The Pyro Handbook Plain Text

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Pyro Handbook

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  • The Pyro Handbook

    Contents:

    1.0 Intro

    2.0 Safety

    2.1-know what your handling

    -incopatable materials

    -chemical notes

    -how to mix ingredients

  • -tools

    3.0 Explosive theory

    3.1 explosive classifications

    4.0 Chemical equiv. lists

    5.0 LISTS OF SUPPLIERS AND MORE INFORMATION

    5.1-links

    5.2-books

    6.0 Chemical preparation and sources

    6.1 Ammonium chloride

    6.2 Ammonium nitrate

    6.3 Ammonium perchlorate

    6.4 Barium carbonate

    6.5 Barium chlorate

    6.6 Barium nitrate

    6.7 Barium sulfate

    6.8 Boric acid

    6.9 Calcium sulphate

    6.10 Dextrin

    6.11 Ethanol

    6.12 Iron

    6.13 Iron oxide (red)

    6.14 Lead tetraoxide

    6.15 Manganese dioxide

    6.16 Magnalium

    6.17 Magnesium

  • 6.18 Methanol

    6.19 Parlon

    6.20 Potassium benzoate

    6.21 Potassium chlorate

    6.22 Potassium dichromate

    6.23 Potassium perchlorate

    6.24 Potassium Picrate

    6.25 Polyvinyl chloride

    6.26 PICRIC ACID

    6.27 Red gum

    6.28 Sodium benzoate

    6.29 Sodium chlorate

    6.30 Sodium nitrate

    6.31 Sodium perchlorate

    6.32 Strontium carbonate

    6.33 Strontium nitrate

    6.34 Strontium sulfate

    6.35 Sulfuric acid

    6.36 Zinc

    6.37 Zinc oxide

    6.38 acetylene

    6.39 calcium carbide

    6.40 Perchlorates

    6.40-1 aluminum perchlorate

    6.40-2 ammonium perchlorate

  • 6.40-3 barium perchlorate

    6.40-4 cadmium perchlorate

    6.40-5 calcium perchlorate

    6.40-6 cobalt perchlorate

    6.40-7 copper perchlorate

    6.40-8 hydrazine diperchlorate

    6.40-9 iron perchlorate

    6.40-10 lead perchlorate

    6.40-11 lithium perchlorate

    6.40-12 magnesium perchlorate

    6.40-13 manganese perchlorate

    6.40-14 mercury perchlorate

    6.40-16 nickel perchlorate

    6.40-17 nitryl perchlorate

    6.40-18 potassium perchlorate

    6.40-19 silver perchlorate

    6.40-20 sodium perchlorate

    6.40-21 strontium perchlorate

    6.40-22 titanium tetraperchlorate

    6.40-23 uranyl perchlorate

    6.40-24 zinc perchlorate

    7.0 Low-order explosives

    7.1 Acetone Peroxide

    7.2 Nitrogen Triiodide(touch explosives)

    7.3 FLASH POWDER

  • 7.4 BLACK POWDER

    7.5 yellow powder

    7.6 NITROCELLULOSE

    7.7 FUEL-OXODIZER MIXTURES

    7.8 PERCHLORATES

    8.0 High-order explosives

    8.1 Simple Plastique Explosives

    8.2 Lead Azide

    8.3 Lead Styphnate

    8.4 Mercury Fulminate

    8.5 Tetracene

    8.6 AMATOL

    8.7 PETN

    8.8 RDX

    8.9 COMPOSITION C-1

    8.10 COMPOSITION C-2

    8.11 COMPOSITION C-3

    8.12 COMPOSITION C-4

    8.13 Ammonium Picrate

    8.14 HMX

    8.15 Nitrated Petroleum

    8.16 Nitrogen Trichloride

    8.17 Tetryl

    8.18 Trinitrobenzene

    8.19 Trinitrotoluene(TNT)

  • 8.20 Silver Fulminate

    8.21 ANFO

    8.22 DNPA

    8.23 Nitroguanidine

    8.24 Astrolite

    8.25 Dinitrochlorobenzene

    8.26 HMTD

    8.27 HNIW

    8.28 HNO

    8.29 IPN

    8.30 MEDINA

    8.31 MMAN

    8.32 NPN

    8.33 PVN

    8.34 TeNN

    8.35 TNPEN

    8.36 TNPht

    8.37 Tetranitromethane

    8.38 CH-6

    8.39 Composition A-5

    8.40 COMPOSITION A-3

    8.41 COMPOSITION B

    8.42 PBXN-5

    8.43 MEKP

    8.44 Nitrourea

  • 8.45 Tetranitronapthalene

    9.0 Bombs

    9.1 C02 bomb

    9.2 Cherry Bomb

    9.3 Dry Ice Bomb

    9.4 Sparkler Bomb

    9.5 Tennis ball bomb

    9.6 Mail Box Bomb

    9.7 Cheap Smoke Bomb

    9.8 Calcium Carbide Bomb

    9.9 Firebombs(Molotov cocktail)

    9.10 Generic Bomb

    9.11 Picallo bomb(bottle salute)

    9.12 THERMITE BOMB

    9.13 soda bottle bomb

    10.0 Pyrotechnics

    10.1 Pyrotechnic compositions and formulas

    10.1-1 Smoke formulas

    10.1-2 Colored Flame formaulas and torches

    10.1-3 USEFUL PYROCHEMISTRY

    10.1-4 Rocket propellants

    10.1-5 colored star compositions

    10.1-6 smoke star compositions

    10.1-7 flash charges

    10.1-8 burst charges

  • 10.1-9 whistle mixtures

    10.1-10 priming compositions

    10.1-11 Other compositions

    10.1-12 Sparkler compositions

    10.2 FIRECRACKERS

    10.2-1 salutes

    10.2-2 Bum Style salute

    10.2-3 Making tubes and end plugs

    10.2-4 Impact Salute

    10.3 Rockets

    10.3-1 Making Rockets

    10.3-2 SKYROCKETS

    10.4 ROMAN CANDLES

    10.5 22 cal. noisemakers

    10.6 Class C Aerial Salute

    10.7 Go Getters

    10.8 Yogart Mine

    10.9 Mine Bag

    10.10 Making Cut Stars

    10.11 Meal Coated Corn Cob & Rice Hulls

    10.12 strobe pots

    10.13 Aerial Shells

    11.0 Fun with fire

    11.1-0 Napalm

    11.1-1 military napalm

  • 11.1-2 Jolly Rodgers napalm

    11.1-3 Napalm II

    11.2 Flame throwers

    11.3 thermite

    11.4 breathing fire

    11.5 fire balls

    11.5-1 special effect fire balls

    11.5-2 petrol fire ball

    11.5-3 fire ball from hydrogen

    11.5-4 fire ball from butane

    11.5-5 fire ball from propane

    11.5-6 Naphthalene Charges

    11.5-7 CREMORA FIREBALLS

    11.6 Greek fire

    11.7 Other Incendiaries

    11.8 Negetive-X

    11.9 how to make alcohol

    11.10 Plaster Incendiary

    11.11 Flash Paper

    12.0 fuses, delays, and timers

    12.1 FUSE IGNITION

    12.1-1 Visco cannon fuse

    12.1-2 HOW TO MAKE BLACKMATCH FUSE

    12.1-3 HOW TO MAKE AN ELECTRIC FUZE

    12.1-4 ANOTHER ELECTRIC FUZE

  • 12.1-5 Quickmatch fuse

    12.1-6 The Nichrome/Fuse Igniter

    12.1-7 HOW TO MAKE SULFURED WICK

    12.1-8 Connecting fuses together

    12.2 IMPACT IGNITION

    12.2-1 Blasting Cap Impact Igniter

    12.2-2 MAGICUBE IGNITOR

    12.3 ELECTRICAL IGNITION

    12.3-1 ELECTRO-MECHANICAL IGNITION

    12.3-2 Mercury Switches

    12.3-3 Radio Control Detonators

    12.4 Detonators and boosters

    12.5 Firing systems

    12.6 DELAYS

    12.6-1 Cigarette Delays

    12.6-2 TIMER DELAYS

    12.6-3 CHEMICAL DELAYS

    13.0 Projectiles

    13.1 Polish cannon

    13.2 BASIC PIPE CANNON

    13.3 Rocket launcher

    13.4 potato guns

    13.5 MODEL ROCKETS

    13.6 Home-brew blast cannon

    14.0 The End.

  • 1.0 Intro

    It is assumed by the author that you would not actually use this information as a guide for new activities. If you dont know what you are doing, you could make a mistake and DIE. Some of the procedures are general ways of making a specific devise or chemical composition, and lack the exact details that inexperienced people need to safely make a desired material.

    Also, there may be one or two references to terrorists and procedures that they may use in a few sections; I HATE terrorists, and do not in any way promote terrorism! (I just didnt feel like to go through the entire book and delete every sentence containing the word terrorist.)

    If you are wanting to carry out a death wish, and are going to attempt some of these procedures, then READ THE SAFETY SECTION FIRST(if you want a better chance of living)! Dont be a dumb-ass, and do it near people or houses, and hurt someone and/or yourself! Dont be a Kewl.

    -The Author

    2.0 SAFETY--HOW NOT TO GET KILLED (READ THIS!)

    It is obvious that injury or death should be avoided at all costs. While no safety device is 100% reliable, it is usually better to err on the side of caution.

  • Never smoke anywhere near chemicals or compositions.

    Be sure you are familiar with all the properties of the compositions you work with. Thoroughly test new compositions for sensitivity, stability, compatibility with other mixtures etc, until you are absolutely sure that the mixture is ok to use in your application and method of construction. Find out as much as you can about other peoples experiences with a particular mixture.

    Use only non-sparking tools. Make your tools from either: wood, paper, aluminum, lead or brass. Other metals and materials may spark (especially steel).

    Paper bags or wooden containers are good to use for storing mixed compositions. Store compositions dry and cool. Avoid plastics, glass and metal. Avoid storing compositions in general. Make as much as you will need in the near future and keep no more in stock than necessary.

    Never have large amounts of composition near you. If you must use larger amounts of composition in multiple items, store the bulk of composition in a safe place and bring only small amounts to your working place. Finished items should also be brought to a safe place immediately.

    Prevent contamination of chemicals and mixtures. Have separate tools for every type of mixture (i.e. black powder-like mixtures, chlorates, perchlorates, etc) and clean them well with hot water and/or alcohol after use. It is no luxury either to have different sets of clothing for working with different mixtures. Wash them every time after use (dust collects in the clothing). If you have the possibility, have separate rooms or better yet: separate buildings for working with different types of mixtures/chemicals.

    Keep a clean working place. Fine dust easily spreads all over your working place. Keep chemicals in closed cabinets or in a separate building. Mixtures should not be kept in the working place anyway (see rules 4 and 5).

    Provide adequate ventilation. This is especially important when working with volatile solvents or (poisonous, flammable) powdered chemicals. Not only can you get yourself poisoned, vapor or dust may also ignite.

    Be aware of static electricity buildup. Ground your working table. Monitor humidity and keep it above 60% as a rule of thumb. This can be especially important in winter when preparing for new years eve (on the Northern Hemisphere at least). Touch a grounded surface before you place things on it. Touch other people before handing over compositions or finished items. Wear cotton clothing, avoid synthetics (do not be tempted to wear fleece clothing if your working place is cold in winter). Simple things such as unscrewing a (plastic) bottle, unwinding some tape or even moving your arm may accumulate enough charge on your body to ignite a sensitive composition. The risk of static electricity is often underestimated or even completely ignored by beginning amateurs in pyro, while it is actually one of the major causes of accidents in both commercial/industrial and amateur pyro setups.

    Wear proper protective clothing. A face shield, dust mask, heavy gloves and a leather apron are minimal. Wear cotton clothing. Hearing protection can be good but it also makes it harder to hear other people's warnings.

  • Provide safety screens between you and compositions, especially when pressing, ramming, sieving or in other ways causing frictions/shocks/pressure etc.

    Be prepared for the worst. Have a plan for when something should go wrong. Have a fire extinguisher and plenty of water ready. Think beforehand of what might happen and how you could minimize the damage. Know how to treat burns. Inform someone else so he/she can help in case of an accident. Have a fast escape route from your working place.

    Test a device well before showing it to an audience. Inform any audience well of what can happen.

    2.1-Know What You're Handling:

    [This is a publication of the Western New York Pyrotechnic Association. It may be reproduced in whole or in part without permission or compensation providing:]

    [Editors note: I have received several letters offering comments and/or corrections on this document. Since I am not the author of the document, and do not have the expertise to judge these comments, I have put them as received on another page]

    1) credit is given to the Western New York Pyrotechnic Association

    2) it is distributed free. If you plan to make a buck on it, we want a piece of it!!

    We believe that the information contained herein is true and correct, however it is offered only as a guide and not to be used as a guarantee. We cannot assume responsibility nor liability for the use or misuse of the information contained herein.

    The following is a compilation of information gathered over the years from various research and sources too numerous to remember.

    Within these pages you will find descriptions of almost 150 chemicals that are used in Fireworks, Explosives, Rocket Fuels or are explosives in themselves. This list is not complete and is not intended to be complete. All of the uses are not given and only the related purposes of each are stated.

  • Whenever possible we explain which grades are thought to be the best, the chemical formula, melting temperature, decomposition temperature, form (liquid, powder, crystal, etc.), if it will explode, if it is poisonous and its usage. Some of these chemicals cannot be purchased and are offered as a guide for information purposes only.

    CHEMICALS HAVE A CERTAIN PURPOSE TO PERFORM IN FIREWORKS AND CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO FOUR GROUPS:

    GROUP I.

    These chemicals are the chemicals which produce the oxygen and are called oxidizers.

    GROUP II.

    Those which combine with the oxidizers are called reducers.

    GROUP III.

    These are the chemicals which regulate the rate of burning and help to produce the desired effect.

    GROUP IV.

    This group of chemicals are those which impart color to the flame.

    PLEASE NOTE: ALL REFERENCES TO TEMPERATURE ARE IN DEGREES FARENHEIT.

  • SAFETY INCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS:

    Certain combinations of chemicals are remarkable explosive, poisonous or hazardous in some other way, and these are generally avoided as a matter of course. There are many others that are perhaps equally dangerous but do not come to mind as readily. The following list, although not complete, may serve as a memory refresher. Stop and think for a moment before starting any work, especially if one hazardous chemical is involved.

    DO NOT CONTACT:

    Alkali metals, such as calcium, potassium and sodium with water, carbon dioxide, carbon tetrachloride, and other chlorinated hydrocarbons.

    Acetic Acid with chromic acid, nitric acid, hydroxyl-containing compounds, ethylene glycol, perchloric acid, peroxides and permanganates.

    Acetone with concentrated sulfuric and nitric acid mixtures.

    Ammonia, Anhydrous with mercury, halogens, calcium hypochlorite or hydrogen fluoride.

    Ammonium Nitrate with acids, metal powders, flammable fluids, chlorates, nitrates, sulphur and finely divided organics or other combustibles.

    Aniline with nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide or other strong oxidizing agents.

  • Bromine with ammonia, acetylene, butadiene, butane, hydrogen, sodium carbide, turpentine or finely divided metals.

    Chlorates with ammonium salts, acids, metal powders, sulfur, carbon, finely divided organics or other combustibles.

    Chromic Acid with acetic acid, naphthalene, camphor, alcohol, glycerine, turpentine and other flammable liquids.

    Chlorine with ammonia, acetylene, butadiene, benzene and other petroleum fractions, hydrogen, sodium carbides, turpentine and finely divided powdered metals.

    Cyanides with acids.

    Hydrogen Peroxide with copper, chromium, iron, most metals or their respective salts, flammable fluids and other combustible materials, aniline and nitromethane.

    Hydrogen Sulfide with nitric acid, oxidizing gases.

    Hydrocarbons, generally, with fluorine, chlorine, bromine, chromic acid or sodium peroxide.

    Iodine with acetylene or ammonia

    Mercury with acetylene, fulminic acid, hydrogen.

    Nitric acid with acetic, chromic and hydrocyanic acids, aniline, carbon, hydrogen sulfide, flammable fluids or gases and substances which are readily nitrated.

  • Oxygen with oils, grease, hydrogen, flammable liquids, solids and gases.

    Oxalic Acid with silver or mercury.

    Perchloric Acid with acetic anhydride, bismuth and its alloys, alcohol, paper, wood and other organic materials.

    Phosphorous Pentoxide with water

    Sodium Peroxide with any oxidizable substances, for instance: methanol, glacial acetic acid, acetic anhydride, benzaldehyde, carbon disulfide, glycerine, ethylene glycol, ethyl acetate, furfural, etc.

    Sulfuric Acid with chlorates, perchlorates, permanganates and water.

    Some combinations of chemicals lead to especially sensitive or unstable mixtures. There are many more of such incompatible chemicals/mixtures than listed here but these are some of the more commonly encountered types:

    Chlorates and sulfur. Mixtures containing both are not only very sensitive to friction and shock but are also known to ignite spontaneously. The sulfur reacts with water and air to form trace amounts of sulfuric acid. This will react with chlorates to form chlorine dioxide, a yellow explosive gas that will ignite most flammable materials upon contact. Addition of small amounts of barium or strontium carbonate to chlorate based compositions is sometimes done to prevent buildup of acid, even in compositions without sulfur. Many older texts on pyrotechnics describe the use of chlorate/sulfur based compositions. Today, many alternative and much safer compositions are available and there is therefore no excuse for the use of chlorate/sulfur mixtures. This also means chlorate based compositions cannot be used in items that also contain sulfur based mixtures. For example: chlorate based stars cannot be

  • primed with black powder. Nor can a H3 burst charge be used with black powder primed stars (or stars containing sulfur).

    Chlorates and ammonium compounds. Mixing these will allow ammonium chlorate to form in a double decomposition reaction that takes place in solution (moisture speeds up the process). Ammonium chlorate is a highly instable explosive compound. It decomposes over time producing chlorine dioxide gas (see chlorates and sulfur). Mixtures are likely to spontaneously ignite upon storage or may explode for no apparent reason. An exception seems to be the use of ammonium chloride and potassium chlorate in some smoke compositions. According to Shimizu this combination is safe due to the lower solubility of potassium chlorate (compared to ammonium chlorate). I personally would still use these mixtures with great caution (or avoid them) since it seems inevitable that small amounts of ammonium chlorate will still form. The lower solubility of potassium chlorate will make it the -main- product in a double decomposition reaction but not the -only- product.

    Chlorates with metals and nitrates. These mixtures show the same problems as chlorate/ammonium compound mixtures. The reason is that nitrates can be reduced by most metals used in pyrotechnics to ammonium. The reaction rate of this reaction is increased by presence of water. Over time (for example when drying) these mixtures may spontaneously ignite or become extremely sensitive. The fact that ammonium forms in a relatively slow reaction is treacherous. These mixtures are referred to as 'death mixes' by some.

    Aluminum and nitrates. Mixtures of these compounds sometimes spontaneously ignite, especially when moist. The mechanism is assumed to be as follows: the aluminum reduces some of the nitrate to ammonium, simultaneously forming hydroxyl ions. The aluminum then reacts with the alkaline products in a very exothermic reaction leading to spontaneous heating up of the mixture. This can eventually lead to ignition. The reactions take place in solution and therefore moisture speeds up the reaction. The process is usually accompanied by the smell of ammonia. Some types of aluminum are more problematic than others. Stearin coated aluminum is generally safer to use. The whole process can be prevented in many cases by the addition of 1 to 2 percent of boric acid. This will neutralise the alkaline products. It is best to bind such compositions with non-aquaous binder/solvent systems such as red gum/ethanol. Since aluminum/nitrate mixtures are extensively used it is important to be aware of this problem which is why the combination is listed here.

  • Flash Powder:

    ALL FLASH POWDERS ARE EXTREMELY HAZARDOUS. THEY WILL IGNITE FROM FRICTION, IMPACT, OR FLAME.

    While it is assumed that the individual who is dispensing these materials is responsible and knowledgeable as to their use, the following pointers will prove helpful:

    Always use electrical ignition, either a commercial squib or Nichrome hot wire. The use of a squib is preferred because it provides a more positive ignition.

    Always use an approved flash pot, made from transite or other similar material.

    Always use the minimum amount of powder required to achieve the desired effect. In general, one quarter of a teaspoon will be sufficient.

    Always have only one person who is responsible for dispensing and storing the flash powders.

    Never pour the powder directly from the bottle into the flash pot. Measure the correct amount using a non-sparking metal, not plastic, spoon.

    Never confine or compact the powder in any way. To do so may lead to a violent explosion.

    Never return unused powder to the original bottle.

    Never mix two different colors of flash powder. In many cases, the chemicals in the two materials are incompatible with each other.

    Never pour flash powder from its plastic bottle onto plastic film or into another plastic container. The material is packed in plastic to reduce the danger of serious injury in case the powder should ignite in the bottle.

    Be extra careful on dry or low humidity days, when the chance of ignition by static electricity is high.

  • Chemical Notes:

    Aluminum Al

    An element used for brilliancy in the fine powder form. It can be purchased as a fine silvery or gray powder. All grades from technical to superpure (99.9%) can be used. The danger is from inhaling the dust and explosive room condition if too much dust goes into the air.

    Aluminum Chloride AlCl3

    This chemical must not come in contact with the skin as severe burns can result. The yellowish-white crystals or powder have a strong attraction for water. Purchase only in the anhydrous grade.

    Amber

    This is a fossil resin of vegetable origin and is yellowish- brown in color. It is used in fireworks to a small extent.

    Ammonium Bichromate and Dichromate (NH4)2Cr2O7

    A mild poison used in the manufacture of tabletop volcanoes (sometimes called Vesuvius Fire). It is available as orange crystals in a technical grade. Also used in smoke formulas.

    Ammonium Chloride NH4NO3

    The common name is Sal Ammoniac. Comes as colorless crystals or a white powder. The technical grade is used to manufacture safety explosives and smokes.

    Ammonium Oxalate NH4C2O4

    This compound takes the form of colorless, poisonous, crystals. The technical grade is suitable for the manufacture of safety explosives.

  • Ammonium Perchlorate (NH4ClO4)

    This chemical can be made to explode by either heat or shock. Besides exploding in itself, it is used to manufacture other explosives.

    Ammonium Permanganate NH4MnO4

    A moderate explosive which can be detonated by either heat or shock.

    Ammonium Picrate (NH4C6H2N3O7)

    These bright orange crystals are used in armor piercing shells and fireworks. If heated to 300 degrees it will explode or it can be set off by shock. If you do any work with this chemical, it is advisable to keep it wet.

    Aniline Dyes

    These are used in smoke powder formulas. They are organic coal tar derivatives. Available in many different colors.

    Aniline Green C23H25CIN2

    Also known as Malachite Green. One of the many Aniline dyes. The green crystals are used in smoke formulas.

    Anthracene

    A coal tar derivative used as a source of dyestuff and for colored smokes. Available as colorless crystals which melt at 217 degrees.

    Antimony Sb

    Another name for this metal element is Antimony Regulus. Purchase the black powder in 99% purity. Not the yellow variety. It is used in pyrotechnics.

  • Antimony Fulminate

    One of a group of unstable, explosive compounds related to Mercury Fulminate.

    Antimony Potassium Tartrate

    Also known under the name of Tartar Emetic. These poisonous, transparent, odorless crystals (or white powder) are used to make Antimony Fulminate. The moisture that is present can be driven off by heating to 100 degrees. Do not exceed this temperature or the chemical will decompose.

    Antimony Sulfide (Sb2S3)

    This has usefulness in sharpening the report of firecrackers, salutes, etc. or to add color to a fire. The technical black powder is suitable. Avoid contact with the skin; dermatitis or worse will be the result.

    Aqua Regia

    A strong acid containing 1 part concentrated Nitric Acid and 3 parts concentrated Hydrochloric Acid. Store in a well closed glass bottle in a dark place. This acid will attack all metals, including gold and platinum. It is used in making some explosives.

    Arsenic Sulfide, Red

    The common name is Realgar and it is also known as Red Arsenic. Purchase the technical grade, which is available as a poisonous orange-red powder. It is used in fireworks to impart color to the flame.

    Arsenic Sulfide,Yellow (As2S3)

    This Chemical is just as poisonous as its red brother and is also used in fireworks, somewhat. The common name is Kings Gold.

    Arsenious Oxide (As2O)3

    A white, highly poisonous powder used in fireworks. It is also known as Arsenious Trioxide, Arsenic Oxide and Arsenous Acid. Its uses are similar to Paris Green.

  • Asphaltum

    A black bituminous substance, best described as powdered tar.

    Auramine Hydrochloride

    Also known as Auramine. It is used in smoke formulas. Available as yellow flakes or powder, which readily dissolves in alcohol.

    Auramine

    A certified Biological stain used in smoke cartridges.

    Barium Carbonate BaCO3

    This is a poisonous salt of Barium, which decomposes at a fairly high temperature, 1300 degrees. It is available as a fine white powder in the technical grade. It is used in fireworks as a color imparter.

    Barium Chlorate Ba(ClO3)2H2O

    Available as a white powder. It is poisonous, as are all Barium salts. It is used in fireworks, both as an oxidizer and color imparter. It is as powerful as Potassium Chlorate and should be handled with the same care. Melting point is 414 degrees.

    Barium Nitrate Ba(NO3)2

    The uses and precautions are the same as above with a comparison equal to Potassium Nitrate instead of the Chlorate. It melts at 500 degrees.

    Bismuth Fulminate

    One of a group of unstable, explosive compounds derived from Fulminic Acid.

  • Brass

    This is an alloy of Copper and Zinc. Some also contain a small percentage of Tin. The commercial grade is suitable in powdered form. It is used in some fireworks formulas.

    Calcium Carbide CaCO3

    These grayish, irregular lumps are normally packed in waterproof and airtight metal containers. It is used in toy cannons. Mixed with water it forms Acetylene Gas (EXPLOSIVE).

    Calcium Carbonate CaCO3

    This occurs as the mineral Calcite. It is used for Phosphorous Torpedoes, but does not have any dangerous properties in itself. Also as an acid absorber in fireworks.

    Calcium Fluoride CaF2

    This finds its use in a smokeless firework mixture and is not used elsewhere. It is a white powder, also known as Fluorspar.

    Calcium Phosphide Ca3P2

    This compound, which comes as gray lumps, must be kept dry. Upon contact with water it will form the flammable gas, Phosphine. It is used in signal fires.

    Camphor OC10H16

    A ketone found in the wood of the Camphor tree, native to Taiwan and a few of our states. For the best results, buy the granulated, technical grade. Used in explosives and fireworks.

    Castor Oil

    The common drug store variety is used in some powders to reduce the sensitiveness and to waterproof the mixture.

  • Charcoal C

    A form of the element, Carbon, it is used in fireworks and explosives as a reducing agent. It can be purchased as a dust up to a coarse powder. The softwood variety is best and it should be black, not brown.

    Chrysoidine

    An organic dye available as a red-brown powder. It is used in smoke formulas.

    Clay

    This can be purchased in the powdered form. It is used dry for chokes, nozzles and sealing firework cases. You can mix it with water to form paste if so desired.

    Confectioners Sugar

    Commonly called powdered sugar, it can be purchased at your local food store. The fineness is graded by the symbol XXXX. It is used in explosives.

    Copper Cu

    As any pure metal used in fireworks, this must also be in a powdered state. It is reddish in color, in fact, it is the only element to be found in nature having that color.

    Copper Acetoarsenite (Cu)3As2O3Cu(C2H3O2)2

    The popular name for this is Paris Green. It is also called Kings Green or Vienna Green. It is readily available as an insecticide or as a technical grade, poisonous, emerald green powder. It is used in fireworks to add color.

    Copper Arsenate CuHAsO3

    A fine, light green, poisonous powder. It is used in the technical grade for fireworks.

  • Copper Carbonate CuCO3.Cu(OH)2

    Also known as Cupric Carbonate or Artificial Malachite. It is a green powder used in fireworks.

    Copper Chlorate Cu(ClO3)2.6H2O

    Or, technically, Cupric Chlorate. A poison used in fireworks as an oxidizer and to add color.

    Copper Chloride CuCl2

    An oxidizer and color imparter used in fireworks. Purchase the brownish-yellow technical grade. This is a poisonous compound.

    Copper Nitrate Cu(NO3)2.3H2O

    Or Cupric Nitrate. These blue crystals absorb water, as you can see from the formula. It is used in fireworks.

    Copper Oxide CuO

    When ordering be sure to specify the black powder. It is also available in red. The technical grade will serve the purpose for fireworks.

    Copper Oxychloride

    A green powder used to impart oxygen and color especially to blue star formulas. It is a poison and the dust should not be inhaled.

    Copper Sulfate CuSO4.5H2O

    Known as Blue Vitriol, this poisonous compound is available as blue crystals or blue powder. It can be purchased in some drugstores. Used in fireworks for blue stars.

    Copper Sulfide CuS

  • As are the other copper salts, this is also used in fireworks to add color. The technical grade is suitable and is black in color. You can make your own by passing Hydrogen Sulfide into a Copper salt.

    Decaborane B10H14

    This chemical is classed as a flammable solid and is used for rocket fuels. It will remain stable indefinitely at room temperature.

    Diazoacetic Ester C4H6N2O2

    A very severe explosive in the form of a yellow oil. It will explode on contact with Sulfuric acid or when heated. Very volatile and explosive.

    Diazoaminobenzene C6H5N:N.NH.C6H5

    These golden yellow crystals will explode when heated to 150 degrees.

    P-Diazobenzeneslfonic Acid C6H4NSO3N

    Another severe explosive. It can be exploded by rubbing the white paste or powder, or by heating.

    Diazodimitrophenol HOC6H3(NO2)2N(:N)

    An organic explosive in the same group as the above compound. Also very sensitive to shock or heat.

    Diazomethane CH2N2

    Also known as Azimethylene. This yellow gas is also in the above group and can be exploded by heat or shock.

    Dinitrotoulene

    Known as DNT for short. These yellow crystals are used in the manufacture of other explosives.

  • Ethyl Alcohol

    This alcohol is the only one that is useful for fireworks. It should be about 95% pure. It is poisonous because of the impurities. It is clear, like water, and also a very flammable liquid.

    Fluorine Perchlorate FClO4

    A very sensitive colorless gas which will explode on the slightest contact with a rough surface. It can also be detonated by heating to 168 degrees. Avoid all contact with this gas, as even a trace of it will attack the lungs.

    Gallic Acid C7H6O5.H2O

    A white or pale fawn colored powder used in fireworks to make whistles. When mixed with some chlorates, Permanganates or Silver salts, it may explode.

    Glycerol C3H8O3

    Commonly known as Glycerin. It is obtained from oils and fats as a by-product when making soaps. It is a sweet warm tasting syrupy liquid which is used in several explosives. Contact with Chromium Trionide or potassium Permanganate may cause an explosion.

    Gold Explosive

    A dark brown powder which explodes when heated or rubbed. Upon exploding, it yields Gold, Nitrogen and Ammonia. The exact composition is unknown because it is too explosive to be dried.

    Guanidine Nitrate CH5N3.HNO3

    Guanidine is found in turnip juice, rice hulls and earthworms. It is used in the preparation of this chemical, or, it can be made from Ammonium Nitrate and Dicyanodiamide. To be of any value, it should be 95% pure. Guanidine Nitrate is not explosive itself, but is used in the manufacture of explosives. It is a white powder which melts at 210 degrees.

    Gum Arabic

  • A dried, gummy, exudate from tropical trees. It is available as flakes, fragments and powder. It is used as a binder in firework formulas.

    Hexachlorethane CCl3.CCl3

    Also known as Carbon Hexachloride, this chemical is used in smoke formulas It can be obtained in either powder or crystals.

    Indigo

    A dark blue crystalline powder which is a commercial dye. You can purchase either the technical or pure grade for smokes.

    Iodine

    Heavy grayish metallic looking crystals or flakes. Poisonous. Purchase the U.S.P. grade. It is being used in making explosives.

    Iron Fe

    The granular powder (at least 99% pure) is needed for several firework pieces. It is not a dangerous element but will rust very easily, making it useless.

    Iron Oxide FeO These black crystals are used in thermite mixtures. When ordering, it may be listed as Ferrous Oxide. Black.

    Kieselguhr

    This is a whitish powder used in dynamites. It is a siliceous earth, consisting mainly of diatoms. A good grade will absorb about four times its own weight.

    Lactose

    Also called milk sugar. This white powder has a sweet taste. The crude grade will work for smoke formulas.

  • Lampblack

    This is another name for the element, carbon(pencil lead). It is a finely powdered black dust, resulting from the burning of crude oils. It is used for special effects in fireworks.

    Lead Azide PbN6

    This is a poisonous white powder which explodes by heating to 350 degrees or by concussion. The main usage is in primers. It can be made from Sodium Azide and Lead Nitrate.

    Lead Bromate Pb(Bro3)2.H2O

    Poisonous, colorless crystals. Pure Lead Bromate is not explosive unless it is made from precipitated Lead Acetate with an alkali bromate. Made in this manner, it can be exploded by rubbing or striking.

    Lead Chloride PbCl2

    It is available as a white crystalline, poisonous powder which melts at 501 degrees. It is used in fireworks.

    Lead Dioxide PbO2

    Also known as Brown Lead Oxide, this dark brown powder is used as an oxidizer in matches and fireworks. Poisonous.

    Lead Nitrate Pb(NO3)2

    Available as white or colorless crystals in the technical grade. The uses include matches and explosives. Poisonous.

    Lead Oxide Pb3O4

    Also known as Red Lead or Lead Tetroxide. A 95% purity is desired for matches. Also poisonous.

  • Linseed Oil

    Available in many forms: Brown, boiled, raw and refined. All are made from the seed of the flax plant. The cheapest form is suitable for fireworks. Purchase from a paint store.

    Lithium Chloride LiCl

    The technical grade is sometimes used to add color to fireworks compositions. Available as a white powder.

    Manganese Dioxide MnO2

    Used in pyrotechnic mixtures, matches and match box friction surfaces. Available as a technical grade, black powder. This oxidizer decomposes at 535 degrees.

    Magnesium Mg

    This metal is used in a powdered state for brilliancy in flares and will even burn vigorously underwater.

    Mercuric Chloride HgCl2

    A white, poisonous powder. Also known as Corrosive Sublimate. It can be made by subliming Mercuric Sulfate with ordinary table salt and then purified by recrystallization. The U.S.P. grade is used for some firework compositions.

    Mercuric Oxide HgO

    Available in two forms; red and yellow. Both forms give the same oxidizing effects in fireworks. The technical grade is suitable.. All forms are poisonous.

    Mercuric Oxycyanide HgO.Hg(CN)2

    In the pure state it is a violent poison which will explode when touched by flame or friction.

    Mercuric Thiocyanate Hg(SCN)2

  • A poisonous, white odorless powder used in the making of Pharaoh"s Serpents. Use the technical grade.

    Mercurous Chloride HgCl

    Also known as Calomel or Mercuric Monochloride. This white, non- poisonous powder will brighten an otherwise dull colored mixture. Sometimes it is replaced by PVC or Hexachlorobenzene and even Antimony Sulfide, for the same purpose. Note that it is non poisonous only when it is 100% pure. Never confuse this chemical with Mercuric Chloride, which is poisonous in any form.

    Mercury Fulminate Hg(ONC)2.H2O

    A crystalline compound used in primers, percussion caps, blasting caps and other detonators. Explodes very easily from heat or shock.

    Methylene Blue C16H18N3SCl

    This dark green powder is used for smokes in the technical grade. Also called Methylthionine Chloride.

    Mineral Jelly

    Also known as Vaseline, Petrolatum or Petroleum Jelly. This acts as a stabilizer in fireworks and explosives.

    Naphthalene

    This is a tar product that you may know better as Moth Flakes or moth balls. Only the 100% pure form should be used in making smoke powders. The melting point is 100 degrees.

    Nitric Acid HNO3

    Also known as Aqua Fortis. It is a clear, colorless corrosive liquid, which fumes in moist air. It can react violently with organic matter such as Charcoal, Alcohol or Turpentine and consequently must be handled Very carefully. It is available in three forms: White fuming, Red Fuming and Concentrated (70 to 71%). The latter, with a specific gravity of 1.42, is the proper grade to buy. Whatever grade, avoid contact with the fumes or the liquid. Contact with the skin will cause it to burn and turn yellow. It is used to manufacture many explosives.

  • Nitroglycerin C3H5N3O9

    A liquid with a sweet burning taste, but do not taste it or it will produce a violent headache or acute poisoning. It can be made to explode by rapid heating or percussion. It is used as an explosive and also to make other explosives.

    Nitroguanidine H2NC(NH)NHNO2

    A yellow solid made by dissolving Fuanidine in concentrated Sulfuric Acid and then diluting with water. Dangerous Explosive.

    Nitromethane CH3NO2

    An oily, poisonous liquid, which is used as rocket fuel.

    Oil of Spike

    This is a volatile oil obtained from the leaves of certain trees. Keep this colorless (or pale yellow) liquid well closed and away from light. It is used in some fireworks.

    Paraffin

    This is a white or transparent wax. It is normally sold in a solid block. You can use it to make the required powder.

    Paranitroanaline Red (H2NC6H4)3COH

    A dye used in smoke formulas. It dissolves in alcohol and will melt at 139 degrees. It is also known as P-Aminophenyl.

    Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate C5H8N4O12

    A high explosive known as PRTN. Besides being an explosive itself it is used in a detonating fuse called Primacord.

  • Perchloryl Fluoride ClFO3

    A gas under normal air pressure. When brought in contact with alcohol, explosions have resulted.

    Phosphorus P

    This element comes in three forms, with three different ways of reacting. They resemble each other in name only. Red Phosphorous is the only suitable form for fireworks and matches. It is a non-poisonous violet-red powder. It will ignite at 260 degrees. When making a formula containing Phosphorous, be sure to work with it in a WET STATE. This is a most dangerous chemical to work with and should be handled only by the most experienced. Oxidizers have been known to detonate violently without warning when mixed with Red Phosphorous.

    Phosphorous Pentasulfide

    Also known as Phosphoric Sulfide. These light yellow crystals are used in matches.

    Phosphorus Trisulfide P2S3

    This chemical can catch fire from the moisture that is present in air, therefore the container should be kept tightly capped. The technical grade, purchased as grayish-yellow masses, is used in making matches.

    Picric Acid

    This is used to bring out and improve the tone of colors in various fireworks. It is also used to make other chemicals that are used in fireworks and explosives. Picric Acid can explode from heat or shock. It is interesting to note what it is called in other countries: Britain - Lyddite; France - Melinite; Japan - Shimose.

    Plaster of Paris

    This is a white powder, composed mostly of Calcium Sulfate. It is used, by mixing with water, for end plugs in fireworks and also in some formulas.

  • Potassium K

    A soft silvery metal element. It will react vigorously with water and several acids. It is not used directly except for some experiments.

    Potassium Chlorate KClO3

    This, perhaps, is the most widely used chemical in fireworks. Before it was known, mixtures were never spectacular in performance. It opened the door to what fireworks are today. It is a poisonous, white powder that is used as an oxidizer. Never ram a mixture containing Potassium Chlorate. Do not store mixtures which contain this chemical for any great length of time, as they may explode spontaneously.

    Potassium Dichromate K2CR2O7

    Also known as Potassium Bichromate. The commercial grade is used in fireworks and matches. The bright orange crystals are poisonous. Also used in smokes.

    Potassium Ferrocyanide K4Fe(CN)6.3H2O

    Lemon yellow crystals or powder which will decompose at high temperatures. It is used in the manufacture of explosives.

    Potassium Nitrate KNO3

    Commonly called Saltpeter; this chemical is an oxidizer which decomposes at 400 degrees. It is well known as a component in gunpowder and is also used in other firework pieces. Available as a white powder.

    Potassium Perchlorate KClO4

    Much more stable than its Chlorate brother, this chemical is a white or slightly pink powder. It can often substitute for Potassium Chlorate to make the formula safer. It will not yield its oxygen as easily, but to make up for this, it gives off more oxygen. It is also poisonous.

    Potassium Picrate C6H2KN3O7

  • A salt of Picric Acid, this chemical comes in yellow, reddish or greenish crystals. It will explode when struck or heated. It is used in fireworks.

    Potassium Thiocyanate KCNS

    Colorless or white crystals which are used to make the Pharaoh's Serpent. The commercial grade or pure grade is suitable.

    n-Propyl Nitrate C3H7NC2

    Prepared from Silver Nitrate and n-Propyl Bromide and is used as a jet propellant.

    Red Gum

    Rosin similar to shellac and can often replace it in many firework formulas. Red gum is obtained from the bark of trees.

    Rhodamine B

    A basic fluorescent organic pigment also known as Rhodamine Red. Available in green or red crystals or powder. It is used in smoke formulas.

    Shellac

    An organic rosin made from the secretion of insects which live in India. The exact effect it produces in fireworks is not obtainable from other gums. The common mixture of Shellac and Alcohol sold in hardware stores should be avoided. Purchase the powdered variety, which is orange in color.

    Silver Fulminate AgONC

    A crystalline salt similar to Mercury Fulminate but more sensitive. In fact, too sensitive for commercial blasting. It is used for toy torpedoes and poppers.

    Silver Oxide Ag2O

  • Dark brown, odorless powder. It is potentially explosive and becomes increasingly more so with time. Keep away from Ammonia and combustible solvents. The technical grade, which is about 92% pure, is suitable.

    Sodium Aluminum Fluoride Na3AlF6

    Also known as mineral, Cryolite. It is used in fireworks in the white powdered form.

    Sodium Bicarbonate NaHCO3

    When a formula calls for this chemical, you can use Baking Soda (NOT Baking Powder). It is a white, non-poisonous powder.

    Sodium Carbonate NaCO3

    This white powder is used in fireworks, but not to any great extent. The anhydrous grade is best.

    Sodium Chlorate NaClO3

    An oxidizer similar to Potassium Chlorate, although not as powerful and also with the disadvantage of absorbing water. Decomposes at 325 degrees.

    Sodium Chloride NaCl

    This is used in fireworks. You can use the common form, table salt (or rock salt if made into a powder).

    Sodium Nitrate NaNO3

    Also known as Chile Saltpeter; very similar to Saltpeter, (Potassium Nitrate). It is used where large amounts of powder are needed in fireworks and explosives. It will absorb water as do other sodium salts.

    Sodium Oxalate Na2C2O4

  • This is not a strong poison, but is poisonous, and you should not come in contact with it or breathe the dust for any prolonged period. The technical grade is best for making yellow fires.

    Sodium Perchlorate NaClO4H2O

    This chemical is used in fireworks and explosives. It is very similar to Potassium Perchlorate with the exception that it will absorb water.

    Sodium Peroxide Na2O2

    A yellowish-white powder. It can explode or ignite in contact with organic substances.

    Sodium Picrate

    Very similar to Potassium Picrate and should be handled with the same precautions. It is also known under the name of Sodium Trinitrophenolate.

    Sodium Silicate Na2SlO3.9H2O

    This chemical, commonly called water glass, is used as a fireproof glue. It is available in syrupy solution and can be thinned with water if necessary. When dry it resembles glass, hence the name. It can, when desired, be thickened with calcium carbonate, zinc oxide, powdered silica, or fiberglass (chopped) if extra strength is desired.

    Stearin

    Colorless, odorless, tasteless, soapy crystal or powder. Sometimes referred to as Stearic Acid. Purchase the technical grade, powder. It can often take the place of Sulphur and Charcoal in fireworks.

    Strontium Carbonate SrCO3

    Known in the natural state as Strontianite, this chemical is used for adding a red color to fires. It comes as a white powder in a pure, technical or natural state.

    Strontium Chloride SrCl2.6H2O

  • A colorless or white granulated chemical used in pyrotechnics. It will absorb water and is not used often.

    Strontium Nitrate Sr(NO3)2

    By far the most common chemical used to produce red in flares, stars and fires. Available in the technical powder grade. An oxidizer with 45% oxygen and absorbs water.

    Strontium Sulfate SrSO4

    This does not absorb water as quickly as nitrate and is used when storage is necessary. In its natural state it is known as Celestine, which compares to grades used in fireworks.

    Sulphur (Sulfur) S

    For example type II burns at 250 degrees giving off choking fumes. Purchase good pyro grades low in acid. Used in many types of fireworks and explosives.

    Sulfuric Acid H2SO4

    Also called Oil of Vitriol, it is a clear liquid with the consistency of a thin syrup. Bottles should be kept tightly closed as it is a very corrosive and dangerous chemical. It has a great affinity for water and will absorb it from any source. The effect can be a charred surface or fire. The grade used in explosives is 93-98%.

    Sulfur Trioxide SO3

    This powder will combine with water with explosive violence to form Sulfuric Acid. If brought in contact with wood flour and a drop of water is added, a fire will start. It is used to make some explosives.

    Trinitrotoluene (NO2)3C6H2CH3

    Commonly known as TNT. The poisonous crystals are colorless in the pure state. It is more powerful and expensive than Dynamite. If not confined it will burn like dynamite. Used as a high explosive and to make others.

  • Wood Flour

    This is merely another name for sawdust or wood meal. It is used in fireworks and explosives.

    Zinc Zn

    Of all the forms, only the dust is suitable in the technical or high purity grade. It is a gray powder used in star mixtures and for fuel in model rockets.

    Zinc Borate 3ZnO.2B2O3

    A white amorphous powder used in making smoke formulas. A relatively safe compound to handle.

    Zinc Carbonate ZnCO3

    Another white Zinc compound used in some smoke formulas. Also a safe compound to handle.

    Zinc Oxide ZnO

    Sometimes called Flowers of Zinc. This is a white or yellowish powder used in some firework formulas. It has also found use as a thickening agent in water glass when a stronger pyro paste is desired.

    HOW TO MIX INGREDIENTS:

    The best way to mix two dry chemicals to form an explosive is to do as the small-scale fireworks manufacturer's do:

    Ingredients:

    1 large sheet of smooth paper (for example a page from a newspaper that does not use staples)

    The dry chemicals needed for the desired compound.

  • -Measure out the appropriate amounts of the two chemicals, and pour them in two small heaps near opposite corners of the sheet.

    -Pick up the sheet by the two corners near the powders, allowing the powders to roll towards the middle of the sheet.

    -By raising one corner and then the other, roll the powders back and forth in the middle of the open sheet, taking care not to let the mixture spill from either of the loose ends.

    -Pour the powder off from the middle of the sheet, and use immediately. If it must be stored use airtight containers (35mm film canisters work nicely) and store away from people, houses, and valuable items.

    Tools:

    As with many hobbies, pyrotechnics requires some tools. For what I do, it's usually all pretty simple stuff. When you get into real pyrotechnics, you need things like ball mills, presses, and star rollers. For some info on those things, click here and here.

    Scales:

    A good scale is an absolute must for real pyrotechnics. When measuring compositions, all measurements are done by weight, so you need an accurate scale. Postal scales that use a spring are crap and are not suitable for accurate measurements. You need either a digital scale or a tripe beam balance.

    My digital scale:

  • I didn't shop around when I bought my scale, so I got ripped off! I bought the "MX-200 Pyro Scale" for $90 and later found it on eBay for much less. There are many different places that sell scales, and you should get one with 0.1g accuracy.

    A few sites that sell scales (there are many more):

    Cyberscale

    eBay is definitely worth a look, you can get great deals sometimes!

    eXactaDigital

    Balances.com

    Pyrotek has scales, along with a lot of other stuff.

    Ball mills:

    Ball mills are very important to the serious pyrotechnician because they are needed to make good blackpowder at home and to mill powders finely. You can either buy one or make one and rock tumblers often work just as well (some ball mills are just rock tumblers with a different name).

    Lortone rock tumbler sold by United Nuclear as a ball mill:

    UN ball mills and milling media.

  • The "ball mills" UN sells are Lortone rock/jewelry tumblers, but from what I've heard, they work very well. The Lortone website has them listed much cheaper than UN sells them, so you should check it out. eBay is also a place to find them, but after shipping it might not be any cheaper.

    Making a bal mill can be a good project if you like building things, and it will be a lot cheaper than buying one. A few pages on making your own:

    Dan Williams ball mill

    Wouter Visser's ball mill

    Mortar & Pestle:

    A mortar and pestle are very useful for grinding up chemicals into powder. For larger amounts or for making black powder you will obviously want a ball mill, but for small amounts a mortar and pestle can be very useful. They can be purchased at cooking stores and chemistry supply stores/websites.

    Mortar and Pestle:

    Coffee Grinder:

    Coffee grinders are somewhere between a mortal and pestle and a ball mill. I find some of the best things to use them for is to grind prilled KNO3 and NH4NO3. Some people also use them to grind Al foil before they ball mill it to make rather large flake Al powder. I got mine for $11.

    Coffee grinder:

  • Glassware:

    Glassware is used more often to make HE's than to be used for LE's. The basics are shown here, flasks, graduated cylinders and thermometers.

    Assorted glassware:

    Electric Hotplate:

    Hotplates can be used for a number of things related to pyrotechnics/explosives. You could use it for melting KNO3/sucrose, boiling 3% H2O2 to concentrate, or any other procedure like TNP that requires heating. You could get a fancy one specifically for lab use that will get hotter and do it faster, or you can buy one intended for home use. I bought a "Toastmaster" hotplate for $20 at a large hardware/appliance store.

    Hotplate:

    There are plenty of basic tools that will often come in handy, that are a lot cheaper also!

    Ignition supplies:

    You will definitely need something to light your devices (unless you are using electrical ignition) so these are some of the most basic things. A lighter and matches are both good, but are not ideal for directly lighting fuses. A better choice is a punk. Punks are pretty much just a stick with sawdust or something on them. They look and burn like incense, but without the smell. Because you have a constant coal, they work very well for lighting fuses. Just be sure not to light your device and then toss your lit punk into a pile of dry grass! There are two general sizes, incense size and much larger ones that I like better.

  • Protection:

    Safety is a very important part of pyro, as it can be a fairly dangerous hobby. Your eyes are very vulnerable, so you should were eye protection while working with devices and setting them off. There are several different choices of protection, either eye or full face. Choose what to wear depending on what you are doing. It would of course be best to have full face protection at all times, but it isn't always essential.

    Hand protection should be used whenever you are working with something that has the potential to ignite. Leather gloves should be worn for best protection. While working with powders, you should were a dust mask to keep particles out of your nose, mouth, throat and lungs. Check MSDS sheets for specific precautions for different chemicals. A respirator is a good thing to have sometimes, Ill probably buy one myself before too long.

    Knives:

    Knives have all kinds of uses, and can often be used for things such as cutting open firework casings. There are millions of things to do with a knife, not just pyro related. Buy a good one and it should last you a long time.

    Light:

  • You will probably set off some of your devices at night, and it's a good idea to be able to see where you are going! This is very basic, so it can sometimes be forgotten. Maglites are good, but I really like a lightweight LED headlamp because you don't need your hands and it is very bright.

    Pliers/cutters:

    Pliers can both be useful for things like peeling casings or crushing powder. I use wire cutters for things like cutting the sticks off bottle rockets for making a Can o Rockets.

    If you think of any other tools I forgot, feel free to email me and I'll add them.

    [Information copied from http://krimzonpyro.com/ep/infodir/tools.html]

    3.0 EXPLOSIVE THEORY

    An explosive is any material that, when ignited by heat or shock, undergoes rapid decomposition or oxidation. This process releases energy that is stored in the material in the form of heat and light, or by breaking down into gaseous compounds that occupy a much larger volume that the original piece of material. Because this expansion is very rapid, large volumes of air are displaced by the expanding

  • gases. This expansion occurs at a speed greater than the speed of sound, and so a sonic boom occurs. This explains the mechanics behind an explosion. Explosives occur in several forms: high-order explosives which detonate, low order explosives, which burn, and primers, which may do both.

    High order explosives detonate. A detonation occurs only in a high order explosive. Detonations are usually incurred by a shockwave that passes through a block of the high explosive material. The shockwave breaks apart the molecular bonds between the atoms of the substance, at a rate approximately equal to the speed of sound traveling through that material. In a high explosive, the fuel and oxidizer are chemically bonded, and the shockwave breaks apart these bonds, and re-combines the two materials to produce mostly gasses. T.N.T., ammonium nitrate, and R.D.X. are examples of high order explosives.

    Low order explosives do not detonate; they burn, or undergo oxidation. when heated, the fuel(s) and oxidizer(s) combine to produce heat, light, and gaseous products. Some low order materials burn at about the same speed under pressure as they do in the open, such as black powder. Others, such as gunpowder, which is correctly called nitrocellulose, burn much faster and hotter when they are in a confined space, such as the barrel of a firearm; they usually burn much slower than black powder when they are ignited in unpressurized conditions.

    Black powder, nitrocellulose, and flash powder are good examples of low order explosives.

    Primers are peculiarities to the explosive field. Some of them, such as mercury fulminate, will function as a low or high order explosive. They are usually more sensitive to friction, heat, or shock, than the high or low explosives. Most primers perform like a high order explosive, except that they are much more sensitive. Still others merely burn, but when they are confined, they burn at a great rate and with a large expansion of gasses and a shockwave. Primers are usually used in a small amount to initiate, or cause to decompose, a high order explosive, as in an artillery shell. But, they are also frequently used to ignite a low order explosive; the gunpowder in a bullet is ignited by the detonation of its primer.

    3.1 explosive classification:

  • CLASSIFICATION

    EXPLOSIVE

    COLOR

    USES

    RATE OF DETONATION

    REMARKS

    Low Explosives

    Black Powder

    Black, gray or cocoa brown

    Safety fuze, Muzzle loaders

    1,312 feet per second

    very sensitive to friction heat and shock

    Smokeless Powder

    Light brown to black

    Small arms, mortars, rockets

    Rapid burning

    very sensitive to friction heat and shock

    Primary Explosives

    Lead Azide

    White to buff gray

    Detonators, priming compositions

    13,400 to 17,000 feet per second

    very sensitive to friction heat and shock

  • Lead Styphnate

    White to buff gray

    Priming compositions

    17,100 Feet per second

    very sensitive to friction heat and shock

    Mercury Fulminate

    Light orange to reddish brown

    Detonators, priming compositions

    11,500 to 21,100 feet per second

    very sensitive to friction heat and shock

    Tetracene

    Pale yellow

    Detonators, priming compositions

    Less than 13,100 feet per second

    sensitive to shock and heat. Used in combination with other explosives

    Secondary Explosives

    Amatol

    Buff to yellow to dark brown

    Main charge for bombs, projectiles

    14,800 to 21,100 feet per second

    Developed during WWII to conserve TNT

    Ammonal

    Gray

    Projectile filler

  • 17,700 feet per second

    water soluable

    Ammonium Nitrate

    White but may be dyed other colors

    Ingredient of many explosive mixtures

    3,300 to 8,200 feet per second

    Must be kept cool

    Ammonium Picrate

    yellow to orange to red

    Armor piercing projectiles and bombs

    22,500 feet per second

    Relatively insensitive to shock and friction

    Astrolite

    White pellets

    Demolition

    2,600 to 26, 200 feet per second

    Inert until mixed. Do not use with Tetryl

    C-4

    White to light brown

    Plastic demolition explosive

    26,400 feet per second

    Insensitive to impact and friction

    Cyclotol

    Buff to yellow to brown

    Fragmentation bombs, projectiles

  • 25,900 to 26,400 feet per second

    Excellent for blast effects

    Flex-x

    any color--Usually olive drab or red

    Cutting charges

    22,300 feet per second

    Flexible, waterproof, insensitve to shock

    Secondary Explosives

    HBX (Torpex)

    Gray

    Main charge filler for underwater bombs and torpedoes

    22,700 to 23,700 feet per second

    Excellent for blast effects

    HMX

    White

    Mixed with TNT in high blast warheads

    29,900 feet per second

    By product of RDX manufacture

    Kinepak

    Powder is white, the liquid is usually pink

    Construction

    20,100 feet per second

    Inert until mixed

    Minol

  • gray

    Filler for bombs and depth charges

    19,100 to 19,700 feet per second

    Comparable to TNT in sensitivity to initiation

    Nitro-Cellulose

    White

    Blasting, smokeless powder

    21,900 feet per second

    Used in flashless powder

    Nitro-glycerin

    Clear to amber. Red fumes mean "Beware"

    Demolition, ingredient in dynamite

    4,900 to 25,400 feet per second

    Can be absorbed through skin causing headache

    Secondary Explosives

    Nitro-guanidine

    White to yellow

    Propellant and bursting charge ingredient

    25,100 feet per second

    One of the least sensitive military explosives

    Nitro-starch

    white

    Mortar shells, grenades

    16,00 feet per second

  • Another form of Nitro-cellulose

    Octol

    Buff

    Projectile and bomb filler

    27,500 to 28,300 feet per second

    Excellent for blast effects

    Pentolite

    White to yellow to gray

    Shape charges, boosters

    24,500 feet per second

    Presence of grit increases impact sensitivity

    PETN

    white unless dyed

    Det cord, blasting caps, primer

    27,200 feet per second

    Presence of grit increases impact sensitivity

    Picratol

    Yellow to brownish yellow

    Armor piercing projectiles and bombs

    22,900 feet per second

    Insensitive to initiation

    Secondary Explosives

    Picric acid

    Cream to yellow to red

  • Alternative filler

    19,00 feet per second

    Dangerous when it deteriorates

    RDX

    White but may be dyed

    Det cord, blasting caps, used to make C-4

    26,800 feet per second

    Not used much until WWII

    Tetryl

    Clear to yellow to gray

    Booster, blasting caps

    25,800 feet per second

    Colors skin reddish brown and causes rash

    Tetrytol

    Light yellow to buff

    Bursters, demolition blocks

    24,000 to 24,200 feet per second

    Similar to TNT and Tetryl

    TNT

    Light yellow to brown to light gray

    Bombs, projectiles, demolition

    21,800 to 22,400 feet per second

    Standard with which all other explosives are measured

    Torpex

    Gray

  • Depth charges, mines

    24,600 feet per second

    Excellent for blast effects

    Tritonal

    Silvergray

    Bombs

    21,200 to 22,000 feet per second

    More powerful and more sensitive to shock than TNT

    strobe.gif (1032 bytes)

    stary.gif (3310 bytes)Dynamite

    There are hundreds of formulas for dynamite and there is no set standard for detonation speed, color, or size. Dynamite with nitroglycerin as an ingredient is becoming rare. Nitroglycerin dynamite will crystalize after a long period of storage. A sudden temperature difference of 3 degrees can cause these crystals to detonate without warning.

    4.0 Chemical Equivalency list:

    Acacia................................................................Gum Arabic

    Acetic Acid..............................................................Vinegar

    Aluminum Oxide............................................................Alumia

    Aluminum Potassium Sulphate.................................................Alum

    Aluminum Sulfate............................................................Alum

  • Ammonium Carbonate.....................................................Hartshorn

    Ammonium Hydroxide.......................................................Ammonia

    Ammonium Oleate.....................................................Ammonia Soap

    Amylacetate...........................................................Banana Oil

    Barium Sulfide.........................................................Black Ash

    Carbon Carbinate...........................................................Chalk

    Carbontetrachloride...............................................Cleaning Fluid

    Calcium Hypochloride............................................Bleaching Powder

    Calcium Oxide...............................................................Lime

    Calcium Sulfate.................................................Plaster of Paris

    Carbonic Acid............................................................Seltzer

    Cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide......................................Ammonium Salt

    Ethylinedichloride...................................................Dutch Fluid

    Furfuraldehyde..........................................................Bran Oil

    Glucose...............................................................Corn Syrup

    Graphite.............................................................Pencil Lead

    Hydrochloric Acid..................................................Muriatic Acid

    Hydrogen Peroxide.......................................................Peroxide

    Lead Acetate.......................................................Sugar of Lead

    Lead Tero-oxide.........................................................Red Lead

    Magnesium Silicate..........................................................Talc

    Magnesium Sulfate.....................................................Epsom Salt

    Methylsalicylate................................................Winter Green Oil

    Naphthalene............................................................Mothballs

    Phenol.............................................................Carbolic Acid

  • Potassium Bicarbonate............................................Cream of Tarter

    Potassium Chromium Sulfate............................................Chromealum

    Potassium Nitrate.....................................................Salt Peter

    Sodium Oxide................................................................Sand

    Sodium Bicarbonate...................................................Baking Soda

    Sodium Borate..............................................................Borax

    Sodium Carbonate....................................................Washing Soda

    Sodium Chloride.............................................................Salt

    Sodium Hydroxide.............................................................Lye

    Sodium Silicate............................................................Glass

    Sodium Sulfate....................................................Glauber's Salt

    Sodium Thiosulfate...........................................Photographer's Hypo

    Sulfuric Acid.......................................................Battery Acid

    Sucrose...............................................................Cane Sugar

    Zinc Chloride.....................................................Tinner's Fluid

    Zinc Sulfate.......................................................White Vitriol

    5.0 LISTS OF SUPPLIERS AND MORE INFORMATION

  • Most, if not all, of the information in this publication can be obtained through a public or university library. There are also many publications that are put out by people who want to make money by telling other people how to make explosives at home. Adds for such appear frequently in paramilitary magazines and newspapers. This list is presented to show the large number of places that information and materials can be purchased from. It also includes fireworks companies and the like.

    COMPANY NAME AND ADDRESS WHAT COMPANY SELLS

    ________________________ __________________

    FULL AUTO CO. INC. EXPLOSIVE RECIPES,

    P.O. BOX 1881 PAPER TUBING

    MURFREESBORO, TN

    37133

    _______________________________________________________________________________

    UNLIMITED CHEMICALS AND FUSE

    BOX 1378-SN

    HERMISTON, OREGON

    97838

    _______________________________________________________________________________

    AMERICAN FIREWORKS NEWS FIREWORKS NEWS MAGAZINE WITH

    SR BOX 30 SOURCES AND TECHNIQUES

    DINGMAN'S FERRY, PENNSYLVANIA

    18328

  • _______________________________________________________________________________

    BARNETT INTERNATIONAL INC. BOWS, CROSSBOWS, ARCHERY MATERIALS,

    125 RUNNELS STREET AIR RIFLES

    P.O. BOX 226

    PORT HURON, MICHIGAN

    48060

    _______________________________________________________________________________

    CROSSMAN AIR GUNS AIR GUNS

    P.O. BOX 22927

    ROCHESTER, NEW YORK

    14692

    _______________________________________________________________________________

    EXECUTIVE PROTECTION PRODUCTS INC. TEAR GAS GRENADES,

    316 CALIFORNIA AVE. PROTECTION DEVICES

    RENO, NEVADA

    89509

    _______________________________________________________________________________

    BADGER FIREWORKS CO. INC. CLASS "B" AND "C" FIREWORKS

    BOX 1451

    JANESVILLE, WISCONSIN

    53547

  • _______________________________________________________________________________

    NEW ENGLAND FIREWORKS CO. INC. CLASS "C" FIREWORKS

    P.O. BOX 3504

    STAMFORD, CONNECTICUTT

    06095

    _______________________________________________________________________________

    RAINBOW TRAIL CLASS "C" FIREWORKS

    BOX 581

    EDGEMONT, PENNSYLVANIA

    19028

    _______________________________________________________________________________

    STONINGTON FIREWORKS INC. CLASS "C" AND "B" FIREWORKS

    4010 NEW WILSEY BAY U.25 ROAD

    RAPID RIVER, MICHIGAN

    49878

    _______________________________________________________________________________

    WINDY CITY FIREWORKS INC. CLASS "C" AND "B" FIREWORKS

    P.O. BOX 11 {GOOD PRICES!}

    ROCHESTER, INDIANNA

    46975

    _______________________________________________________________________________

  • *Any high school or college science or MST classroom has a buch of good chemicals that are very useful in making many things in this book. Obviously youl have to steal what you need, so be careful; if you are caught, you problley be arrested and/or expelled.

    _______________________________________________________________________________

    5.1-WEBSITES (links):

    Skylighter-http://www.skylighter.com/- Probably the biggest and best online supplier. They have a massive product selection and good prices. They have many books and videos on pyrotechnics, as well as high quality pyro tools. You must be on file with them to order, which means sending a copy of your drivers license or other ID.

    Firefox-http://www.firefox-fx.com/- Similar selection to Skylighter. They have some products Skylighter does not and vice versa. You must be on file with them to order.

    Iowa Pyro Supply-http://www.iowapyrosupply.com/-I don't really know much about this place, but they seem to have a good reputation on rec.pyrotechnics. Good selection and prices, you must be on file to order.

    Pyrotek-http://www.pyrotek.org/cgi-bin/newCataloger.cgi- Pyrotek sells a wide variety of pyro, rocketry and chemistry supplies. They have a large selection and decent prices. Warning! I have heard some bad things about this place. For example, I got an email from somebody saying they ordered fuse here, never got it, and did not get their money back. I have also heard from numerous people who report having no problems at all. I have ordered from them with no problems.

    Dawntreader Pyrotechnics-http://www.dawntreader.net/info.html - Haven't heard much about them, but they have quite a few chemicals and decent prices.

    Wolter Pyro Tools-http://www.wolterpyrotools.com/index.html - Nice tools for rockets, comets etc.

    Pyrosupplies.com-http://www.pyrosupplies.com/ - "High quality and hard to find pyrotechnic supplies"

    Precocious Pyrotechnics-http://www.pyro-pro.com/ - Non-chemical supplies like mortar tubes and other cardboard products.

  • LORTONE, inc.-http://www.lortone.com/ - Rock tumblers often used as ball mills. Lists local distributors.

    United Nuclear-http://www.unitednuclear.com/-No ID required, they have a lot of good products, but prices are very high for many things. Shop around before buying here. The no longer carry things like KClO4 and dark flake Al because too many losers ordered them and got in trouble.

    Stanford Systems Aerospace-http://www.ssaerospace.com/-A rocketry supplier. Warning! Many people (including myself) have ordered from here and had serious delays or have not received orders. DO NOT ORDER FROM HERE!

    EBay-http://www.ebay.com/ - You can sometimes find chemicals like kno3, sulfur, and potassium perchlorate here, but prices will most likely not be very good.

    Cannonfuse.com-http://www.cannonfuse.com/- They sell fuse and one size of tubes, along with a few books and plans. You do not have to be on file and can pay with cash. I have ordered from here with quick service, the price for fuse is far better than United Nuclear.

    Discount Pyro-http://www.discountpyro.com/index.htm- Small selection, but very cheap. Requires ID. I have ordered here with no problems.

    Pyro Plastics-http://www.pyroplastics.net/- Plastic aerial shell casings, class B shells listed and a mention of expanding to Class C sales.

    Pyrohobby-http://www.pyrohobby.com/ - A new supplier, sells a few chemicals and doesnt require ID.

    Pyrostuff-http://www.pyrostuff.com

    http://www.hummelcroton.com-good source for ordering chemicals!

    http://roguesci.org/megalomania/explosives.html-Really good source of information on explosives(which is where I got many of the procedures that are in this book), any kind of chemicals, and other cool scientific info.

    -www.totse.com-Website with info on guns, explosives, drugs, and other stuff people have sent in(although much information is questionable).

    -http://www.armory.com/~spcecdt/pyrotech/pyrotest.html-a cool pyro purity test.

  • http://www.bombshock.com/cgi-bin/ib/ikonboard.cgi-kick-ass forum, good info. (check it out!)

    5.3-BOOKS:

    _____

    -THE IMPROVISED MUNITIONS MANUAL

    -MILITARY EXPLOSIVES

    -FIRES AND EXPLOSIONS

    -Modern Chemical Magic

    -Making Reliable Ignition Products at Home

    6.0 Chemical preparation and sources:

    6.1 Ammonium chloride:

  • Formula: NH4Cl

    Description: Ammonium chloride is used in smoke compositions. When heated ammonium chloride decomposes to HCl and NH3, both gasses. These recombine in the air to give a smoke consisting of fine particles of ammonium chloride.

    Hazards: Ammonium chloride based smoke is irritating to the eyes and lungs as it contains some remaining HCl and NH3. Ammonium chloride itself is not poisonous and is even used in some type of candy. According to Shimizu ammonium chloride forms an exception to the rule that ammonium compounds should not be mixed with chlorates. Due to the lower solubility of potassium chlorate (compared to ammonium chlorate) no ammonium chlorate . I personally would still use these mixtures with great caution (or avoid them) since it seems inevitable that small amounts of ammonium chlorate will still form. The lower solubility of potassium chlorate will make it the -main- product in a double decomposition reaction but not the -only- product.

    Sources: Ammonium chloride solution is easily prepared by neutralising ammonia solution with hydrochloric acid. It is advised to use a slight excess of ammonia. That is to make sure no remaining acid will be present in the ammonium chloride obtained on evaporation and crystallisation. Otherwise traces of the acid solution may be enclosed in the crystals, possibly leading to spontaneous ignition of mixtures made with it.

    6.2 Ammonium nitrate:

    Formula: NH4 NO3

    Description: Ammonium nitrate is an oxidiser. It is very hygroscopic and therefore not used very often in fireworks. It finds some use in composite propellants, but performance is not as good as perchlorate based propellants.

  • Hazards: Large masses of ammonium nitrate have been known to explode on some occasions although it is very unsensitive. Smaller quantities are less likely to detonate. The risk of detonation increases when ammonium nitrate is molten or mixed with fuels such as metal powders or organic substances. Ammonium nitrate should never be mixed with chlorates as this may result in ammonium chlorate formation, possibly leading to spontaneous ignition. Mixtures of metal powders and ammonium nitrate are likely to heat up spontaneously and may ignite, especially when moist. This can sometimes be prevented by the addition of small amounts of boric acid (1 to 2%), but in general it is better to avoid these mixtures at all. The hygroscopic nature of ammonium nitrates makes this problem worse.

    Sources: Ammonium nitrate solution can be prepared by neutralising ammonia solution with nitric acid. It is advised to use a slight excess of ammonia. That is to make sure no remaining acid will be present in the ammonium nitrate obtained on evaporation and crystallisation. Otherwise traces of the acid solution may be enclosed in the crystals, possibly leading to spontaneous ignition of mixtures made with it. Large quantities of ammonium nitrate can also be cheaply bought as fertilizer. In the Netherlands a fertilizer called 'kalkammonsalpeter' is sold. This consists of ammonium nitrate mixed with 'mergel', a mineral consisting mainly of calcium carbonate. The ammonium nitrate can be extracted with water.

    6.3 Ammonium perchlorate:

    Formula: NH4ClO4

    Description: Ammonium perchlorate is an oxidiser used in a large number of compositions. Very impressive color compositions can be made with it, but their burn rate is often too low for use in star compositions. For lancework and torches slow burning is an advantage and it is therefore commonly used in these items. Ammonium perchlorate is also used in composite rocket propellants, including the propellants used in the solid propellant boosters used for the space shuttle. The decomposition products of ammonium perchlorate are all gasses which is very beneficial for rocket propellants.

  • Hazards: Ammonium perchlorate can detonate by itself, although it is not very sensitive. Larger amounts and mixtures of ammonium perchlorate with metal powders or organic substances are more likely to detonate.

    Sources: Ammonium perchlorate is usually bought from chemical suppliers or from dedicated pyro suppliers. Fine ammonium perchlorate powder is a regulated substance in most countries and cannot easily be bought or transported. Since it is such a usefull chemical in pyrotechnics it can be worth the time and effort to try to prepare it at home. This can be done by first making sodium perchlorate followed by double decomposition with ammonium chloride (other ammonium compounds can be used). The preparation of sodium perchlorate is most easily accomplished by electrolysis, the procedure for which is described elsewhere on this page.

    6.4 Barium carbonate:

    Formula: BaCO3

    Description: Barium carbonate is used both in white and green color compositions. When chlorine donors are present in a composition a green color will result from the formation of BaCl+ in the flame. Without chlorine donors BaO will be formed which emits white light. Barium carbonate is convenient to use in chlorate based color compositions since it will neutralize residual acid which reduces the risk of spontaneous ignition.

    Hazards: Most barium compounds are very poisonous, especially the more soluble barium compounds such as the chlorate and nitrate. A dust mask should be worn at all times when working with barium carbonate.

    Sources: Barium carbonate is cheaply available in kilogram quantities from ceramic supply shops. However, this material is often contaminated with small amounts of barium sulfide which are left over from the production process. Therefore, ceramics grade barium carbonate should never be used in mixtures incompatible with sulfides such as chlorate based mixtures. Barium carbonate is not easily made at home.

  • 6.5 Barium chlorate:

    Formula: BaClO3

    Description: Barium chlorate is used as an oxidiser in green color compositions. Fierce burning and high color purity compositions can be made with it.

    Hazards: Barium chlorate is poisonous and a dust mask should be worn at all times when handling it. Barium chlorate should never be mixed with sulfur or sulfides or allowed to come in contact with mixtures containg sulfur or sulfides since this could result in spontaneous ignition. (Sulfur reacts with water and air to form small amounts of sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid and chlorates react producing ClO2, an explosive gas which will ignite many organic materials on contact). Mixtures made with barium chlorate are often especially sensitive to friction and shock (even more so than potassium chlorate based mixtures) and should be handled with extra care.

    Sources: Barium chlorate is usually purchased from chemical suppliers or from dedicated pyro suppliers. It can be made at home from sodium chlorate and barium chloride by double decomposition. Barium chlorate can also be prepared from barium chloride by electrolysis in a process analogous to that used for preparing sodium chlorate.

    6.6 Barium nitrate:

    Formula: BaNO3

  • Description: Barium nitrate is used as an oxidiser in both white and green color compositions. When chlorine donors are present in a composition a green color will result from the formation of BaCl+ in the flame. Without chlorine donors BaO will be formed which emits bright white light. Barium nitrate is seldom used as the sole oxidiser in green color compositions. It is usually combined with perchlorates to improve the color and increase the burning rate.

    Hazards: Barium nitrate is poisonous and a dust mask should be worn at all times when handling it. Mixtures of metal powders and barium nitrate sometimes heat up spontaneously and may ignite, especially when moist. This can usually be prevented by the addition of small amounts of boric acid (1 to 2%). It is advisable to avoid using water to bind such compositions. Red gum or shellac with alcohol or nitrocellulose lacquer are preffered binder and solvents.

    Sources: Barium nitrate may be prepared from nitric acid or ammonium nitrate and barium carbonate, which is available from ceramic supply stores.

    6.7 Barium sulfate:

    Formula: BaSO4

    Description: Barium sulfate is used as a high-temperature oxidiser in some metal based green color compositions.

    Hazards: Unlike many other barium compounds, barium sulfate is not very poisonous due to its low solubility in water.

    Sources: Barium sulfate may be precipitated from a solution of a soluble barium salt, such as barium nitrate or chloride, and a sulfate. Magnesium and potassium sulfate are both cheaply available as fertilizer and are convenient to use. The precipitated barium sulfate is a very fine powder which may be rinsed by repeated washings with hot water, settling and decanting. A final washing in the filter with

  • acetone or ethanol will allow it to dry quickly. Do not use sulfuric acid to precipitate barium sulfate as this may result in the inclusion of acid droplets in the precipitated particles which can lead to spontaneous ignition of some mixtures.

    6.8 Boric acid:

    Formula: H3BO3

    Description: Boric acid is a white powder which is used as an additive to compositions containing aluminum or magnesium and a nitrate. The metal powder can reduce the nitrate to an amide which will react with the metal powder in a very exothermic reaction that can lead to spontaneous ignition of the composition. This process is often accompanied by a smell of ammonia and is most likely to occur with wet compositions. Addition of a few percent boric acid can often prevent this reaction from taking place since it neutralizes the very basic amides forming ammonia and a borate. It is also advisable to avoid using a water soluble binder for these composition. Using red gum or shellac with alcohol or nitrocellulose lacquer is safer.

    Hazards: Boric acid is not particularly toxic or dangerous.

    Sources: Boric acid is cheaply and in kilogram quantities available from ceramic supply shops. It is also sold in many drug stores at a somewhat higher price, but since only small quantities are needed the price is not really important.

    6.9 Calcium sulphate:

    Formula: CaSO4.x H2O where