FieldBryology No101 | May10 29

Bhutan is a small kingdom in the east Himalayan Mountains sandwiched between India and China (Tibet), still relatively unexplored for bryophytes, but nevertheless known

to have a rich bryophyte flora. Mizutani (1967) recorded six species of Bazzania from Bhutan, although three of these [B. tridens (Reinw. et al.) Trevis., B. himalayana (Mitt.) Schiffn. and B. sikkimensis (Steph.) Herz. were erroneous records originating from the Kalimpong district, West Bengal (former ‘British Bhutan’)]. His reports of B. imbricata (Mitt.) S.Hatt., B. griffithiana (Steph.) Mizutani and B. appendiculata (Mitt.) S.Hatt. were based on specimens collected by William Griffith in Bhutan in 1838. As a result of a number of botanical expeditions in the late 1970s and 1980s many bryophytes were collected by DGL. Study of the liverworts from these visits was led by the late Riclef Grolle and resulted in publication of a checklist (Long

& Grolle, 1990), which increased the number of Bazzania species known from Bhutan to 14. Study of the mosses has progressed more slowly, but it is hoped to publish an updated moss checklist soon. Many new records for Bhutan and a few species new to science emerged from the liverwort collections; one of the latter was Bazzania bhutanica, discovered in 1982 and published as a new species by Kitagawa & Grolle (1987). During a week at Samchi (now Samtse) in south-west Bhutan, close to the Indian border, in February/March 1982, a number of ravines and stream valleys leading down to the Indian plains were explored by A.J.C. Grierson and DGL, and

BryophytesAbroad Bazzania bhutanica in Bhutan

The rediscovery and conservation status of Bazzania bhutanica in Bhutan

Prior to 2009, only

one colony of Bazzania

bhutanica was known

from Bhutan. However,

during an investigation

last winter, a second

colony was discovered.

David G. Long,

Baboo Ram Gurung

and Rebecca Pradhan

describe the story

behind this species, its

ecology and the threats

to its existence.

n Tongsa Dzong, one of the splendid religious fortresses of Bhutan. D. Long

v B. bhutanica at one of its two known localities at Buduni near Samtse in south-west Bhutan, where it is critically endangered due to pressures of deforestation and development. D. Long

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30 FieldBryology No101 | May10 FieldBryology No101 | May10 31

Bazzania bhutanica in BhutanBazzania bhutanica in Bhutan

Bazzania. Since that study, Meagher (2006) has described a new species, Bazzania scalaris, from Papua New Guinea, and suggested that its closest relative is B. bhutanica, though this differs from B. scalaris in that ‘the cuticle [of B. bhutanica] is strongly asperous and often coarsely verruculose, the cells of the lateral leaves have evenly thickened walls and indistinct trigones, and the lobes of the lateral leaves are only weakly spreading’ and ‘ the leaves are much shorter and more or less contiguous to slightly imbricate’. To date B. scalaris is the only known close relative of B. bhutanica. Over recent decades the ‘Bryophyte Specialist Group’ of the IUCN Species Survival Commission has been compiling a global ‘Red List’ of bryophytes (Anonymous 2009), and following discussions with DGL, four liverworts from Bhutan were included on that list along with an evaluation of their conservation status: Andrewsianthus ferrugineus Grolle (Endangered), B. bhutanica (Critically Endangered), Scapho-phyllum speciosum (Horik.) H.Inoue (Vul-nerable) and Schistochila macrodonta W.E. Nicholson (Endangered). The ‘CR’ status accorded to B. bhutanica was due to the view that it was considered to be facing an extremely high

forest, on crumbling shady rock face, 380 m, 1 March 1982, D.G. Long 10532 (E, KYO, NICH, JE).

At the time of collection, its significance was not realized and no detailed records of ecology, population size, threats, etc., were made, though the bryophyte species Fissidens javanicus Dozy & Molk., Pallavicinia lyellii (Hook.) Carruth. and Solenostoma truncatum (Nees) R.M.Schust. ex Váňa & D.G.Long were collected in the same locality. A set of the 1982 liverworts was sent to Riclef Grolle in Jena, and his preliminary study of Long 10532 led him to believe it might be a new species, and he therefore sent it to N. Kitagawa in Nara, Japan, who confirmed its distinctness. This led to its description as a new species (Kitagawa & Grolle, 1987). They noted that B. bhutanica was very distinctive and different from all other known Bazzania species though it showed similarities to the related genus Acromastigum, but they regarded these as superficial and more important characters, such as branching pattern and stem anatomy, confirmed its placement in

a few bryophytes were collected as well as many flowering plants. It was in one of these ravines that Bazzania bhutanica was discovered. These foothills of the Bhutan Himalaya have in the past supported luxuriant subtropical forests (Grierson & Long, 1983) rich in large and often valuable trees such as Ailanthus grandis, Bombax creiba, Pterospermum acerifolium, Shorea robusta, Terminalia myriocarpa and Tetrameles nudiflora, but over the past century intermittent logging has removed many of these trees and much of the forest is now secondary. Nevertheless, along many streams in valleys and ravines, reasonable forest cover has sometimes survived and such places are important refugia for trees, shrubs, lianas, herbs and bryophytes characteristic of those forests. The primary human activities in these forests are firewood and fodder harvesting, and cattle grazing, both of which are sustainable in moderation, but a significant threat to biodiversity if over-indulged. The data given on the original collection were: Bhutan, Samchi District, ravine at Buduni

W of Samchi, 26°54ʹN, 89°03ʹE, subtropical

n Above: Meteorium buchanani (Meteoriaceae), a common epiphyte in mossy temperate oak forests in Bhutan. D. Long

x Centre: Wiesnerella denudata (Wiesnereallaceae), a rare, complex thalloid liverwort found along streams in humid temperate broadleaf forests in Bhutan. D. Long

x Right: Bazzania tridens growing on shady rocks in the same ravines where B. bhutanica was relocated. D. Long

v Mossy temperate mixed conifer/broadleaf forests on the Dochu La, east of the capital, Thimphu. D. Long

FieldBryology No101 | May10 3332 FieldBryology No101 | May10

Bazzania bhutanica in BhutanBazzania bhutanica in Bhutan

Bhutan, Samtse District, Buduni Kholsa ravine west of Samtse, 26°54ʹ26.8ʹʹN, 89°04ʹ05.8ʹʹE, 295 m, steep-sided valley in degraded subtropical forest, on soil in exposed vertical face of river terrace by stream, 6 Dec 2009, Long, Pradhan & Gurung 38845 (THIMPHU, E); Lafeti Khola valley west of Samtse, 26°54ʹ27.3ʹʹN, 89°03ʹ52.1ʹʹE, 296 m, steep-sided valley in degraded subtropical forest, on vertical river terrace face by stream, 6 Dec 2009, Long, Pradhan & Gurung 38854 (THIMPHU, E).

The two localities are ecologically almost identical, in stream valleys in degraded subtropical forest, with trees such as Castanopsis indica, Chisocheton cumingianus, Duabanga grandiflora, Lithocarpus fenestratus, Litsea salicifolia, Pandanus furcatus and Tetrameles nudiflora, shrubs including Boehmeria macrophylla, Callicarpa arborea, Hyptianthera stricta, Piper sp. and Wendlandia grandis, climbers such as Calamus latifolius, Glycosmis cymosa, Lepisanthes senegalensis, Mikania micrantha, Rhaphidophora

risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future because of its ‘occurrence estimated to be less than 100 km2, area of occupancy estimated to be less than 10 km2’ and ‘known to exist at only a single location’. As B. bhutanica had not been seen in the wild for 27 years, it was considered urgent and important that an attempt be made to re-find the plant and clarify its current status. WWF awarded a small grant in 2009 to BRG to undertake this investigation and through RP an approach was made to DGL to assist with a new survey. DGL was able to visit Bhutan for 3 weeks in November/December 2009 and all three of us undertook 2 days of field work at Samtse to carry out a search for B. bhutanica. On 6 December 2009 we relocated the plant in the original locality at Buduni and also in a new locality nearby at Lafeti Khola, and were able to collect small voucher samples, record more detailed ecological data, reassess the threats and take digital images of the plant and its habitat. The details of these collections are as follows:

hookeri and Pothos scandens, and the large ferns Angiopteris sp. and Cyathea spinulosa. The B. bhutanica plants formed yellow-green mats closely appressed to a vertical, gravelly, north-west-facing bank (an eroded ancient river terrace), in the Buduni ravine with about 50% cover in an area of approximately 5 × 1 m, closely associated with a Hymenophyllum species and the bryophytes Pallavicinia lyellii, Fissidens sp. and Bazzania tridens (Reinw. et al.) Trevis., which was more bluish-green than B. bhutanica. In the Lafeti site B. bhutanica was more abundant than at Buduni, occupying 30–40% cover on a vertical bank of approximately 10 × 2 m. The associated bryophytes were as at Buduni, though Hymenophyllum was absent. In both sites, the colonies were heavily shaded by overhanging shrubs. In terms of conservation, both sites are highly vulnerable to immediate and future threats. Immediate threats are any increase in forest clearance by villagers for firewood and fodder for livestock, and over-grazing by cattle, both of which will cause further loss of tree and shrub cover, and therefore destroy the shade and humidity vital to the survival of B. bhutanica. Longer-term threats appear to be severe: a new National Development Plan under preparation in Bhutan is likely to include Samtse and its surrounding area as a zone for industrial and housing development (on account of its proximity to India), and both sites for B. bhutanica are likely to be destroyed if this development goes ahead. Even if the immediate sites were protected, nearby development would probably lead to abstraction of the water supplies from these valleys and the greatly increased human population would add to degradation and possibly over-grazing of these localities. Our conclusion is that, in spite of the discovery of a second population of B. bhutanica, its status

at Samtse as Critically Endangered is fully justified and should be maintained. We strongly recommend that a search for further colonies in other parts of southern Bhutan be undertaken as soon as possible, and recommend to the Royal Government of Bhutan that future industrial development be zoned in a more appropriate area.

David G. Long1, Baboo Ram Gurung2 and Rebecca Pradhan3

1Royal Botanic Garden, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR (e d.long@rbge.ac.uk); 2c/o Mani Kala Laygoi, Royal Institute of Health Sciences, Thimphu, Bhutan; 3Royal Society for Protection of Nature, Thimphu, Bhutan.

AcknowledgmentsWe thank the National Biodiversity Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture, Serbithang, Thimphu, Bhutan and the Minister of Agriculture Lyonpo Dr Pema Gyamtsho, Royal Government of Bhutan, for support for botanical work in Bhutan, and the WWF for supporting survey work on B. bhutanica. Tandin Wangdi, Tshering Dorji, Dechen Lham, Karma Wangchuck, Raling Nawang Drukda, Sonam Tshering and Mani Raj Rai are thanked for help with the 2009 field trip in Bhutan.

ReferencesAnonymous (2009). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Version 2009.2. http://www.redlist.org/

Grierson, A.J.C. & Long, D.G. (1983). Flora of Bhutan. Volume 1, Part 1. Edinburgh: Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.

Kitagawa, N. & Grolle, R. (1987). A new Acromastigum-like species of Bazzania S. Gray from Bhutan. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 61, 269–272.

Long, D.G. & Grolle, R. (1990). Hepaticae of Bhutan II. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 68, 381–440.

Meagher, D. (2006). Bazzania scalaris sp. nov. (Marchantiophyta: Lepidoziaceae) from Papua New Guinea. Telopea 11, 246–251.

Mizutani, M. (1967). Studies of the Himalayan species of Bazzania. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 30, 71–90.

v The subtropical foothills of south- west Bhutan near Samtse showing one of the many small stream valleys descending to the plains on the Indian border. D. Long