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Transcript of The Reformation 3.03 Trace social, political, economic, and cultural changes associated with the...
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The Reformation
3.03 Trace social, political, economic, and cultural changes associated with
the Renaissance, Reformation, the rise of nation-states, and absolutism.
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Prelude to the Reformation
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Prelude to the Reformation
• During the second half of the fifteenth century, adherents of Christian humanism sought to reform the Catholic Church.
• They believed that humans could improve themselves and thus improve society.
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Prelude to the Reformation
• Desiderius Erasmus thought that external forms of medieval religion such as pilgrimages, fasts, and relics were unnecessary and that inner piety derived from religious philosophy was more important.
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Prelude to the Reformation• Reasons for Reform of the Catholic Church:– Catholic Popes were more concerned with
politics and material goods than spiritual guidance.
– Parish priests seemed ignorant of their spiritual duties.
– An automatic means of obtaining salvation, such as the collection of relics, was being presented to the people.
– The use of indulgences was used to avoid punishment for sin.
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Martin Luther
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Martin Luther
• Martin Luther was a monk and professor at the University of Wittenberg in Germany.
• He believed that humans would be saved by their faith in God and not by the good works done in His name.
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Martin Luther
• Luther did not want to break away from the Church, only to reform it. He wrote a list of his grievances, known as the Ninety-five Theses, and copies were sent all over Germany.
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Martin Luther
• In 1521, Luther was excommunicated for attempting to get German princes to overthrow the papacy and establish a reformed German church.
• The Edict of Worms made Luther an outlaw, and his works were banned.
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Martin Luther• Many German princes who
supported Luther confiscated Church land, and a government church was established.
• A new religious service which consisted of reading the Bible, preaching the word of God, and songs, became the basis of the doctrine known as Lutheranism.
• Lutheranism was the first Protestant faith.
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Politics in the German Reformation
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Politics in the German Reformation• The Holy Roman Empire was
ruled by Charles V who wanted the empire to remain Catholic.
• The empire included Spain, Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, the Low Countries, Milan, and Naples.
• Problems with the Ottoman Turks, French rivalry, and the alliance of the German kingdoms prevented Charles from asserting military power over the Protestant Reformation in Germany.
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Politics in the German Reformation
• In 1555 the Peace of Augsburg ended the religious wars by accepting the division of Christianity. German rulers, but not the German people, could choose their own religion.
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John Calvin
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John Calvin• John Calvin was a
Frenchman whose conversion to Protestantism forced him to flee to Switzerland.
• Calvin believed in an all-powerful God and the idea of predestination.
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John Calvin• Calvin’s ideas led to the
rise of Calvinism which soon became more popular than Lutheranism.
• Calvin worked to reform the city of Geneva, Switzerland.
• Geneva soon became the center of Protestant reform in Europe, and its missionaries were sent all over to convert the local populations.
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Reformation in England
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Reformation in England• King Henry VIII of England established
the Church of England when the pope refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
• The Act of Supremacy of 1534 declared the king of England the official head of religious doctrine, with control over discipline, clerical appointments, and breaking ties with the pope.
• Henry’s Church of England was very similar to Catholicism, although after his death English officials attempted to make it more “Protestant”.
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Reformation in England
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-fadCAHjN-s
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PCmogoGpnxg
• http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?SearchText=henry+viii&MediaFormat=3360062&ID=256062
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Reformation in England• In 1553, Henry’s
daughter, Mary, came to power and attempted to restore Roman Catholicism.
• Her efforts, including the burning of more than 300 Protestants, earned her the nickname of “Bloody Mary.”
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Anabaptists
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Anabaptists• Anabaptists were Protestant
reformers who did not want to give power to the state.
• Anabaptists believed:– Religion should be voluntary;
baptism occurred as an adult.– All believers were equal; any
member could become a minister.
– Separation of state and church; refused to bear arms or serve in military positions
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Anabaptists
• The religious and political beliefs of the Anabaptists seemed radical, and they were persecuted by Catholics and Protestants.
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Reformation and Society
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Reformation and Society• With the rise of Protestantism
came the end of celibacy for Church leaders.
• Women were subservient, and their roles were obedience to their husband and to bear children.
• Protestants expected Jews to convert to Lutheranism. When they refused, Protestants such as Martin Luther wrote that Jewish synagogues and homes should be destroyed.
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Catholic Reformation• The Catholic response to the
Protestant Reformation was a Catholic Reformation.
• A Spanish nobleman named Ignatius of Loyola founded the Jesuits, a group who swore allegiance to the pope.
• Jesuit missionaries were influential in spreading Catholicism in Germany and the rest of the world.
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Catholic Reformation• Pope Paul II led a
reformation of the papacy, ending corruption either real or perceived.
• The pope, archbishops, bishops, and other theologians met irregularly at the Council of Trent to discuss Church matters and establish Catholic doctrine.
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Vocabulary 1
• Indulgence: a release from all or part of punishment for sin by the Catholic Church, reducing time in purgatory after death
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Vocabulary 2
• Lutheranism: the religious doctrine that Martin Luther developed; it differed from Catholicism in the doctrine of salvation, which Luther believed could be achieved by faith alone, not by good works; Lutheranism was the first Protestant faith
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Vocabulary 3
• Predestination: the belief that God has determined in advance who will be saved (the elect) and who will be damned (the reprobate)
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Vocabulary 4
• Annul: declare invalid