The Principles of Good Metadata Managementgisteac/proceedingsonline... · · 2003-01-23The...

Intra-governmental Groupon Geographic Information

The Principles of GoodMetadata Management

The Principles of Good

Metadata Management

January 2002

This guide, version 1.0, dated 1st December 2001, was prepared by the IGGIWorking Group on Metadata Implementation. Thanks to Jeremy Giles (BGS) andhis team, Maewyn Cummings (Office of the e-Envoy), James Denman (ONS),Roger Gale (AGI), Cathy Greenall (EA), Adrian Laughton (DTLR) and MikeTurner (DTLR), for their considerable efforts in putting together this guide.Thanks also to David Lowe (BGS) for editing the document.

Further copies of this report are available from:Department for Transport, Local Government and the RegionsIGGI Secretariat3/H9 Eland HouseBressenden PlaceLondon SW1E 5DUTelephone 020 7944 5523Fax: 020 7944 5519e-mail: [email protected] service http://www.dtlr.gov.uk/

© Crown Copyright 2002

Copyright in the typographical arrangement and design vests in the Crown.

Extracts of this publication may be made for non-commercial in-house use, subject to thesource being acknowledged.

Applications for reproduction should be made in writing to The Copyright Unit, HerMajesty’s Stationery Office, St Clements House, 1-16 Colegate, Norwich NR3 1BQ.

The Principles of Good Metadata Management

FOREWORDBy Peter Capell, IGGI ChairmanAs part of our commitment within IGGI to encourage best practicewhen dealing with government geographic information, theGeographical Information Charter Standard Statement and ThePrinciples of Good Data Management booklets were produced.Although these guides contain reference to metadata management,we believe that the growing use of spatial data coupled with thedisparate sources of data has made metadata managementincreasingly important, and as such is worthy of a dedicated guide.

An IGGI working group was established last year with the purposeof preparing this guide and ensuring that processes are in place forthe initial input and maintenance of reliable metadata for retrievalthrough the IGGI node of the askGIraffe Data Locator. If themetadata policies recommended in this leaflet are followed, userscan have both confidence and consistency in the data they are usingand exchanging with their colleagues throughout centralgovernment.

I would like to thank the members of the group chaired by JeremyGiles from British Geological Survey for their hard work and thecommitment involved in completing the guide.


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CONTENTS1. Purpose of this guide 5

2. What are Metadata? 5

3. Why do we need Metadata? 7

Key drivers for the creation of Metadata 7Benefits of good Metadata 8

Benefits to information managers 8Benefits to data brokers/intermediaries 9Benefits to users and customers 10Benefits to citizens 10

4. Principles of Metadata management 10

Establishing a Metadata Policy 10Adopting a Metadata Standard 11Initial compilation of the Metadata 12Maintenance of Metadata 13

Maintenance of Metadata standard 14Maintenance of Metadata content 14

5. Key roles in Metadata implementation 15

Metadata Policy Champion 15Metadata Steward 16Metadata Compiler/Maintainer 16

6. Metadata Policy 17

Preamble 17Metadata Compilation 17Metadata Stewardship 18Metadata use and exchange 19

7. Further guidance 19

8. Feedback 20

Glossary of Terms 20

World Wide Web URLs 26


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1. Purpose of this guideGovernment organisations collect, generate, store and use largeamounts of data that have been obtained at considerable cost. Manyof these data are spatial in that they are referenced to geographicallocations, such as points, lines or areas.

The guide, entitled “Geographic Information: A Charter StandardStatement”, published by the Intra-governmental Group onGeographic Information (IGGI) in September 2000, sets out thestandards of information handling good practice that users canexpect1. Many individual organisations have used this broadframework as the basis for their own geographic information policystatement.

An element of the Charter Standard states that Governmentalorganisations should “… provide up to date, accurate information aboutwhat data are available and their characteristics. Ideally making thisinformation accessible through the Association of Geographic Information(AGI) Data Locator2”. The collection, management and disseminationof appropriate Metadata can help to achieve this goal. This guideprovides officials responsible for information handling with generalguidance on managing Metadata. The guide has been produced forthose responsible for geographic information, although the Metadatamanagement principles are equally relevant to other types ofgovernment data.

2. What are Metadata?At their simplest, Metadata are data about data. A good Metadatarecord enables the user of a dataset to understand the content theyare reviewing, its potential and its limitations. Metadata describethe summary information or characteristics of a set of data. In thearea of geospatial information or information with a geographic


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component, this normally means the What, Who, Where, Whenand How of the data. The only major difference that exists from themany other Metadatasets being collected for libraries, academia,professions and elsewhere, is the emphasis on the spatial component– or the Where element.

To facilitate exchange of Metadata between users, a number ofstandards have been developed and implemented. At the heart ofmost of these ‘standards’ is the Dublin Core Metadata Standard3.This is a simple but effective way of describing a wide range ofdatasets and other resources. The datasets are described using anumber of elements such as ‘Title’, ‘Description’, ‘Creator’, etc. Atotal of fifteen elements complete a Dublin Core record. The DublinCore aims to be light weight for describing Metadata and, as such,has only one element that can be used for spatial location; i.e.‘Coverage’. However, this is too limiting for a full GeospatialMetadata System.

Extensions to the Dublin Core to support geospatial informationhave been developed in Australia, Europe, New Zealand, the UKand the USA. The UK geospatial Metadata standard is the NationalGeospatial Data Framework, Discovery Metadata Guidelines4. TheNGDF standard supports the use of geographic co-ordinates todescribe the spatial location of datasets.

As with most other national and regional geospatial Metadatastandards, the NGDF will migrate to the ISO Metadata Standardwhen the latter is ratified in the near future.

The Cabinet Office, on behalf of the UK Government, hasrecognised the value of information as a key resource. They havepublished the e-Government Metadata Framework (e-GMF)5,which sets out the Government’s policies for establishing andimplementing Metadata standards across the UK public sector. Thee-GMF has adopted the Dublin Core as the foundation of itsstandard, but is intending to extend this with additional elements.


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This guide covers only the key aspects of Metadata Management.From time to time other, more detailed guidance and example ofbest practice may be posted on the IGGI Web site6.

3. Why do we need Metadata?Governmental organisations, including a wide range of agencies,manage a huge resource of irreplaceable geographic information.Metadata are an indispensable tool for locating information withinorganisations. These data are potentially usable by a wide range ofusers and there are increasing pressures on, and desire by,organisations to disseminate information about the datasets thatthey manage. Examples of these pressures are identified below.

KEY DRIVERS FOR THE CREATION OF METADATA

• The increasing number of legal and political directives and otherobligations, including European directives, Government policiesand departmental guidance that impact on the management ofdata and the service to customers. Examples include the DataProtection and Freedom of Information acts, the Public RecordsAct, Crown Copyright, and the “Building Trust In Statistics”White Paper.

• The strong direction from the Modernising Governmentprogramme of work, and particularly the strategy for InformationAge Government, to improve services and make more effectiveuse of Government information resources.


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• Increasing recognition that Government departments holdingdata collected at public expense must make proper informationavailable about the data assets held, in order to realise their fullpotential and justify their considerable production andmaintenance costs.

• Increasing pressure from customers for easier and quicker accessto the right information, at little or no charge.

• Desire for a clear understanding of the Intellectual PropertyRights (IPR) to be well documented, and for this information tobe associated clearly with the resource.

• Identification of datasets that are suitable for the plannedpurpose.

• To support effective organisational data management procedures.

BENEFITS OF GOOD METADATA

The implementation of Metadata management policies andprocedures will produce the following benefits:

Benefits to Information Managers

• Provide an asset register of the key datasets managed by thedepartment/agency.

• Provide a mechanism for maintaining and auditing the keydatasets managed by the organisation.

• Facilitate communication of the extent and range of the datasetsin their care to the staff in their organisation, and staff in othergovernment bodies, business and the citizen.


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• Enable an understanding of datasets held by other organisationsto be developed.

• Prevent the re-creation of a dataset previously compiled byanother organisation.

• Enable the enhancement of an existing dataset, rather than re-creating the dataset, thus reducing collection costs.

• Facilitate the tracking of compliance with data and information“laws”.

• Enable the context in which data were collected to be retainedwith the dataset, so that appropriate and meaningful re-use ofthe data can be made in the future.

• Reduce the risk of datasets being devalued when knowledgeabout them is lost due to resignation, promotion, redundancy orrelocation of key staff.

Benefits to data brokers/intermediaries

• Enables a clear understanding of the opportunities available tobe developed.

• Facilitates the integration of diverse government datasets toproduce new value-added products that benefit business and thecitizen.

• Empower business and the citizen to exploit governmentdatasets for information and knowledge that can supporteconomic growth.


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Benefits to users and customers

• Provision of gateways to search Metadata nodes by theme, forexample, by geography or national statistics.

• Faster access to Metadata and to the discovery and acquisition ofinformation.

Benefits to citizens

• Potentially generates income to support the costs of maintaininggovernment datasets.

• Potentially reduces costs of government by making keyinformation easier to find and reducing the risk of duplicatedatasets being collected at public expense.

• Provides knowledge of the information collected by governmentto fulfil its statutory duties and other roles.

• Demonstrates that government bodies are meeting theirobligations under the Information Age Government programme.

4. Principles of Metadatamanagement

ESTABLISHING A METADATA POLICY

The first and most significant step for any organisation wishing toimplement systematic, organisation-wide Metadata is to define aMetadata Policy. This is a set of broad, high-level principles thatform the guiding framework within which the Metadata


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management can operate. This Policy must be adopted formally bysenior management, and supported by appropriate resources andauthority.

The Metadata Policy would normally be a subsidiary policy of theorganisational Data Policy Statement, and as such should referencethe same.

Experience has shown that Metadata Policy implementation musthave backing at the highest level within an organisation. Thecompilation of an individual Metadata record by a single individual,who has knowledge and experience of the dataset, is a trivial task.However, the management overhead of convincing many busy staffacross a single organisation that they should individually providethis information is considerable. A clear high-level directive isabsolutely essential.

It is essential that such policy statements have a Policy Championwho will own the Policy at Executive level within an organisation.They have the responsibility for ensuring compliance within theorganisation and identifying the resources required to develop andmaintain the Metadata resource.

ADOPTING A METADATA STANDARD

During the past few decades many bodies have recommendedMetadata standards. Many of these have much commonality, butvary in the degree of complexity and the level of detail required tocomplete an entry. The International Standards Organisation (ISO)has been developing an international standard for some years, but atthe time of preparation (December 2001) this has not been ratified.

When choosing a standard to adopt for an organisation it is essentialto identify the Metadata portals on which the information will be


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published. This is to ensure that all the mandatory informationrequired by these portals is collected during the initial compilationof Metadata.

IGGI supports the National Geospatial Data Framework (NGDF)Standard7, and recommends strongly that all UK geographicallyreferenced Metadata should be made available through the AGIsupported askGIraffe Data Locator8. Other applicable standards forUK government bodies include Inforoute9, which provides directaccess to the Government’s Information Assets Register. In May2001 the Office of the e-Envoy published the e-GovernmentMetadata Framework (e-GMF)10. This standard is modelled on theDublin Core Standard but also includes the development of aGovernment Category List (GCL) to facilitate searching. However,both Inforoute and e-GMF lack any form of spatial referencing,limiting their applicability to geographical information.

INITIAL COMPILATION OF THE METADATA

The first major task following the adoption of a standard is toinitiate compilation of Metadata across the department/agency. Thisis best done as a single project to identify all data assets and assignknowledgeable individuals to complete the Metadata entry. Ideally,a nominated Metadata Steward who reports to the Metadata PolicyChampion will manage the project. Key factors to consider include:

• Metadata compilation should be a thorough process that builds acomprehensive description of the datasets available within anorganisation. Metadata must be compiled from all parts of theorganisation. The role of the Metadata Steward is key here inensuring that an overview is maintained. There must be nosignificant omissions, despite excuses, which typically include:


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– Other higher priorities;– Overwork;– Confidential nature of dataset content;– Lack of staff;– Unnecessary bureaucratic overhead;– No confidence in the process.

The role of the Policy Champion is essential here in ensuringcompliance.

• Metadata are essentially free-text, and these must be editedformally, as with any other potentially external publication.

• An overview must be maintained to ensure that free-textelements are presented to a consistent organisational standardand format. Consistency of approach is essential in ensuring anacceptable product.

• Other elements of Metadata may be subject to a controlled setof permissible values that may be part of an external or internaldata standard, e.g. Government Category List.

• A framework for the maintenance of controlled permissiblevalues must be in place. This can be simplified by adopting astandard external to the organisation. However, extensivespecialist lists of permissible values are unlikely to be available.

MAINTENANCE OF METADATA

Once the Metadata for an organisation has been compiled it isessential that they are maintained actively. Otherwise the currency,and thus use, of the Metadata will degrade with time. Maintenanceis required on several levels and these each need to be considered.To realise the full potential of Metadata it is necessary that the


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Metadata are maintained over long periods. Even with investmentin technically sophisticated search tools, such systems will find littleuser acceptance if the data are incomplete or not up-to-date. Hence,following initial Metadata compilation, the subsequent Metadatamaintenance is of major importance. The role of the MetadataSteward is essential in ensuring that maintenance is consistentlycarried out over a long period.

Maintenance of Metadata standard

• Ensure on an annual basis that the Metadata standard adoptedby the organisation hasn’t been modified, reissued or withdrawn.

• Consider revisions to government policy on Metadata on anannual basis, and amend organisation implementationsaccordingly.

• Review annually whether the Metadata standard continues tomeet the organisation’s needs, or whether emerginginternational standards are more appropriate.

• Review any emerging standards that offer the opportunity forwider dissemination of the Metadata, and amend organisationimplementations accordingly.

Maintenance of Metadata content

• Ensure that maintenance of Metadata is co-ordinated by thePolicy Champion, who has the appropriate level ofresponsibility, management authority and resources required forthe task.

• Ensure that the contact details (a component of the ‘publisher’element under the Dublin Core) for a dataset or other resourceis maintained on a monthly basis. Nothing is more frustrating


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for a potential user than to find that the contact details areobsolete, yet such obsolescence can happen in a short period dueto staff resignations, redundancies, promotions or relocation.

• Ensure that the full record is reviewed and re-validated annually.

• Document dates on which individual Metadata records werereviewed and re-validated within the Metadata collection. Thiswill allow easy maintenance management and provide users withan indicator of the currency of the record.

• Establish an organisation procedure for ensuring that all newlycreated datasets generate new Metadata records. This should bean element of the department/agency Data Policy.

• Seek external review of the efficacy of the organisationMetadata as a data locator tool and use this as a measure ofsuccess/failure.

5. Key roles in Metadataimplementation

METADATA POLICY CHAMPION

The Metadata Policy Champion has a key role in theimplementation of Metadata within the organisation. The MetadataPolicy Champion is the owner of the Policy within thedepartment/agency. S/he is an Executive within the organisationand has the authority and resources required to implement andmaintain Metadata. This role is key, as successful Metadataimplementation requires management authority from the highestlevel within the organisation. It cannot be, and must not be, a


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bottom-up process. The Metadata Policy Champion is essential inensuring that a uniform coverage of Metadata is created for theorganisation, rather than the patchy coverage that would inevitablyresult from a bottom-up process.

METADATA STEWARD

The Metadata Steward is responsible for the day-to-daymanagement of the organisation’s Metadata resource. S/he isresponsible for ensuring that the Metadata collected iscomprehensive and meets the standards adopted for theorganisation. They are also responsible for routine maintenance ofthe Metadata. They must ensure that the Metadata is kept up-to-date and that routine validation of datasets contact and annualvalidations of Metadata records take place. They should also beactively involved in reviewing the Metadata standards adopted bythe organisation.

Where they encounter opposition within the organisation, theyshould liaise with the Metadata Policy Champion and call upon theauthority of that role to enable them to complete their task.

METADATA COMPILER/MAINTAINER

The Metadata Compiler/Maintainer is responsible for the creationand maintenance of individual Metadata records. S/he is normally adataset manager who has a detailed knowledge of the dataset and isin the best position to compile the Metadata record. They are alsoable to maintain the record on an annual basis.

It is the responsibility of the Metadata Steward to ensure that theyare aware of the identity of the Metadata Compiler/Maintainer foreach record. This is best done on a monthly basis to ensure that


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resignations, promotions or relocations of key staff have not takenplace unnoticed. Where a Metadata compiler/maintainer has movedon it is the role of the Metadata Steward to ensure that a newMetadata Compiler/Maintainer is appointed who has, or can rapidlyacquire, an overview of the dataset involved.

6. Metadata PolicyIGGI has prepared the following model Metadata Policy Statement,which Government organisations may wish to use or adapt to meettheir individual needs.

PREAMBLE

The Organisational Data Policy Statement requires the compilationand maintenance of appropriate Metadata for all datasets andassociated resources created, used and managed by the organisation.This subsidiary policy statement relates purely to the creation,stewardship, use and exchange of Metadata. Ideally theorganisation’s Metadata Policy should be published on the web site.

METADATA COMPILATION

• All projects and other activities that give rise to, or otherwiseacquire, substantial datasets are required to create and maintainmetadata records relating to those datasets.

• The Metadata should be compiled to the Metadata standard thathas been adopted by the organisation. Metadata for datasets thatcontain spatial referencing should follow the NGDF standard.

• Metadata compilers should use only approved thesauri ofpermissible values.


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• Initial Metadata compilation on all new datasets or otherappropriate resources should be completed within one month oftheir first acquisition.

• It is the responsibility of the organisation’s Metadata PolicyChampion to ensure that the Metadata are compiled. Day-to-day management of the activity is normally delegated to theMetadata Steward.

METADATA STEWARDSHIP

• Metadata collections will be managed closely, with clearresponsibility for their stewardship, and with a named individualmade accountable for ensuring Metadata stewardship proceduresare followed.

• Metadata will be held securely, and adequate provision will bemade for their long-term care, for security and for disasterrecovery.

• All Metadata will be validated and quality checked before beingused or otherwise disseminated.

• Easy access to Metadata will be provided, both for staff and forbona fide ‘customers’. Ideally this should be done using theaskGIraffe data locator.

• Metadata standards should be reviewed annually to ensure thatthe currently adopted standard continues fully to meet the needsof the organisation.

• Metadata content should be reviewed by the compiler (or theirsuccessor) on an annual basis.


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METADATA USE AND EXCHANGE

• Adequate provision will be made to allow the widest possiblepublic access to the Metadata.

• Only in exceptional circumstances will information about theexistence of a dataset or other resource be withheld.

• The organisation will be proactive in disseminating its Metadatathrough appropriate Internet Metadata Portals and otherdissemination opportunities.

• Clear ‘cross-walks’ will be established between organisationalMetadata standards and the Metadata standards of bodiesthrough which the Metadata are disseminated, to ensureminimal corruption of content.

7. Further guidanceThis guide is intended to provide an introduction to the principlesof good Metadata Management and has been prepared with the helpof a number of organisations that have already benefited fromadopting these principles. IGGI will continue to support the use ofgood Data Management principles and will, where possible, providedetailed guidance on the web site.

This detailed guidance will take the form of proven guidelines, madeavailable by IGGI members. Comments on this guide and on thedetailed guidance are welcomed, and these can be made on theIGGI web site11.


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8. FeedbackMetadata are a rapidly evolving field. It is anticipated that futureeditions of this document will be produced disseminating bestpractise as it develops. Feedback would be welcome and should besent to Jeremy Giles ([email protected]).

Glossary of TermsAGI: Association for Geographic Information.

askGIraffe: An AGI managed web site that offers avariety of information about Metadata andtools for locating and integrating Metadata.

BGS: British Geological Survey.

Data Management: A generic term that embraces the whole rangeof activities carried out by individuals in theroles described below. These activities include:Data Policy; Data Protection; Data Security;Data Documentation and MetadataCompilation; Data Standardisation andHarmonisation; Data Retention andArchiving; Quality Assurance, RecordsManagement, Legislative Compliance,Copyright Control, etc, etc.

Data Owners: The individuals or groups of individuals whoare held managerially and financiallyaccountable for a dataset and who have legalownership rights to a dataset even though thatdataset may have been collected/collated/disseminated by another party.


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Data Policy Individual who is responsible for theManager: development and promotion of the Data

Management Policy.

Data Policy: A set of broad, high-level principles that formthe guiding framework within which DataManagement can operate.

Data Sponsors: Are individuals or groups of individuals whocommission the collection, compilation orproduction of datasets. Data Sponsors may, inaddition, be the Owners of such datasets,especially if they provide the funding for suchcollection or production efforts.

Data Stewards or Individuals with a specific guardianshipData Custodians: responsibility with respect to datasets.

Their concern relates specifically to thesecurity and confidentiality requirementsembodied in legislation such as the DataProtection Act and the Public Records Actthat lay down rules and procedures for thesafe-keeping of datasets. Because DataCustodians or Data Stewards do notnecessarily have managerial or financialresponsibility for the datasets they guard, theycan be different individuals to the DataOwners. They should be aware of the qualityof the datasets for which they are responsible.

Data: A collection of facts, concepts or instructions,held in a formalised manner suitable forcommunication or processing by humanbeings or by computer.


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DEFRA: Department of Environment, Food and RuralAffairs

DTLR: Department of Transport, Local Governmentand the Regions

Dublin Core: The Dublin Core is a metadata standardpromoted by the Dublin Core MetadataInitiative (www.dublincore.org).

E-GMF: The e-Government Metadata Framework setsout the Government’s policies for establishingand implementing Metadata standards acrossthe public sector.

EA: Environment Agency.

Gateway: An interface between some external source ofinformation and a World Wide Web server.In this instance a gateway is a web-enabledsearch mechanism that allows users to searcha distributed network of directory nodes.

GCL: The Government Category List is a type ofcontrolled vocabulary called a taxonomy, foruse in choosing Subject metadata. There is aheading in the List for all the main subjectson which the UK public bodies provideservices or information. Choosing the rightheading is the key to finding the informationyou want. The GCL will provide the directorystructure for applications such as the publicinterface of UK Online. GCL terms in themetadata of all government resources willdrive automatic categorisation by the portal


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directories, and will make it much easier forcitizens to browse or navigate through theservices and information on offer.

Geographic Information about objects or phenomena thatInformation: are associated with a location relative to the

surface of the Earth.

GICSS: The Geographic Information CharterStandard Statement is designed to promotethe effective use of geographic informationheld by government. The statement provides abroad framework, within which individualorganisations may issue their own geographicinformation policy statements.

IGGI: The Intra-governmental Group onGeographic Information. Its mission is to“increase the efficiency of central government,while enabling it to meet its responsibilitiesfor provision of geographic information to thegeneral public”.

Information Age Exploiting information and communicationGovernment: technologies to transform public services.

Metadata Policy The Metadata Policy Champion will be anChampion: individual at the Executive level within the

organisation who will ‘own’ the MetadataPolicy. S/he will ensure that the necessaryresources are secured and the benefits realised.S/he will have the authority to ensure that thevalue of Metadata is recognised across theorganisation.


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Metadata Record: A full set of structured relevant Metadata,comprising all relevant elements, describingone information resource. A Metadata Recordcan take many forms:

• as part of the main information resourceitself, e.g. the Metadata of an XML file

• a completely separate record held apart fromthe information resource itself and even in adifferent format e.g. an automated librarycatalogue

• an electronic file held as an extension of themain resource e.g. the ‘format’ file of Worddocument.

Metadata: Metadata is the term used to describe thesummary information or characteristics of a setof data. In the area of geospatial informationor information with a geographic componentthis normally means the What, Who, Where,When and How of the data. The only majordifference that exists from the many otherMetadata sets being collected for libraries,academia, professions and elsewhere is theemphasis on the spatial component – or theWhere element.

NGDF: The National Geospatial Data Framework isthe name given to the UK geospatial datainfrastructure. Its aim is to facilitate theunlocking of geospatial information throughenabling better awareness of data availability,improving access to the data and integrating


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data by encouraging the use of appropriatestandards.

ONS: Office for National Statistics.

Thesaurus: A controlled vocabulary designed to supportinformation retrieval by guiding both theperson assigning Metadata and the searcher tochoose the same terms for the same concepts.A thesaurus conforming to ISO 2788 (=BS5723) supports navigation and term selectionby showing relationships between terms thatare close in meaning.

The thesaurus can help to ensure:

• concepts are described in a consistentmanner

• experienced users are easily able to refinethe searches to locate information

• users do not need to be familiar withtechnical or local terminology.

UKSGB: United Kingdom Standard Geographic Base

URL: Universal Resource Locator – technical namefor a WWW address such as www.bgs.ac.uk


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World Wide Web URLsThe following Endnotes are URLs referenced in the text. They arelisted in the order in which they occur in the document.

1 www.iggi.gov.uk/achievements_deliverables/pdf/statement.pdf

2 www.askgiraffe.org.uk

3 www.dublincore.org/documents/2001/04/12/usageguide/

4 www.ngdf.org.uk

5 www.govtalk.gov.uk/documents/e-GIF2/UK_Metadata_Framework_v1.pdf

6 www.iggi.gov.uk

7 www.ngdf.org.uk

8 http://datalocator.askgiraffe.org.uk/

9 http://www.inforoute.hmso.gov.uk/

10 www.govtalk.gov.uk

11 www.iggi.gov.uk


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© Crown Copyright 2002

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