TheProtestant

Reformation

Causes

1. Church is interested in $ -

2. Popes acting as political leaders –

3. Priestly misconduct –

4. Northern Humanists -

Martin Luther

• 1483-1546• German monk who

criticized the Catholic Church for losing sight of it’s spiritual mission

• 95 Theses• Challenged indulgences• Salvation through the

grace of God

Break with the Church

• Bible as the sole authority• Simple interpretation of the bible• Ceremony could not make up for sin• 1521 Pope Leo X declared Luther a heretic

and excommunicated him from the Catholic Church

• Diet of Worms – Luther refused to recant; no scriptural basis

The Spread of the Printing PressThe Spread of the Printing Press

The Peasant Revolt - 1525The Peasant Revolt - 1525

• In reaction to Luther’s ideas and societal demands.

• Lead by Thomas Müntzer (the professor)

Spread of Protestantism

• Effects of the Printing Press • Luther’s reaction to the Peasant Revolt• German Princes at Augsburg 1531• Schmalkaldic League (1531) & War 1546-55• Peace at Augsburg 1555– German rulers can choose religion

The Holy Roman Empire in the 16c

“Why theGermanies?”

The Holy Roman Empire in the 16c

“Why theGermanies?”

The Spread of LutheranismThe Spread of Lutheranism

The AnabaptistsThe Anabaptists

Dutch persecution of Anabaptists

The Radical Reformation

Anabaptist• Religious beliefs• Complete separation of Church and State• Munster, Germany– John Leiden

• Menno Simons

England’s Reformation

England’s Reformation

• Political not religious• King Henry & Catherine of Aragon• Pope Clement VI dependent upon H.R.E.• Anne Boleyn• Cardinal Wolsey– Thomas Cranmer & Thomas Cromwell

• Creation of the Anglican Church

King Henry’s Successors

Calvin’s World in the 16cCalvin’s World in the 16c

Calvinism

• Takes over after the death of Huldrych Zwingli – Genevea, Switzerland

• The Institute of Christian Religion• Major Beliefs– Omniscient – all knowing– Predestination – the Elect

• The Consistory

ProtestantChurchesinFrance(Late 16c)

ProtestantChurchesinFrance(Late 16c)

The Huguenots

• Nobility conversion in France

• Threat to National Unity

• 1562 Bloody Civil War

• 1572 St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

• 1598 Edict of Nantes – King Henry IV (France)

St Bartholomew’s Massacre

Reformation Europe (Late 16c)Reformation Europe (Late 16c)