how to build its enormous dome

• In 1419 a competition to design the dome was held, Italian sculptor and architect Filippo Brunelleschi won

Florence Cathedral

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Dome of Florence Cathedral

• The construction of Brunelleschi’s dome began in 1420

- It took 16 years to complete

• Dome was a great technological challenge

- 140 feet in diameter, and 170 feet above ground at its top

- Brunelleschi designed the system and equipment for building it

- The dome structure was built layer by layer

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Masaccio, Tribute Money

• Masaccio is a nickname, meaning “Big Clumsy Tom”

• Masaccio applied linear perspective (Brunelleschi’s invention) in Tribute Money

-All elements use the same scale

-Vanishing point and focal point

-Atmospheric perspective

-Creates the believable illusion of three-dimensional space

• Chiaroscuro

-Used to create realistic shading and modeling

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The High Renaissance in Italy

• Beginning of the 16th century

• Continued development of making art look “believable”-Rules of perspective

-Ideal and real

-Religious and mythological subject matter

• Three great Italian artists dominated this period:-Leonardo da Vinci

-Michelangelo

-Raphael

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Late Renaissance and Mannerism

• c. 1530–1600

• A time of historical upheaval-1527 Sack of Rome-1530 Charles V crowned Holy Roman Emperor

• Late Renaissance art-A reaction to the high Renaissance-Dissonance instead of harmony-Distortion rather than precision

• Mannerism-From the Italian “di maniera,” which means charm, grace-Exaggeration for emotional effect

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Paintings

• Art based on heaven to being based on the natural world

• Inspired by humanism

• Appeared 3D to the human eyes

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Architecture

• Mathematics gave an insight into Classical methods of proportion and structure

• Defined by flat surfaces and strong lines

• Important part symmetry

• Palazzi

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Sculpture

• Early Renaissance sculptors took inspiration directly from Classical Roman and Greek sculptor.

• They imbued their free-standing figures with a range of emotions and filled them with energy and thought.

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Baroquein Italy and Northern Europe

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• Refers to the time period and the style of art.

• Increase in trade, advancements in science.

• Permanent split between Roman Catholics and Protestants.

• Baroque art tends to be full of motion and emotion.

Baroque (1600–1750)

Introduction

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Baroque history:

• Early Baroque – 1540’s to 1600’s

• High Baroque 1620’s onwards

Reaction against the artificiality of the 16th century Mannerism

• Realism was again in fashion, although appear in different ways

• Two most important groups of Early Baroque were the Naturalists

and Classicists

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• The term Baroque once had a negative meaning.

• The name is derived from Baroque pearls – pearls with unusual, odd

shapes

• Compared to Renaissance art, it was considered to be “over-

dramatic” and the architecture, “overly decorated”.

The term (Baroque) :

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Baroque style:

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Italian Baroque Spanish Baroque

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French Baroque Dutch Baroque

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Architecture: Characteristics

• Long narrow naves replaced by broader or circular forms.

• Dramatic use of light.

• Large-scale ceiling frescoes.

• External façade with dramatic central projection.

• Interior a shell for painting and sculpture.

• Illusory effects.

• Onion domes in Eastern Europe.

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Sculpture Characteristics:

• The clients are the church and the nobility.

• It is the way of expression of different religious believes.

• It was used as a way of advertising power.

• Works are located in public places, such as courtyards and fountains.

• Creation of images that can be seen from different points of view.

• Tendency to open structures.

• Complicated lines, being the diagonal the most used.

• Interest for the effects of light:

-different treatment of surfaces

-Resource to breaking wall to get the ideal illumination

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Painting

• Subjects: religious and profane (mythological, allegorical, historicalor portraits).

• Composition: complicated; taste for big groups, with different centresof attention. Portraits are just essential.

• Lines: dynamic and complicate. Diagonal is the most used orcombinations of horizontal and vertical.

• Colour: rich, with great effects due to the use of oil and contrastdepending on the areas.

• Strange elements: secondary plans, mirrors.

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Rococoin Italy and Northern Europe

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Rococo

• French style for interior decoration

• It developped mainly at the end of 1720

• It was used in other countries as a French Style

• Characteristics:

Galante: luxurious things

Contraste: asymmety

Chinoiserie: exotic character imitating Chinese arts

The Rococo style :

• Typical of Rococo style :

oPastel color scheme

oSmall scale works

oDelicate rendering of objects and figures

o Idyllic settings

oFête galante and leisure activity of French aristocracy

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Rococo Architecture

• It caught the public taste

• Small and strange buildings

• Elegant parlours, dainty sitting-rooms.

• Walls, ceiling, furniture and works of metal as decoration

• Ensemble of sportive, fantastic and sculptured forms

• Horizontal lines almost completely supressed

• Shell-like curves

• Walls covered by stucco

• White and bright colours.

Rococo Sculpture

• There is not a breaking with the former

• The tune was set by courts and it is decorative

• Staircases, columns with atlantes become common

• Gardens and parks were adorned more than ever before with statues.

• The social role of sculpture increased to show the power of dynasties and nobility, mainly when cities expanded

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Characteristics

• Theme was the pursuit of pleasure

• Romantic love was depicted as sensual.

• Pastels and muted colors

• Attention to finer details

• Public expressions of fashion .

Rococo Painting

Characteristics:

• Flowing curves and flourishes

• Freeform

• Gilded with precious metals

• References the feminine form

• Lots of color

Rococo Furnishings