THE REFORMATION

Changes in the Catholic Church

R. H. Bainton The Reformation of the 16c

Thus, the papacy emerged as something between an Italian city-state and European power, without forgetting at the same time the claim to be the vice-regent of Christ. The Pope often could not make up his mind whether he was the successor of Peter or of Caesar. Such vacillation had much to do with the rise and success of the Protestant Reformation.

The Protestant Reformation

• Causes of the Reformation– Crisis of 14th and 15th Centuries– Corruption

• Simony, pluralism, absenteeism, indulgences, nepotism, moral decline, and clerical ignorance.

– Critics of the Church• John Wycliffe, John Hus, Kempis, and Erasmus.

– Renaissance Humanism

Causes of the Reformation? Church corruption

Avignon Papacy

Conciliarism

Marsilius of Padua Defensor Pacis [Defender of the Peace]

• Attacked papal authority

• The Christian community is the sum of ALL its parts!

Development of personal devotions suspicion of clergy

Greed of secular leaders 1/3 of Europe church land

Papal need for money indulgences

Printing Press

The Spread of the Printing PressThe Spread of the Printing Press

The Holy Roman

Empire in the 16c

The Holy Roman

Empire in the 16c

Martin Luther

• Background– Middle-class family– Trained in law

• Thunderstorm and St. Anne

• Terrified of God

Martin Luther:His ideas were:

F

U

N

• Faith saves people – NOT good works– Catholic Church= salvation by following the church

Q: Who will not like this idea of Luther’s? Why?

• Ultimate authority for Christians= BibleQ: Who will this anger? Who did Catholics think was the

authority?

– Catholic Church says Pope is Ultimate Authority

• Nobody is more important in God’s eyesQ: In Catholic hierarchy who was most important?

– Laity is equal to clergyQ: Will the Church agree?

Important Luther Events• 1517- Luther nails 95 Theses on his church’s door

• Luther from Holy Roman Empire

• Pope excommunicate Luther

• Church declares Luther a heretic

• Luther goes into hiding and translates the New Testament into German

• Luther’s ideas spread to prince in German city-states

• Luther’s followers form 1st Protestant Christian Group

LUTHERAN CHURCH

Ninety-five Theses

– Selling indulgences• Johann Tetzel

– Printing press enables

his works to spread.

– Nailed or Mailed?

– "I would never have thought that such a storm would rise from Rome over one simple scrap of paper..." (Martin Luther)

The Spread of LutheranismThe Spread of Lutheranism

• Challenged Church Authority–Initially a debate between Augustinian

and Dominican Monks.

–Debate with Johann Eck

»Denied infallibility of Pope

»Erred when Jan Hus was executed

»Point of no return

–Published reforms

»Salvation through faith

»Bible is sole authority

»Two sacraments

• Diet of Worms 1521– Power to outlaw– Luther to recant– Outlawed by HRE as a

heretic– Protected by Frederick III

• Translating the Bible– Vernacular (German)

• Edict of Worms• Confessions of

Augsburg– Attempted compromised

• Why were Luther and his followers called Protestants?–Because they Protested against

the Catholic Church

• Why is it said that the Protestants started a reformation?–Because they wanted the Catholic

Church to reform or change

Battle over Lutheranism

• Spread– N. German– Escape from Catholic – Stayed in Germany,

Denmark and Sweden

• Emperor Charles V– Tried to maintain unity– Preoccupied with

Ottomans

• Peasants War– 12 Articles

• End of Serfdom and tithes• Luther was conservative• 100,000 died

• N. Germany– League of Schmalkalden

• Defend against Charles V• France allied with them

– Habsburg-Valois Wars• France tries to keep

Germany Divided

The Peasant Revolt - 1525The Peasant Revolt - 1525

End of Battle

• Peace of Augsburg 1555– Ended the struggle

over Lutheranism– Germans could

choose religion– Permanent

Religious division in Germany

• Was not unified again until 1871

• Charles V

Spread of Protestantism• Anabaptists 1535

– Characteristics• No connection to state• No childhood baptism• Millenarians• Reject Trinity• Left winged protestants

– John of Leyden (Munster)

• Polygamy (16 wives)• Women leaders• All books except bible

burned• Began killing Lutherans

and Catholics

• Tragedy of Munster– Armies of Protestant

and Catholic forces captured and executed Anabaptists

• Other Anabaptists– Mennonites– Quakers– Unitarians

The AnabaptistsThe Anabaptists

Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites)

• Ulrich Zwingli– Student of Humanism– Swiss Reformation– Theocracy in Zurich– Eucharist on a symbol– Colloquy of Marburg

• Official split with Luther

John Calvin

• French• Institutes of Christian

Religion– Basis of Calvinism– Predestination

• Geneva• Militant• Protestant Work Ethic

John Calvin:His ideas hit the church with a:

Predestination- God chooses who goes to heaven• You don’t get there by good works

Our moral lives reveal if we’re chosen by GodQ: What does Calvin say gets people to heaven? Luther

says? Catholic Church says?

Work ethic that honors GodQ: How should Christians work then?

P

O

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Important Calvin Events

• Calvin is from Switzerland

• He broke from Catholic Church & formed Calvinist ChurchQ: Why would Calvin not be afraid to oppose the

Catholic Church?

• Calvin’s ideas spread to Scotland and then to North AmericaQ: What invention would have helped his ideas spread?

• Why were Calvin and his followers called Protestants?–Because they Protested against the

Catholic Church

• Why is it said that the Protestants started a reformation?–Because they wanted the Catholic

Church to reform or change

Spread of Calvinism

– John Knox• Presbyterianism

– Huguenots

– Dutch Reformed Church

– Puritans

Calvin’s World in the 16cCalvin’s World in the 16c

ProtestantChurches

inFrance

(Late 16c)

ProtestantChurches

inFrance

(Late 16c)

English Reformation

• Early Reformers– John Wycliffe– William Tyndale

• Henry VIII– Conservative– Annulment– Wives

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/sixwives/meet/index.html

King Henry VIIIDAD of the Anglican Church

DAD

Divorce: Henry wants one but Pope says “NO.”Q: Why was Henry so set on a divorce?

Anglican Church- Henry is in charge- No Pope

Did away with Catholic Church’s land and wealth in England.

English Reformation Events

• Henry’s Church-just like Catholic but no Pope.• Protestants mad-try to make church not at all

Catholic• Catholics mad-try to make church not at all like

Protestant• Elizabeth I – Henry’s daughter combines Catholic

and Protestant.• Elizabeth I- make Anglican Church the official

church of all of Great Britain.

• Why was Henry called Protestant?–Because he Protested against the

Catholic Church

• Why is it said that the Protestants started a reformation?–Because they wanted the Catholic

Church to reform or change

• Church of England– Break from Catholic– Cardinal Wolsey– Thomas Cranmer– Act of Supremacy

1534– Pilgrimage of Grace– Statute of Six Articles

• Edward VI– 10 Year Old– Adopted Calvinism– New Doctrines

• Mary Tudor– Cathrine of Aragon– Future Heir to Spain– Exiles– Bloody Mary

• Elizabeth– Anne Boleyn

• Illegitimate (Catholics)

– Development of Protestantism

– Elizabethan Settlement

– Thirty-Nine Articles

Women in the Reformation

• Protestant Woman– Luther: House wives– Calvin Subjugation– More control over

marriage– Companion/love

relationship– Reading the bible– Lost church service– Lost rights to manage

• Catholic Women– Church and religious

orders– Angela Merici– Teresa de Avila

ReformationEurope

(Late 16c)

ReformationEurope

(Late 16c)

The Counter Reformation

The Catholic Church Reformed Its

S. I. N. S.

S. Society of Jesus (Jesuits) proselytized for Catholic Church

I. Inquisition: Church court to punish Protestant heretics

The inquisition was run by the inquisitor-general, who established local courts of the Inquisition. Accused heretics were identified by the general population and brought before the tribunal. They were given a chance to confess their heresy against the Catholic Church and were also encouraged to indict other heretics

If they admitted their wrongs and turned in other aggressors against the church they were either released or sentenced to a prison penalty. If they would not admit their heresy or indict others the accused were publicly introduced in a large ceremony before they were publicly executed.

N. No more reckless indulgences.

S. Stop spread of Protestants: 30 Years’ War

• Hapsburgs (Catholic rulers of the Holy Roman Empire) fight Protestant princes in Northern Germany

Q: What Protestant teachings had spread to princes in Northern Germany?

Counter Reformation

• Pope Paul III– Improvement through

existing doctrine

• Council of Trent– Equal Validity,

Scripture, Tradition, Church Fathers

– 7 Sacraments– Reforms– Index of Forbidden

Books

• New Orders– Jesuits– Ignatious Loyala

• Inquisitions

– Brought S. Germany and E. Europe to Catholicism

– Ursuline Nuns

• Baroque Art– Glory and Power of

Catholic Church– Architecture

• Bernini

– Painting• Carvaggio• Reubens

• Results– Unity of Western

Christianity

– Enthusiasm

– Abuses

– Religious Wars