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Transcript of THE PROBLEM - OISDoisd.brookes.ac.uk/conferences/ukindia/Strategy for...ENERGY CONSUMED IN...
1
[1] Assistant Professor[2] Postgraduate Scholar[3] Professor and HeadDepartment of Architecture & Planning, IIT Roorkee
A STRATEGY FOR SUSTAINABLE HOUSING
CONSTRUCTION IN THE SEMI-URBAN
TOWNSHIPS OF NORTH INDIA
P.S. Chani [1] , Shailja Singh [2] and S.Y. Kulkarni [3]
THE PROBLEM
CONSTRUCTION SECTOR A MAJOR CONSUMER OF ENERGY
INCREASING CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY
⇓
INCREASING REQUIREMENT OF BUILDING MATERIALS
⇓
INCREASING ENERGY REQUIREMENT
2
THE PROBLEM
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000E
NERG
Y (
x 10
^6 G
J)
ENERGY CONSUMED IN MANUFACTURING BUILDING MATERIALS#
#
Reddy, B.V.V., Embodied Energy in Buildings, Dept. of Civil Engg., IISc, Bangalore
CURRENT 2020 AD
Additional problem - topsoil
consumption to manufacture
traditional burnt clay bricks
Brick manufacturing currently
consumes top soil (upto 300
mm deep) from about 1000
sq. km. of the available arable
land annually
THE PROBLEM
3
THE PROBLEM
HOUSING CONSTRUCTION
OTHER CONSTRUCTIONS
BUILDING MATERIALS NEEDED FOR
AROUND 3.9 MILLION HOUSES NEEDED PER ANNUM FROM 2001
- 2021 AD
THIS PRESSING NEED CANNOT BE MET BY EXISTING SUPPLY
OF BUILDING MATERIALS
60%
IMPERATIVES
TO CHECK ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF
CONSTRUCTION SECTOR
AND SIMULTANEOUSLY
PROVIDE LARGER QUANTITIES OF BUILDING
MATERIALS TO MEET INCREASING DEMAND
4
IMPERATIVES
TO BE ACHIEVED BY PROVIDING ENERGY EFFICIENT SUBSTITUTES FOR CONVENTIONAL BUILDING MATERIALS
⇓⇓
POSSIBLE TO MANUFACTURE LARGER QUANTITIES OF ENERGY EFFICIENT MATERIALS WITHIN EXISTING LEVELS OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY CONSTRUCTION SECTOR
⇓⇓
THEREFORE, ESSENTIAL TO ESTIMATE ENERGYREQUIRED FOR CONSTRUCTION
ENERGY ESTIMATION IN HOUSING
TWO MAJOR CATEGORIES
1. OPERATING ENERGY COST (OEC)
ENERGY NEEDED FOR HEATING, COOLING, LIGHTING
AND OPERATING EQUIPMENT ETC
2. CONSTRUCTION ENERGY COST (CEC)
ENERGY REQUIRED FOR CONSTRUCTION
5
ENERGY ESTIMATION IN HOUSINGCONSTRUCTION ENERGY COST(CEC)
EMBODIED ENERGY COST (EEC)
Energy embedded in all building materials in a constructed structure
SECONDRY ENERGY COST (SEC)
Energy needed for:On site construction work
Installation of electrical and sanitary fixtures
Providing infrastructureWorkers engaged in the construction work
Studies undertaken by various researchers highlight:
Significance of energy needed for housing
construction
Methods of estimating this energy
EEC W.R.T. SEC
EECSEC
EEC ≅ 80% OF THE CEC ⇒ EEC MAJOR COMPONENT OF CEC
6
ENERGY ESTIMATION IN HOUSINGEEC
EECT
Sum of Embodied Energy Values (EEV) of all building materials:EEV consists of the energy needed to:Quarry raw materialTransport to manufacturing unitManufacture materialTransport finished material to distribution outlet
TECT
Sum of Transport Energy Values (TEV) of all materials required
TEV - energy needed to transport building material from distribution outlet to construction site
•EEV - Embodied energy per unit quantity of material
•TEV - Transport energy per kg of material
TOTAL TEC VS TOTAL EEC
TOTAL TEC TOTAL EEC
EEV obtained by DA/BMTPC - most comprehensive energy values for
building materials in India
EEC estimation using building elements has limited application
EEC could also be estimated by breakup of materials required in
construction, but this also cannot be directly adopted for preparing EEC
estimates
Most suitable format for estimating EEC - the detailed cost estimate
Database of basic energy values/energy rates of materials essential to
estimate the EEC, i.e., Schedule of Embodied Energy Rates
Identification of the major contributor to the EEC ⇒ what needs to be
targeted for maximum energy saving ⇒ use of alternative building
materials
7
BOQ OR
DETAILED COST ESTIMATE
MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR CONSTRUCTION
EEV
EECT
EER
METHODOLOGY
ESTIMATION OF EECT
Using the format of the detailed building estimate
A detailed estimate requires:
1. Drawings of the Building/Project
2. Specifications of the Items of Work
3. Schedule of Rates
⇓
SCHEDULE OF RATES ~ SCHEDULE OF ENERGY RATES
8
Embodied Energy Values (EEV)
Embodied Energy Rate (EER)
0.00cum-Fine sand3.6.70kg-Cement2.4.50nos22.9x11.4x7.6Traditional brick1.
EEV (MJ/Unit)
UnitSize (Dim. in cm)
Building MaterialS.No.
2641.75MJ/cum
2223.00
418.75
4.50
1675.00
494
0.25
nos
cum
1st class bricks
Cement mortar 1:6
Masonry Work1st class brick work in foundations & plinth in cement mortar 1:6 (1 cement : 6 coarse sand)(Details for 1 cum)
2.2.15.
1675.00MJ/cum
1675.00
0.00
6.70
0.00
250.00
1.07
kg
cum
Cement
Fine sand
Mortar WorkCement mortar 1:6 (1cement: 6 coarse sand)(Details for 1 cum)
1.22.
EER (MJ/Unit)
Energy Value (MJ)
Energy Value
(MJ/Unit)
Qty.UnitMaterialsDescription of Item of Work
Item Code No.#
METHODOLOGYComputation of EECT using Embodied Energy Rates (EER)
EECT = EEC1 + EEC2 + EEC3 + EEC4 + EEC5
where EEC1 = EEC for masonry work
EEC2 = EEC for concrete work
EEC3 = EEC for RCC work
EEC4 = EEC for Flooring
EEC5 = EEC for Finishing
9
143.60Residence of Y.P. Sharma at Plot No. J-25, II Phase Development, BHEL Yojna, Ranipur, Hardwar
10132.63Single Storeyed Residence9104.68
Residence for Shri R.K. Bansal at Plot No. K-112, II Phase Development, BHEL Yojna, Ranipur, Hardwar
8
104.48Residence of O.N.Vidyarathi at II Phase Development, BHEL Yojna, Ranipur, Hardwar
778.66Dwelling Unit with Three Rooms6
73.13Principal’s Residence , Navodaya Vidyalaya5
54.96Staff Residence, Navodaya Vidyalaya – a Block of Two Units4
52.68Dwelling Unit with Two Rooms and a Front Verandah336.35
Dwelling Unit with One Room, a Bathroom and a Front Verandah
2
23.64Dwelling - One Room and a Front Verandah1
FA (sqm)
DescriptionProject No.
LIST OF PROJECTS
INFERENCESINFERENCES
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10PROJECT NO.
PER
CEN
TAG
E B
REA
KU
P O
F EE
C
EEC - MASONRY WORK EEC - CONCRETE WORK EEC - RCC WORK
EEC - FLOORING EEC - FINISHING
BREAKUP OF THE EEC
10
INFERENCESINFERENCES
ENERGY SHARE OF BRICKS AND STEEL IN THE EEC
BRICKS AND STEEL REMAINING MATERIALS
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
RE M AI NI NG CI V I L WORK
M ASONRY AND RCC WORK
CONTRIBUTION OF MASONRY & RCC WORK IN EECT
ENERGY SHARE OF BRICKS IN MASONRY
WORK
BRICKS REMAINING MATERIALS
ALTERNATIVESMasonry Units Mortar Mixes
1. Traditional bricks(22.9cm x 11.4cm x 7.6cm)
a. Lime mortar 1:1:1(1 lime putty: 1 flyash: 1 fine sand)
2. Modular bricks(20cm x 10cm x 10cm)
b. Cement mortar 1:3(1 cement: 3 fine sand)
3. Clay flyash bricks(20cm x 10cm x 10cm)
c. Cement mortar 1:4(1 cement: 4 fine sand)
4. Sand lime bricks(20cm x 10cm x 10cm)
d. Cement mortar 1:5(1 cement: 5 fine sand)
5. Hollow concrete blocks(40cm x 20cm x 10cm)
e. Cement mortar 1:6(1 cement: 6 fine sand)
6. Hollow concrete blocks(40cm x 20cm x 20cm)
f. Composite mortar 1:1:6(1 cement: 1 lime putty: 6 fine sand)
7. Aerated concrete blocks(40cm x 20cm x 20cm)
g. Composite mortar 1:1:7(1 cement: 1 lime putty: 7 fine sand)
8. Solid concrete blocks(30cm x 20cm x 15cm)
h. Composite mortar 1:1:8(1 cement: 1 lime putty: 8 fine sand)
9. Fal-G blocks(30cm x 20cm x 15cm)
i. Composite mortar 1:2:9(1 cement: 2 lime putty: 9 fine sand)
11
ALTERNATIVESDROP IN EEC USING ALTERNATIVES
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
EEC
IN
%
MASONRY IN TRADITIONAL BRICKSMASONRY USING FAL-G BLOCKS,CLAY FLYASH BRICKSMASONRY USING HOLLOW AND AERATED BLOCKS
ALTERNATIVESEnergy savings achieved in masonry work by using hollow blocks
and aerated blocks vis-à-vis traditional bricks because:
Size of blocks: Blocks larger in size ⇒ only 63 nos. of each type of
block required per cum of masonry work
As against
494 nos. of traditional bricks ⇒ their contribution to the EER of
masonry work is substantially less.
Saving in mortar volume: Larger size of the blocks ⇒ reduction in
number of mortar joints required per cum of masonry work ⇒ further
reduction in the EER of masonry work
12
IN CONCLUSION• Clear shift towards concrete based products for walling in some parts
of India
• Significant shift of about 11%, over the last decades; this figure expected to grow very rapidly, particularly in the large cities
⇓
• Especially true in areas where suitable clay for manufacturing traditional bricks are not available; in many of these areas concrete block are already replacing bricks.
• Manufacture of concrete blocks can be ideally combined with stone crushers ⇒ utilisation stone dust and chips (> 10 mm), which is otherwise a waste.
• Integrating concrete block production utilising stone dust is one way of immediately mitigating the effects of air pollution that this waste is creating
IN CONCLUSION
Clay flyash bricks and Fal-G blocks immensely useful as they utilise
flyash - an ecological hazard.
Flyash replaces clay by upto 40% in clay flyash bricks ⇒ reducing the
consumption of clay ⇒ Saving precious top soil ⇒ greater quantity of
brick production (by upto 40%) from the same quantity of soil.
Flyash also has a small calorific content due to the unburnt carbon left
behind as a residue ⇒ This carbon aids the firing of clay flyash bricks
in the kiln ⇒ reduced energy requirement in their firing ⇒ saving coal
upto 3-5 tonnes per 100,000 bricks.
Amongst mortars, 1:6 cement mortar (1 cement: 6 fine sand) has the
least EER
13
SATELLITE IMAGE OF ROORKEE
SEMI URBAN TOWNSHIP DEVELOPMENT
14
DRYING BEDS OF RIVER SOLANI
DRYIN BEDS OF RIVER SOLANI
RECOMMENDATIONSAnother major advantage - saving in top soil used in manufacturing traditional bricksConcrete blocks a suitable replacement, particularly in areas where stone or stone aggregates are available in abundance
15
RECOMMENDATIONSTraditional brick masonry work must be replaced by
suitable alternatives to achieve a substantial reduction
in the EEC of housing construction
⇓
This will help in producing larger quantities of masonry
units within the existing energy levels
Moreover, the use of materials like clay flyash bricks and
Fal-G blocks will help in dealing with the ecological
problem of flyash
END OF PRESENTATION
THANK YOU