The Process That Made America Great The Process That Made America Great.

The Process ThatThe Process ThatMade America GreatMade America GreatThe Process ThatThe Process ThatMade America GreatMade America Great

The term manufacturing The term manufacturing comes from the Latin term: comes from the Latin term:

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The Range of ManufacturingThe Range of ManufacturingThe Range of ManufacturingThe Range of Manufacturing

The Rise of The Rise of ManufacturingManufacturing

Centuries ago, all products Centuries ago, all products were made by hand. In fact, were made by hand. In fact, families themselves used to families themselves used to make most of the products make most of the products they needed.they needed.

They grew their own food, They grew their own food, built their own homes, made built their own homes, made their own clothes, tools and their own clothes, tools and other necessities in order to other necessities in order to survive.survive.

This left very little “free time” This left very little “free time” because they had to work because they had to work from sun-up to sun down just from sun-up to sun down just to survive. Life was hard.to survive. Life was hard.

Centuries ago, all products Centuries ago, all products were made by hand. In fact, were made by hand. In fact, families themselves used to families themselves used to make most of the products make most of the products they needed.they needed.

They grew their own food, They grew their own food, built their own homes, made built their own homes, made their own clothes, tools and their own clothes, tools and other necessities in order to other necessities in order to survive.survive.

This left very little “free time” This left very little “free time” because they had to work because they had to work from sun-up to sun down just from sun-up to sun down just to survive. Life was hard.to survive. Life was hard.

1. What does 1. What does manufacturing mean?manufacturing mean?

A.A. Changing materials into usable Changing materials into usable products in a workshop or factory products in a workshop or factory

B.B. Made by handMade by hand

C.C. Both A and BBoth A and B

D.D. None of the above None of the above

2. Which statement is 2. Which statement is true?true?

A.A. Before the 1800’s products were Before the 1800’s products were made using robotics.made using robotics.

B.B. Before the 1800’s the majority of Before the 1800’s the majority of products were manufactured in products were manufactured in factories.factories.

C.C. Before the 1800’s virtually allBefore the 1800’s virtually all products were made by handproducts were made by hand

D.D. None of these are true.None of these are true.


As time passed, some people As time passed, some people became very skilled at making became very skilled at making certain things. These people certain things. These people used their specialized skills to used their specialized skills to make products for other make products for other people.people.

A person who mastered making A person who mastered making things out of metal might make things out of metal might make these products for the entire these products for the entire community and trade them for community and trade them for other products made by other other products made by other people.people.

This was called the “Barter This was called the “Barter System”System”

As time passed, some people As time passed, some people became very skilled at making became very skilled at making certain things. These people certain things. These people used their specialized skills to used their specialized skills to make products for other make products for other people.people.

A person who mastered making A person who mastered making things out of metal might make things out of metal might make these products for the entire these products for the entire community and trade them for community and trade them for other products made by other other products made by other people.people.

This was called the “Barter This was called the “Barter System”System”


First ManufacturingFirst ManufacturingFirst ManufacturingFirst Manufacturing

3. The barter system 3. The barter system was…was…

A.A. The importing of goods from The importing of goods from other countriesother countries

B.B. The exchange excess goods from The exchange excess goods from a family for goods from anothera family for goods from another

C.C. The sale of goods to a storeThe sale of goods to a store


4. The mercantile 4. The mercantile system was…system was…

A.A. The importing of goods from The importing of goods from other countriesother countries

B.B. The exchange excess goods from The exchange excess goods from a family for goods from anothera family for goods from another

C.C. The sale of goods to a merchant The sale of goods to a merchant who sold them through a store.who sold them through a store.


5. The first form of 5. The first form of manufacturing was used manufacturing was used in…in…

A.A. Tool makingTool making

B.B. Shoe makingShoe making

C.C. The production line The production line

D.D. The ford automobileThe ford automobile


Making products by hand Making products by hand was inefficient. A lot of was inefficient. A lot of time and money were time and money were required to make each required to make each item and no two items item and no two items were identical.were identical.

This method was used well This method was used well into the 1700’s. into the 1700’s.

The world population like The world population like the colonies was growing the colonies was growing fast. More and more fast. More and more people with more and people with more and more needs and wants more needs and wants called for new ideas.called for new ideas.

Making products by hand Making products by hand was inefficient. A lot of was inefficient. A lot of time and money were time and money were required to make each required to make each item and no two items item and no two items were identical.were identical.

This method was used well This method was used well into the 1700’s. into the 1700’s.

The world population like The world population like the colonies was growing the colonies was growing fast. More and more fast. More and more people with more and people with more and more needs and wants more needs and wants called for new ideas.called for new ideas.

People continued to develop more efficient People continued to develop more efficient methods of making products. In the late methods of making products. In the late

1700’s some significant changes took place in 1700’s some significant changes took place in a time period called…..a time period called…..

People continued to develop more efficient People continued to develop more efficient methods of making products. In the late methods of making products. In the late

1700’s some significant changes took place in 1700’s some significant changes took place in a time period called…..a time period called…..

What Started the Industrial What Started the Industrial Revolution?Revolution?

James WattJames Watt

17691769In EnglandIn England

Why was that a “Big Deal”?Why was that a “Big Deal”?

Before the Steam EngineBefore the Steam EngineThe Sources of Power Were:The Sources of Power Were:

Man/Man/WomanWoman

AnimalAnimal

WaterWater

FireFire WindWind

The Steam Engine had The Steam Engine had advantages over those five advantages over those five

power sources…power sources… Man/Women get bored, Man/Women get bored,

have to rest, have families have to rest, have families that get sick, have to eat.that get sick, have to eat.

Animals can’t work 24 hrs Animals can’t work 24 hrs either. Their up-keep is an either. Their up-keep is an additional expense.additional expense.

Water – there can be a Water – there can be a drought or a flood. Relies drought or a flood. Relies on a down stream flow.on a down stream flow.

Wind isn’t predictable or Wind isn’t predictable or dependable.dependable.

Fire Fire

The Steam Engine can go The Steam Engine can go 24hrs a day.24hrs a day.

The only thing the Steam The only thing the Steam Engine needs is coal/wood Engine needs is coal/wood and water.and water.

A steam powered boat can go A steam powered boat can go up stream. Uses water but not up stream. Uses water but not as muchas much

Steam Engine is dependable Steam Engine is dependable 24/724/7

Steam Engine relies on fire Steam Engine relies on fire but not as much fuel to make but not as much fuel to make it.it.

Before the Steam Engine, early Before the Steam Engine, early factories had to be located on factories had to be located on

the banks of riversthe banks of rivers.

Afterwards factories no longer had to be built Afterwards factories no longer had to be built near rivers. They could be closer to the near rivers. They could be closer to the

source of raw materials. Costs were lowered source of raw materials. Costs were lowered because manufacturers no longer had to pay because manufacturers no longer had to pay

for transporting raw materials over long for transporting raw materials over long distances.distances.

6. The Englishman 6. The Englishman credited for starting the credited for starting the Industrial Revolution in Industrial Revolution in 1769 with his invention 1769 with his invention of the steam engine of the steam engine was…..was…..

A.A. Henry Ford.Henry Ford.

B.B. Albert Einstein.Albert Einstein.

C.C. George Washington.George Washington.

D.D. James Watt.James Watt.

7. What was the 7. What was the advantage of using the advantage of using the steam engine in steam engine in manufacturing?manufacturing?

A.A. The power supplied by the steam The power supplied by the steam engine was available 24 hours a engine was available 24 hours a day.day.

B.B. The steam engine replaced The steam engine replaced horses as the source of power.horses as the source of power.

C.C. Products contained less defects.Products contained less defects.

D.D. All of these.All of these.

8. What factors played a 8. What factors played a key role in the start of key role in the start of the industrial the industrial revolution?revolution?

A.A. New manufacturing machines New manufacturing machines were being invented.were being invented.

B.B. A new power source (steam) was A new power source (steam) was introduced.introduced.

C.C. Products were beginning to be Products were beginning to be made in factories.made in factories.

D.D. All of these.All of these.

9. Which of these is not 9. Which of these is not a source of power?a source of power?

A.A. WindWind

B.B. HumanHuman

C.C. WaterWater

D.D. WheelWheel

10. Before the steam 10. Before the steam engine where were most engine where were most factories built?factories built?

A.A. In a big city.In a big city.

B.B. Next to a river or stream.Next to a river or stream.

C.C. On a lake.On a lake.

D.D. In the mountains.In the mountains.

How Would You Like This How Would You Like This Job…?Job…?

The earliest steam engine was operated The earliest steam engine was operated by controlling two valves. Someone had by controlling two valves. Someone had to open and close each valve by hand to open and close each valve by hand continually to keep the engine running.continually to keep the engine running.

A boy named A boy named Humphrey PotterHumphrey Potter (no (no relation to Harry) grew bored doing relation to Harry) grew bored doing this. He devised a method where the this. He devised a method where the action of the engine would control the action of the engine would control the opening and closing of the valves in opening and closing of the valves in proper order. Putting his idea to work proper order. Putting his idea to work not only doubled the speed of the not only doubled the speed of the engine, but was the invention of the engine, but was the invention of the automatic valve.automatic valve.

Mass Production Mass Production & Interchangeable Parts& Interchangeable Parts

American inventor, pioneer, mechanical American inventor, pioneer, mechanical engineer, and manufacturer, Eli Whitney engineer, and manufacturer, Eli Whitney is best remembered as the inventor of is best remembered as the inventor of the cotton gin. the cotton gin.

He also affected the industrial He also affected the industrial development of the United States when, development of the United States when, in manufacturing muskets for the in manufacturing muskets for the government, he translated the concept of government, he translated the concept of interchangeable parts into a interchangeable parts into a manufacturing system, giving birth to manufacturing system, giving birth to the American mass-production concept. the American mass-production concept.

Source: National Inventors Hall of FameSource: National Inventors Hall of Fame Eli WhitneyEli Whitney

““Necessity is the Mother of Necessity is the Mother of Invention.”Invention.”

Prior to the development of the concept of Prior to the development of the concept of interchangeable parts, products like guns interchangeable parts, products like guns were made one at a time by skilled were made one at a time by skilled craftsmen. Like pieces of art, no two craftsmen. Like pieces of art, no two products were identical. Even the screws products were identical. Even the screws were made by hand.were made by hand.

There were disadvantages to the consumer There were disadvantages to the consumer because of the way they were manufactured: because of the way they were manufactured: 1.1. It took a long time to receive your gun It took a long time to receive your gun because the gunsmith made it for you after because the gunsmith made it for you after you ordered it. you ordered it. 2.2. If a part broke, a new part would have to If a part broke, a new part would have to be made specifically for it.be made specifically for it.3.3. Since it took so much of the gunsmith’s Since it took so much of the gunsmith’s time to make each gun, each one cost a lot of time to make each gun, each one cost a lot of money.money.


The problem is that no matter how The problem is that no matter how much money you had, it still took time much money you had, it still took time to fix the gun if it broke.to fix the gun if it broke.

In the middle of a battlefield that’s not In the middle of a battlefield that’s not a good thing. There were no “Time a good thing. There were no “Time Outs”.Outs”.

You aim, pull the trigger and it You aim, pull the trigger and it breaks. Since there’s no such thing as breaks. Since there’s no such thing as spare parts, the best you would be spare parts, the best you would be able to do is bat bullets as they’re able to do is bat bullets as they’re coming at you! GOOD LUCK!coming at you! GOOD LUCK!

That’s the way it was until Whitney That’s the way it was until Whitney developed this concept of developed this concept of interchangeable parts.interchangeable parts.

OOPS! The Trigger broke. Now what do I

do?

OOPS! The Trigger broke. Now what do I

do?


The newly formed U.S. government The newly formed U.S. government needed muskets for the army to fight the needed muskets for the army to fight the English.English.

As they do today, a call was made for As they do today, a call was made for bids from businesses that could make the bids from businesses that could make the weapons. No Gunsmith could weapons. No Gunsmith could manufacture the 10,000 muskets in the manufacture the 10,000 muskets in the time the government needed them, and time the government needed them, and the cost was going too be high. the cost was going too be high.

Eli Whitney claimed that he could make Eli Whitney claimed that he could make 10,000 in one year and at a fraction of 10,000 in one year and at a fraction of the cost. To prove his point he brought the cost. To prove his point he brought the parts of a gun to Washington and had the parts of a gun to Washington and had the president assemble them. He got the the president assemble them. He got the contract on the spot. contract on the spot.

But how’d he do that??But how’d he do that??

Some of Whitney’sgun parts

Some of Whitney’sgun parts

Mass Production & Mass Production & Standardized PartsStandardized Parts

Cotton GinCotton Gin

Drill PressDrill Press

Mass Production - making many copies of a Mass Production - making many copies of a product all at once, instead of one at a time.product all at once, instead of one at a time.

Whitney’s four parts of a mass production Whitney’s four parts of a mass production system:system:

Special MachinesSpecial Machines – – Like the drill pressLike the drill press

Specialized LaborSpecialized Labor – – Minimum wage vs Minimum wage vs GunsmithsGunsmiths

Jigs and fixturesJigs and fixtures – – Helps unskilled labor do Helps unskilled labor do skilled skilled work. work.

A Standard System of MeasurementA Standard System of Measurement - - RulersRulers

THE KEY TO MASS PRODUCTION IS THAT THE KEY TO MASS PRODUCTION IS THAT THE PARTS ARE STANDARDIZEDTHE PARTS ARE STANDARDIZED

(Every trigger is identical to the others and fit (Every trigger is identical to the others and fit any gun)any gun)

15. Who was given 15. Who was given credit for developing the credit for developing the process of mass process of mass production?production?

A.A. James Watt.James Watt.

B.B. Benjamin Franklin.Benjamin Franklin.

C.C. George Washington.George Washington.

D.D. Eli Whitney.Eli Whitney.

16. What was Eli 16. What was Eli Whitney’s “Key” to a Whitney’s “Key” to a mass production mass production system?system?

A.A. Lots of unskilled labor doing the Lots of unskilled labor doing the work.work.

B.B. Hiring gunsmiths to do the work.Hiring gunsmiths to do the work.

C.C. Standardized Parts.Standardized Parts.

D.D. Jigs and Fixtures.Jigs and Fixtures.

17. What did Whitney 17. What did Whitney mass produce for the mass produce for the new U.S. Government?new U.S. Government?

A.A. Muskets.Muskets.

B.B. Machine Guns.Machine Guns.

C.C. Tanks.Tanks.

D.D. The Cotton Gin.The Cotton Gin.

……is history!is history!

……and the rest…and the rest…

Did You Know…Did You Know… The first American factories were The first American factories were

Textile. They made fabric/cloth.Textile. They made fabric/cloth. The technology that these The technology that these

factories needed was in England.factories needed was in England. The English Parliament wanted The English Parliament wanted

to keep these jobs and profits in to keep these jobs and profits in England. As a result they passed England. As a result they passed laws against taking these laws against taking these inventions or their plans to the inventions or their plans to the U.S. U.S. They wouldn’t even allow They wouldn’t even allow mechanics who worked in mechanics who worked in English factories to emigrate English factories to emigrate to the U.S. !–to the U.S. !–

HOWEVER…HOWEVER…

The “Spinning Jenny”The “Spinning Jenny”

The “Water Frame”The “Water Frame”

Technology Believe It or Technology Believe It or Whatever…Whatever…

Samuel Slater, an experienced Samuel Slater, an experienced young mechanic who knew a great young mechanic who knew a great deal about the new machines deal about the new machines decided to sneak out of England decided to sneak out of England because he sympathized with the because he sympathized with the colonists.colonists.

In 1789 he left for the United In 1789 he left for the United States. He couldn’t bring drawings States. He couldn’t bring drawings or plans with him. However, he had or plans with him. However, he had an excellent memory so he an excellent memory so he memorized them. Within a year, he memorized them. Within a year, he had built the first textile mill in the had built the first textile mill in the U.S. from plans he drew U.S. from plans he drew straight straight from his headfrom his head!!

18. The first American 18. The first American factories manufactured factories manufactured what product?what product?

A.A. Muskets.Muskets.

B.B. Textiles.Textiles.

C.C. Automobiles.Automobiles.

D.D. Computers.Computers.

What made Henry Ford What made Henry Ford famous?famous? He didn’t invent the car. It was invented He didn’t invent the car. It was invented

in France – “The Lavassor” in 1889.in France – “The Lavassor” in 1889. He didn’t even make the first mass He didn’t even make the first mass

produced car in the U.S. He was beaten produced car in the U.S. He was beaten to the market by Random Eli Olds and to the market by Random Eli Olds and his Oldsmobile.his Oldsmobile.

He is best remembered for devising the He is best remembered for devising the factory assembly approach to factory assembly approach to production that revolutionized the auto production that revolutionized the auto industry by greatly reducing the time industry by greatly reducing the time required to assemble a car from 14hrs required to assemble a car from 14hrs to 1 ½ hrs, reducing the cost to 1 ½ hrs, reducing the cost dramatically.dramatically.

He perfected the “Assembly Line”He perfected the “Assembly Line”

Henry FordHenry FordHenry FordHenry Ford


Henry FordHenry FordHenry FordHenry Ford

Think About It….Think About It…. Ford was beaten to the market by R.E. Ford was beaten to the market by R.E.

Olds because he was working on an Olds because he was working on an engine that ran on a different fuel than engine that ran on a different fuel than gasoline. Olds patented the first engine gasoline. Olds patented the first engine that used gasoline in 1897, the Curved that used gasoline in 1897, the Curved Dash Oldsmobile.Dash Oldsmobile.

Ford gave up on his engine, converted to Ford gave up on his engine, converted to the gasoline engine in 1908 and in a short the gasoline engine in 1908 and in a short time out-produced Olds taking the lead in time out-produced Olds taking the lead in U.S. car manufacturing.U.S. car manufacturing.

Ford’sModel T

1908 Price - $850.001910 Price - $280.00

Ford’sModel T

1908 Price - $850.001910 Price - $280.00

The Curved Dash Oldsmobile

1907 Price - $650.00

The Curved Dash Oldsmobile

1907 Price - $650.00

19,000 made in 191019,000 made in 1910 4000 made in 19074000 made in 1907

What Fuel did Ford callWhat Fuel did Ford call“The Fuel of the Future”?“The Fuel of the Future”?

ALCOHOL (Ethyl Alcohol - Ethanol)ALCOHOL (Ethyl Alcohol - Ethanol) Made from vegetables like corn or Made from vegetables like corn or

potatoes or fruit. Renewable, burns potatoes or fruit. Renewable, burns clean, extinguishes with water. clean, extinguishes with water.

There are cars that run on alcohol There are cars that run on alcohol today.today.

So why don’t all cars use So why don’t all cars use alcohol?alcohol?

Even at $2.00 a gallon, Even at $2.00 a gallon, Gasoline is much cheaper.Gasoline is much cheaper.

IT COSTS MORE! (At least for now) Due to how IT COSTS MORE! (At least for now) Due to how little is manufactured compared to gasoline.little is manufactured compared to gasoline.

If you could go back in time If you could go back in time and stop Olds long enough and stop Olds long enough for Ford to finish an alcohol for Ford to finish an alcohol

engine what would be engine what would be different today?…different today?…

The EnvironmentThe Environment The EconomyThe Economy The WorldThe World

YOU HAVE THE SAME POWER!! YOU HAVE THE SAME POWER!!

19. Henry Ford invented 19. Henry Ford invented the automobile.the automobile.

A.A. True.True.

B.B. False.False.

20. Henry Ford 20. Henry Ford perfected the ______ perfected the ______ which allowed him to which allowed him to produce more cars at a produce more cars at a lower cost to the lower cost to the consumer.consumer.

A.A. Assembly line.Assembly line.

B.B. Interchangeable part.Interchangeable part.

C.C. Gasoline Engine.Gasoline Engine.

D.D. Installment plan.Installment plan.

21. The first mass 21. The first mass produced vehicle in the produced vehicle in the U.S. was the….U.S. was the….

A.A. Oldsmobile.Oldsmobile.

B.B. Chevrolet.Chevrolet.

C.C. Stanley Steamer.Stanley Steamer.

D.D. Ford.Ford.

22. How long did it take 22. How long did it take Ford’s manufacturing Ford’s manufacturing plant to assemble a plant to assemble a vehicle?vehicle?

A.A. 14 hrs.14 hrs.

B.B. 14 days.14 days.

C.C. 1 ½ days.1 ½ days.

D.D. 1 ½ hrs.1 ½ hrs.

The Process That Made America Great The Process That Made America Great.

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