Music of the Renaissance (1450-1600). Renaissance means “Rebirth”
THE RENAISSANCE CHAPTER 2. WHAT IS THE RENAISSANCE? Period of “rebirth” between 1350 and 1600; ...
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Transcript of THE RENAISSANCE CHAPTER 2. WHAT IS THE RENAISSANCE? Period of “rebirth” between 1350 and 1600; ...
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THE RENAISSANCE
CHAPTER 2
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WHAT IS THE RENAISSANCE?
Period of “rebirth” between 1350 and 1600; Those in this period attempted to bring back the ideals of
the classical period – Greeks and Roman; They held a rejection of the Medieval period that came
before them; Secular thinkers – valued worldly information, expanded
knowledge and human potential were main ideas; This period was a transformation of the individual’s view of
religion, art and learning;
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WHERE DID IT ORIGINATE?
The growth of the Italian city-states in the late medieval period began the development of new ideals and attitudes;
Italy was a major economic and international trade region;
Shipbuilding and navigation increased their ability to expand trade;
Development of business elements such as bookkeeping, credit and market development put them well ahead of other nations;
Became a major and influential banking center for Europe and Western Asian trade;
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ITALIAN CITY-STATES City-states were political developments that were
self-governed, usually by the local merchant classes; The older feudal nobility had already been in decline
in their power over the people; Many challenged the role of the papacy in
international and religious affairs; The new states were originally established as
republics (no monarch), but became run by despots (individual rulers) or oligarchies (small ruling class);
This also led to the development of modern diplomatic organization between the city-states;
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ITALIAN CITY-STATES
As warfare was not unusual between the city-states, diplomats were established between city-states, using ambassadors;
Through this process there was a balance-of-power established to prevent one city-state from becoming more powerful than any other;
The city of Florence became an important economic and cultural center between the 13th and 15th century – establihsing the Medici family as a major political and economic force;
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INFLUENTIAL ITALIANS
Cosimo de Medici the Elder Palazzo Medici in Florence
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HUMANISM Indicator of the separation between the earlier
Medieval period and the new thought of the Renaissance;
Humanism is a philosophy concerned with the human being – their nature and development trying to improve the secular world;
Based on the revival of classical ideals instead of through a religious outlook;
Stressed living in the present world and being a responsible citizen;
Valued knowledge for knowledge sake and as a guide to personal conduct;
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HUMANISM The humanists did not reject Christianity or its
teachings about mankind, but they did combine those beliefs with new questions about humanity;
The influence of Roman and Greek ideals of humanity heavily featured in the ‘new’ secular thought;
Focus on men who accomplished a variety of goals in many areas, excelled in their own right and desired more than the ordinary - thus a “Renaissance man;”
Such were the philosophers of the time – Francesco Petrarch; Leonardo da Vinci, Niccolo Machiavelli;
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RENAISSANCE MEN
Leonardo da Vinci
Francesco Petrarch
Niccolo Machiavelli
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HUMANISM Stressed education at an early age in order to help
change the course of their lives and develop appropriate sense of reason and moral values;
This type of teaching was also a means to train individuals to be responsible citizens as well as moral;
Development in the service and loyalty to the city-state was just as important to individual success;
Many of the leaders of the Renaissance were patrons of the arts – architecture, sculpture and painting – that reflected the new ideals of man in the world;
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RELIGIOUS LEADERS
The Papacy was a major contributor to the development of Renaissance art in the churches and cathedrals of Rome;
Pope Julius II began the construction on the Basilica of St. Peter’s in Rome, which would become one of the best examples of Renaissance art and architecture;
It was also meant to be a reflection of the supremacy of the Church in society;
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ST. PETER’S ST. PETER'S BASILICA
Pope Julius II was a great patron of Renaissance art – commission Michelangelo and Raphael to complete various paintings for the Vatican; also commissioned the construction of the new St. Peter’s Basilica
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RENAISSANCE PRINCES Niccolo Machiavelli was a political philosopher and
humanist whose best known for his treatise (discussion of a topic in essay form) called The Prince (1513);
This became an important explanation of how Renaissance leaders should act regarding the ruling of their nation-state;
They had to be politically aware, historically well-versed and a strong ruler;
Not only was this a treatise on the leadership needed in the new times, but also as a discussion of the importance of the modern nation-state as a secular institution;
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RENAISSANCE ART The art from the preceding Medieval time period
was a reflection of religious life and the after life; It was heavily influenced by the Church and the
rise of Christianity; Renaissance art was more focused on nature and
mankind – it was a reflection of the classical period of Roman art;
The focus was on the natural human form – Donatello and Michelangelo's David; both depict David from Biblical references, although in different times in David’s existence, and both have more civic meanings – rather than religious;
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RENAISSANCE ARTISTS Artists at this time achieved a high degree of
respectability as they were commissioned by the Church and the wealthy in society;
The focus on mankind meant the topics of artistic impression could focus on families or saints;
Many themes were from the classical Roman or Greek literature and mythology;
At the same time, the works were meant to inspire civic duty of the viewer and represent the values of the city-state;
Many kept the religious theme as they demonstrated the special relationship between God and man;
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ART
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ART
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RENAISSANCE FAMILY AND SOCIETY Shift in the relationship of family members and
the ideas of property; Move from the communal family (extended
family unit with shared responsibilities) to the nuclear family (only parents and children);
The humanist approach focused on the relationship between parents and children rather than ties to one’s ancestral heritage as a single definer;
The ideas of marriage even changed as the relationship became more personal rather than a connection between families;
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RENAISSANCE FAMILY AND SOCIETY More was written to educate children -
especially boys in the means by which a Renaissance gentleman was to act;
Boys should be taught the classics, literature, history, ethics and rhetoric (debate skills), in order to develop as a vital citizen;
Upper class women became educated, but they were still subject to the patriarchal system (male-dominated society);
As a result of the change to the nuclear family, the influence of women over the household grew as they could influence the child rearing;
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RENAISSANCE FAMILY AND SOCIETY The growth of the urban culture in Western Europe
in the early Renaissance dictated a different economic and social structure;
The influence of the Black Death (plague that overcame Europe and destroyed 30% to 60% of the population in the mid 1300s) meant that the relationship between the workers (serfs) and the landowners (nobles) changed dramatically;
There was an increase in practices of slavery as a workforce up until the 1500s;
Many were from African societies, either as prisoners of war, or being bought and sold by Portuguese explorers;
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NORTHERN RENAISSANCE Development of Christian Humanism (early,
simplistic version of Christianity – combination of Christianity and classical thought);
Apply reason to the secular and religious texts in order to better understand the role of religion in the life of men;
Very influential in the reform of religion in Europe – but did not break with the Catholic Church;
Authors were pious (devoted to religious thought) and challenged institutions that prevented the individual from achieving his God-given potential;
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CHRISTIAN HUMANISTS
Sir Thomas More - Utopia Desiderius Erasmus – In Praise of Folly
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CENTRALIZED STATES As the strong rulers and Christian spread across
Europe a new type of state was emerging; Individual city-states were being combined by
ambitious and strong central leaders; Feudal nobility were losing influence as the
merchant and business classes combined with the developing monarchs to gain control of city-states;
By the beginning of the 16th century there were already strong central monarchies in England, France and Spain – these would become important in the political developments in the following centuries;
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NORTHERN MONARCHIES
Henry VII (Tudor) (England)
Louis XII (France)Charles V (Spain)
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RENAISSANCE REVIEW Secularism, civic duty, importance of the middle
classes, pursuit of knowledge, centralization of state power;
Value of the classics and less value placed on the history of the Middle Ages – except as a tool of learning in order to not repeat errors of the past;
Spread of ideas through publications in print – the creation of moveable type by Johann Gutenberg in 1456 changed society; distribution of knowledge among the masses was a vital feature of this era;
The influence of this one invention would stretch through the next 500 years changing ever aspect of life;