The quest to apply the concept of “Architecture”...

Thequesttoapplytheconceptof“Architecture”

holis6cally

Ana7empttodescribehowarchitecturecansupportawiderangeofconcernsandscopes

WalterStahlecker,February2009

Content

  Usesandmeaningsoftheterm“architecture”  Amodelof“Enterprise”andconcernsinside

  LinkingArchitecturewithEnterprise  Theconceptofholis6cEnterpriseArchitecture  Nextsteps


Meanings(1)

  Architecture–aconceptthatcanbeadaptedandusedformanyconcerns

•  Architectureisusedbymanyprofessions

•  Mul6pledefini6onsfor“architecture”exist

•  Architecturewillbediscussedfrommul6pleperspec6vesinthispresenta6on


Examplesofarchitecturalwork(Registereddisciplinesandcolloquialuses)

  Buildings:Architecturalservices,regula6ons,urbandesign,studies,models,drawings,documenta6ons,supervision,…

  Landscape:Research&advice,planning,design,stewardshipofenvironment,conserva6on,sustainability,…

  Naval:Research,produc6on,maintenance,opera6on,technicalresearch,modeling,probabilityoffailure,…

  Planning:Development,preserva6on,environment,mobility,growth,economy,…

  Colloquialuses:Architectureof:Brand,Regula6on,Treaty…  Summary:Architectureisprac6cedinawiderangeofdisciplines,

eachrequiringsynthesisofadvicethatincludesmanyaspects


Defini6onsbypubliclyregistereddisciplines

  Buildings:“Theprac6ceofarchitectureconsistsoftheprovisionofprofessionalservicesinconnec6onwithtownplanningandthedesign,construc6on,enlargement,conserva6on,restora6on,oraltera6onofabuildingorgroupofbuildings.”

  Landscape:”LandscapeArchitectsconductresearchandadviseonplanning,designandstewardshipoftheoutdoorenvironmentandspaces,bothwithinandbeyondthebuiltenvironment,anditsconserva6onandsustainabilityofdevelopment.”

  Naval,Planning:Nopublisheddefini6on  Observa?on:Thesedefini6onsfocusonac6vi6es,leadershipin

alignmentofmul6pleconcerns,enablementofadaptability


Defini6oninIEEE1471

  SW‐intensiveSystems(IEEE):“Thefundamentalorganiza6onofasystemembodiedinitscomponents,theirrela6onshipstoeachotherandtotheenvironmentandtheprinciplesguidingitsdesignandevolu6on.”

  IEEEFAQ:”Broadlyspeaking,anarchitectureisthatwhichisessen6alorunifyingaboutasystem.Itisthatsetofthingsaboutasystemwhichlargelydeterminethesystem'svalue,cost,andrisk.”

  Observa?ons:  IncontrasttoIEEE’sdefini6onofarchitecturetheFAQaddsamoreopen

descrip6on,balancingthepercep6onthat1471isfocusedonstructure

  Whiledisciplinespublishdefini6onsofac6vi6esanddeliverables, IEEE1471isaboutarchitectureitselfanditsdocumenta6on


ThreeaspectsofArchitecture:

  Architectureasaconcept  Thedescrip6onofArchitectureanditsmeaning

  Architectureasaprofession Meansadiscipline,includingquali6eslikeknowledge,skills,cer6fica6on

  Architectureasadocument Meanswhatisrecordedin(andexcludedfrom)documenta6onofanarchitecture


Conclusionsfortheterm“Architecture”

  Architecturehasawiderangeofusesandmeanings

  Overall,nosingledefini6onforarchitectureisprevalent  IEEE’sdefini6onispopularintheOpenGroup’scontext  Ifarchitectureistobeconsideredholis6cally,i.e.

o acrossmul6pleconcernsinanen6tyo acrossmul6pleen66es

o acrossdifferenttypesofen66esitisusefultofirstlookaten66esthemselves


Content

 Meaningsandusesoftheterm“architecture”  Amodelof“Enterprise”andconcernsinside



Meanings(2)

  Iftheconceptofarchitectureisusedholis6cally –whatisincluded?

1.  The“thing”architectureisappliedto2.  Allconcernsrelatedtothe“thing”

  The“thing”willbecalled“enterprise”inthispresenta6on•  “Enterprise”canscalefromsimpletocomplex

•  “Enterprise”impliesac6vityandevolu6on


AboutMeanings(3)

  Defini6onof“Enterprise”thatwillbeused:•  “Agroupofpeopleand/orenterprisesworkingtogetherwithinaframeworkofregula6ons,rulesorotheragreementstoachieveoneormorecommonobjec6ves.”

•  Examples:o  AMacDonald'sfranchiseo  Acoali6onofNGOslobbyingforhigherfuelefficiencyo  TheOpenGroupforBoundarylessInforma6onFlow


AboutMeanings(4)

  Business–atermwithmanymeanings:•  “Mybusiness”:•  WhatIdo–ThecompanyIworkat–ThecompanyIown

•  “Thecarbusiness”•  Commercialac6vi6esingeneral

  “Business”needstobequalifiedindiscussions  Ameaningof“business”inarchitecture

willbediscussedlater


ModelofanEnterprise


VisionMissionStrategyExecu6on

Effec6veness

RelevantContext

Context “Enterprise”comprises:

Itsrelevantcontext,

vision,missionandstrategy,

andtheirexecu6on(i.e.realiza6onof

Vision/Mission/Strategy)

witheffec6veness(i.e.con6nuedop6malopera6on)

Based on Mohamed El‐Erian, Financial Times, p. 28., Nov. 4, 2008: About the mistake to break the “RecogniFon–design*–execuFon–effecFveness chain” (design = vision/mission/strategy)

ModelofanEnterprise’sEvolu6on


Recogni?onofsufficientchange*causes

considera?onof:

relevantcontext,

vision,missionandstrategy

tobeexecuted

withsustainedeffec6veness


Effec6veness

RelevantContext

Context

Recogni6onofsufficientchange

* Change in all aspects of the enterprise, from context to operaFons

“Transforma6onCon6nuum”


• Chainofconcernswithbi‐direc6onaldependencies

• Arangeofskillsisrequired,suchasstrategicconsul6ng,businessmodeling,solu6ondesign,execu6onofdesign,opera6onalexcellence

• Goals:Alignmentofconcerns,enablingeffec6veness


Effec6veness

RelevantContext

Context

Recogni6onofsufficientchange

Opera6onalView


• Opera6onisfocusedoneffec6venessofallconcerns

• Con6nuedvigilanceensuresrecogni6onofvaria6onsthatgobeyondthebuilt‐intoleranceforchange

• Goals:Preservingalignment,signaltransforma6onneed


Effec6veness

RelevantContext

Context

Vigilanceforchange

Inside“Execu6on”&“Effec6veness”


Execu6onandEffec6venesshaveacommonscope,althoughwithdifferenttasks:Transforma6onandOpera6on

Definingsubsetconcernsmanagescomplexityandprovidesfordepth

Numberandnamesofsubsetconcernsdependontype,scopeandcomplexityoftheenterprise

RelevantContext

Context

VisionMission

Strategy

Execu6on&Effec6veness

Coordina6on,MoneyPeople,ManufacturingIT,Innova6on,BrandSupply‐Chain,IP,….

Subsetsin“Execu6on”&“Effec6veness”


Differen6a6oninsubsetconcerns:

‐Sharedconcerns(focus:Coordina6onofconcerns,alloca6on,…)

‐ Specializedconcerns(focus:Specialtyitself,itsrequirementsonotherconcerns)


Specialty1

Specialty2

Specialty3

Specialty4

Shared

ExampleofSubsets


• Sharedconcern:Chemistry‐howtocreatetheintendedvaluedefinedbyvision/mission/strategythroughsynergis6candtailoredalloca6onofresources

• Specializedconcerns:Deliveringtheirallocatedvalueacrosstheenterprise:

e.g.People:Rangeandprofileofskills&poten6al,mo6va6on,compensa6on,stability,…


Peop

le

Mon

ey

Prod

uc?on

IT

Chemistry(howtocreatetheintendedvalue),Valuesystem,Compliance,…

AlignmentintheEnterprise


Transforma6on:AlignmentalongtheTransforma6onCon6nuumtoadapttochanges

Opera6on:Alignmentbetweensharedconcernsandsubsetconcernstoachieveefficiency

RelevantContextContext

VisionMissionStrategyExecu6on&Efficiency

“Chemistry”‐howtheintendedvalueiscreated

IT

Peop

le

IP

Man

uf

Conclusionson“Enterprise”

  TheTransforma6onCon6nuumservesasmodelforevolu6onofanenterprise

  Transforma6ondevelopsanddefinesanewalignmentoftheconcernsintheTransforma6onCon6nuumo  DefiningasuitablesetofconcernsintheTransforma6onCon6nuumfacilitatesalignmentofvision/mission/strategy

  Opera6onmaintainsalignmentandsignalschangeo  Definingasuitablesetofsharedandspecializedconcerns

facilitatesalignmentinsupportofefficiency


Content




Pa7ernofthenextslides

  Examples:  Thefollowingexamplesaremadeup,althoughconnectedtorealcases

  TheintentistoillustratelinkingthemodelofEnterprisewithArchitecture

  Architecture: Whichconcernsarchitectureaddresses

 Whatarchitectsaresupposedtodeliver


LinkingArchitecturewithEnterprise(1)Buildings


MillauViaduct

Pictures from Wikipedia

Theenterprise:Buildingandopera?ngtheViaduct•  Vision:Anelegant,veryhigheleva6onbridge•  Mission:Torealizethisnovelty•  Strategy:Fewpylons,op6mizeddistribu6onofdynamicloadsbetweenpylonsandbridge

•  Execu?on(samplepoints):Understandingdynamicloads,methodtopushbridgeoverthehighpylons,methodtopredictandtestfitness

•  Effec?veness:Maintenance,cost,vigilanceonrisks


Note: The points below are invented

Buildings:MillauviaductinFrance

Buildings:MillauviaductinFrance

ArchitectureoftheWhole(EnterpriseArchitecture)•  Scope:

Context/Vision/Mission/Strategy/Execu6on/Effec6veness•  Concerns(samples):

–  Viability(abilitytomodel,confidenceinimplementability,cost,consensusofstakeholders,…)

–  Abilitytobuildandreacheffec6venessin6me–  Elements(Pylons,Toppart,techniqueofassembly,…)–  Skills(consensus,design,prefabrica6on,assembly,PR,…)–  Acceptance,Tes6ng(keystakeholders,public,press)–  Funding–  Liability



Architect’sdeliverablesforViaduct


Execu6onofVision/Mission/Strategy:Essen6alproper6esofsolu6onstodefinedconcerns:

Specialized

Co

ncerns:

Essen6

alsof:

Defi

ni6o

n&

provision

ofSkills

…

Fund

ing

process

HowagreementisreachedonviabilityHowacceptanceisachieved/maintained

Constructto

contain

Liability

Stakeholders’AgreementonVision/Mission/StrategyEssen6alProper6esofContext

Effec6venessEssen6alproper6esofopera6onandmaintenance

Prop

er6e

sof

Elem

ents,

mainten

ance

Sharedconcerns

…


Accep

tance

Crite

ria

LinkingArchitecturewithEnterprise(2):Planning


Pictures from Wikipedia, urbanhabitat

Curi6ba:Transportini6a6ve,teamstarted1970,(memberbecame3*mayor)

Planning:Curi6baTransport

Theenterprise:Curi?ba’sTransporta?onSystem•  Vision:Highercapacity&be7erenvironment•  Mission:Sustainedacceptancebyci6zens•  Strategy:Highlightdanger,shimlandusefromcarstobuses,sellvision

•  Execu6on(keypoints):Integratedbussystems,efficientboarding,con6guousrealestateforbuses

•  Effec6veness:Acceptancebypublic,enforcement,cost,con6nuedevolu6on



Planning:Curi6baTransport

ArchitectureoftheWhole(EnterpriseArchitecture)•  Scope:

Context/Vision/Mission/Strategy/Execu6on/Effec6veness

•  Concerns:–  Acceptancebypublic–  Alignmentwithcity’sotherconcerns,statelevelplanning–  Predic6onoftransportvolumeandpa7erns–  Funding–  Abilitytoprovebenefitscon6nuously–  Evolu6ontomaintainbenefits–  Buildingpride



Architect’sdeliverablesforTransportSystem


Execu6onofVision/Mission/Strategy:Essen6alproper6esofsolu6onstodefinedconcerns:

Specialized

Co

ncerns:

Essen6

alsof:

Processfor

budget

planning

…

Performance

repo

r6ng

Processforalignmentwithcity&stateplanningProgramformonitoring/maintainingacceptance

Forw

ardplan

Stakeholders’AgreementonVision/Mission/StrategyEssen6alProper6esofContext

Effec6venessEssen6alproper6esofopera6on,evolu6onofsystem

Programto

extrapolate

transport

Sharedconcerns

…


Visibility

program

Observa6onsfromlinkingArchitecturewithEnterprise

  Architecturalworkappearstobeusefulatalllevelsoftheenterprise(although not all people doing such work call themselves “architect”)

  Themodelof“Enterprise”appearstobeusefulasmodelofarchitecturalwork

  Thepa7ernofarchitecturalworkappearstorepeatoverdifferenttypesofenterprises

  Architecturalworkisfocusedonessen6alstuff,whileimplementa6oncoversalldetails


Content





VisionMissionStrategy

Execu?on&EfficiencySharedconcerns

Focusedconcerns

ThisscopeofEAisderivedfromtheobserva6on thatarchitecturalworkisperformed onallaspectsofanenterprise

ScopeofEnterpriseArchitecture


 Natureofconcern:Enterprise

 Scopeofconcern:Enterprise

EnterpriseEnterpriseArchitecture

Posi6oningEnterpriseArchitecture

Architecture’smanifesta6oninanEnterprise:• Asaprac6ce(coveringallconcerns,maybeoutsourced)• Asrecordofessen6alsguidingtransforma6onandopera6on

Architectureholdsessen6als,boundschoicesinsolu6onsEA=unionofarchitecturesinanenterprise


ArchitecturalRequirements

RelevantContext

EAPrac?ce

Context

Essen?als

Designdecisions&Solu?on:

Arch.Req’ments

Architectureofaspecificconcern“x”

ArchitectureofaspecificconcerninanEnterprise:Prac6ce:‐DrawsonEAPrac6ce(Skills,relevantar6facts,tools,etc.)

‐Boundsarchitecturaldecisionsbythoseinsupersetscopes‐Drivesalignmentofstakeholderinterestsin“x”

Record:‐Recordsstakeholders’agreementson“x”WalterStahlecker,February2009

Arch.Reqts.for“x”

RelevantContextEAPrac?ce

Context

Essen?alsof“x”

Designdecisionsfor“x”&Solu?on:

Exper?sein“x”i

EnterpriseArchitecture:Summary


 Architectureisprac6cedinallconcernsofanEnterprise EnterpriseArchitectureistheunionofallarchitectures

inanEnterprise TheproposedmodelincludesVision,Mission,Strategy,Execu6on andEfficiency Execu6onandEfficiencyincludeSharedandFocusedConcerns


VisionMissionStrategyExecu?on&Efficiency

SharedconcernsFocusedconcerns

EnterpriseEnterpriseArchitecture

Content




AlookatTOGAF

CurrentlyTOGAFisop6mizedforanarchitecturalviewofthetotalEnterprisefromtheinside:

►Natureofconcern:IT

►Scopeofconcern:Enterprise►RequirementsfromallconcernsintheEnterprise(outsideIT)thatarerelevanttoIT

►Nestedsubsetconcerns(IT‐SW,IT‐HW*,…),arehandledbysuitablepartsofTOGAF


*Thereisnon‐ITHW,e.g.inproduc6on

BA

BA

HowtoleverageTOGAFintoholis6cEnterpriseArchitecture

DifferentnaturesofconcerninanEnterprise

leadtosubstan6allydifferentarchitecturalmodels


Differentnaturesofconcernarealreadyworkedontoday

Anapproachofreconcilia6onisrecommended:‐Acceptmul6plepairingsofmeaning/term‐Takinganapproachof“and”insteadof“right/wrong”‐Workonharmoniza6onandsimplifica6onover6me

RelevantContextVisionMissionStrategyExecu6on&Efficiency

SharedConcerns

SpecializedConcerns

BA

A7empttoreconcilethemodelsofTOGAFandHolis6cEnterprise(1)



VisionMissionStrategyExecu6on&Efficiency

SpecializedConcerns

SharedConcerns

Enterprise

Requ

iremts.RelevanceFilters

BA

RelevantRequirements





Execu6on&Efficiency

SpecializedConcerns

SharedConcerns

Enterprise

Requ

iremts.

RelevanceFilters

UsingtheCropCircleforIT,People,etc.leadsto differentmeaningsandproper6esfor “BusinessArchitecture”





Execu6on&Efficiency

SpecializedConcerns

SharedConcerns

Enterprise

Requ

iremts.

RelevanceFilters

Repurpose“BusinessArchitecture”intoaspecificsharedconcern:

“Chemistry”‐howtheintendedvaluedefinedbyvision/mission/strategyiscreatedfromthe

enterprise’sassets

Conclusions


•  Thisisaproposaltostartreconcilingtheholis6capproachtoEnterpriseArchitectureandtheTOGAFecosystem

•  TheOpenGroupcanaddsubstan6alvaluetoEnterpriseArchitecturebyprogressing:–  TOGAFasamodelforspecializedconcerns–  Holis6cArchitectureasaplaoormforintegra6on

–  Partnershipswitharchitecturaleffortsaddressingotherconcerns(e.g.supplychain,people,…)

The quest to apply the concept of “Architecture”...

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