The preliminary population assessment of Green … Preliminary Population... · The Preliminary...

The Preliminary Population Assessment of Green

Peafowl in Central Myanmar

Dr. Thiri Dae We Aung, Lay Win, Saw Moses

Biodiversity and Nature Conservation Association

December, 2013

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Preliminary population assessment of Green Peafowl in Central Myanmar Dr. Thiri Dae We Aung

Table of Contents Pages

1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 2

2. Aims of the Survey .......................................................................................................................... 2

3. Methods .......................................................................................................................................... 3

4. Result .............................................................................................................................................. 5

5. Threats ............................................................................................................................................ 6

6. Discussion ........................................................................................................................................ 7

7. Recommendation ............................................................................................................................ 7

8. References ...................................................................................................................................... 8

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1. Introduction

Green Peafowl Pavo muticus is listed as "Endangered" by IUCN (IUCN 2009), is on Appendix II of the Convention on Trade in Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna (CITIES). This species used to be common to uncommon in Myanmar especially in the south, west and north during the last 35 years but after 1990 it status became rare.

There were ornithological surveys conducted in various locations throughout Myanmar during the last 10 years. Out of that surveys of the lowlands of Kachin State between 2003 and 2004 found Green Peafowl in three locations in the Hukaung Valley. The first was along the Tanai River in November 2003 and December 2004. The second location was on the banks of the Nat Kaung River in Warazup area between October and November 2005. The final location was in the Kamaing area in October 2005. These areas are in and around the Hukaung Tiger reserve which is probably the largest protected area for conservation of tiger. Although included in the protected area system of Myanmar, high level of hunting has been reported and some of the protected area has been converted to agriculture land. Therefore the habitats of Green Peafowl are fragmented making it more vulnerable to hunting. During the last 10 years this is the only reliable information of Green Peafowl from Myanmar.

This species has also has a historical record in central and south Myanmar but no ornithologist has studied the status of its population in these areas during the last 30 years.

But the last decade has seen the dramatic decline of their population. It was mainly due to intense habitat conversion to agriculture and high hunting levels. Many good un-spoilt habitats have been destructed and fragmented due to conversion to large estates of rubber, oil palm, sugar cane and tapioca. What used to be un-spoilt pristine forests were fragmented. Due to this these birds became an easy target to hunt. Now its status has rapidly climbed from vulnerable to endangered within a few years. The current estimate of the world population is between 10,000-19,999 individuals and declining according to BirdLife International (2011), this is despite the availability of suitable habitat in parts of its geographic range (Brickle et al., 2008). The 2000-2005 Action Plan for pheasants outlines conservation targets for the green peafowl. These include carrying out distribution and status surveys in Myanmar and Cambodia, advocating the establishment of additional protected areas in Yunnan and Vietnam, and conducting wide-ranging public awareness programmes highlighting the vulnerability of Green Peafowl to hunting pressure and trade of its feathers (Fuller & Garson, 2000). Since the publication of this Action Plan, several status and distribution surveys in Cambodia have already been carried out. In this study we conducted field work at the Nature Reserve in order to better understand the green peafowl’s distribution and status in the protected areas.

2. Aims of the Survey

The survey aimed to:

• Estimate the population in a particular habitat within a particular period

• Update the population status of that species in central Myanmar

• Identify key area for Green Peafowl

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3. Methods

Surveying was carried out between April and May 2013. This survey used Green Peafowl calls as primary tool to investigating the distribution and habitat use of the species. The calls of Green Peafowl are very loud and easily audible in good conditions at distance up to about a kilometer. The survey was timed to take place at a period of maximum calling in the breeding season when mature males are in open competition for female and territory.

The point count method was used to record Green Peafowl in along paths, roads and rivers to get information and habitat in suitable areas by using the knowledge of local villagers. The geographic coordinates for each point were documented using hand-held Global Positioning System. Photos were taken. The type of forest and habitat were recorded. All birds and other species were also recorded.

The following materials were used-

1. GPS

i) Garmin 60 Cx

ii) Etrex GPS

2. Binoculars

i) Nikon 8 x 42, Nikon vision JAPAN BY- 017574

ii) Bosma 8x 42

3. Cameras

i) Canon EOS 1000D

ii) OLYMPUS SP800 UZ

iii) Canon IXUS 210

4. MP4 Recorder

5. Note books and pencils

The geographic coordinates for each location were recorded using GPS. Birds and other animals observed and heard were also recorded. Human activities, threats and impact were noted. The information from another area was collected.

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Fig 1. The survey area of Green Peafowl

Fig 2. The location of Green Peafowl

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4. Result

The survey was done in three sites: total of 19 locations in site I, six locations in site II and 12

locations in sites III. It was recorded which three locations by hearing and by getting feather, five sites

by getting information and one site by sighting. The results of each study area are mentioned in the

following. (Appendix 1)

4.1 Site I (North Zamayi Reserve Forest, Thayarwaddy Region)

A total of 39 survey points in 19 sites were surveyed. Among them, 7 sites were recorded by

sighting, hearing calls, getting information and feathers. All of studies were deciduous forest and

cultivation with the range of altitude 88 – 347 m.

Seven birds were feeding in cultivation of Htan Pin Kone village in North Zamayi Reserve Forest.

According to the information of local villagers in , these birds feed the rice in this cultivation every

morning. They usually feed the remaining paddy after harvesting.

We have got the information from the interview surveys. The information was recorded from three

villages. One is from Kyi Pin village and used to find in three years ago. Information was from

ThaminKaToak village and Moe Thauk village is that the Green Peafowl can be found in raining

season.

The survey team heard the call of Green Peafowl in two sites. One was near the cultivation in

Thayarwady and another one was six times in the mix deciduous forest in the north west of Moe

Thauk village. Three calls from the east direction around about 80 m at 8:00 am and heard again 8: 10

am about 70 m from the same direction before playback. Another three times calls from east and

south direction, We played the tape and they all responded and then the call from north direction were

responded about 50 m from listing point at 8: 25am. There are three group of Green Peafowl and

estimated at least two birds in each group.

4.2 Site II (Shwesettaw Reserve Forest)

Shwesettaw Wildlife Reserve is a wildlife sanctuary of Myanmar. It is located in Magway Region. It

occupies an area of 213.4 square miles (553 km2) and was established in 1985. It is also designated as

Important Bird Area and Key Biodiversity area.

A total of six survey points in Min Lan Kan village were surveyed. Among them, two sites were

recorded by getting information. All of studies were in deciduous forest and cultivation with the range

of altitude 181 – 341 m above sea level.

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We have got the information from the interview surveys. One is near U San Min plantation that lives

in Min Lan Kan village and we found the five feathers in Min Lan Kan village.

There was no positive call from Green Peafowl at all surveyed points.

4.3 Site III (Myaung-U Reserve forest)

A total of twelve survey points in Myaung Oo village and its environs were surveyed. All of studies

were in deciduous forest, bamboo forest and plantation with the range of altitude 166 – 395 m above

sea level.

We have got the information from the interview surveys. According to the local villager, he found

four Green Peafowl a few days ago before the survey team interview. Green Peafowl were feeding

sometimes in the plantation.

The survey team heard the call of Green Peafowl. They heard at least 10 calls of birds in three groups

in the east, north-east and south east direction between 60 m to 100 m distance.

4.4 Bird species recorded in survey area

Total of 201 bird species from 57 families were recorded in survey area of southern and central part of

Myanmar. Among them, the maximum number of (over 110 ) individuals was recorded in the species

Rose- ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri and the minimum number of individual (one bird) was

recorded in six bird species (Appendix 1). Of all the recorded birds , some are of globally importance

bird species: Green Peafowl Pavo muticul (Endangered), Great slaty Woodpecker Mulleripicus

pulverlintus (Vulnerable) and three species of Near Threatened species were recorded. Three Endemic

species of Myanmar : White- throated Babbler, Hooded Treepie and Burmese Bushlark were also

recorded. Appendix 2

4.5 Other species recorded in Survey area

Total of 12 mammal species were recorded in study sites. The number of 26 species were sighted, 5

species of footprints, four species of calling were recorded (Appendix 3).

5. Threats

The most important threats are the spreads of agriculture and human use of biological resources,

either through direct exploitation of bird populations or from the indirect impacts on bird populations

of forest logging.

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According to the survey, we had found hunting as a threat to Green Peafowl. There are 30000 kyats

for each Green Peafowl as bush meat trade occurring in these areas. The Green Peafowl is used to

small pond in every morning. In this place, some Poison (Potash) is used to inject into the Tomato

fruit by bird hunters. Some villagers recognize this Green Peafowl as very bad bird because Green

Peafowl quietly feed in their plantation. They can know if other bird feed in their plantation noisily.

Cutting forest was also recorded as a threat to other wildlife. They cut a lot of tree to search Pangolin.

Pangolin has hunted for selling to Mindon Township, Magway Region.

6. Discussion

From over viewing of current research, three study sites were surveyed. A total of 57 survey points

were visited and seven numbers of Green Peafowl were recorded. In Shweset Reserve forest, the

Green Peafowl has been recorded. We do not know how many birds in this area but according to the

local villager, a lot of Green Peafowl were found in Shwe Set Taw Reserve Forest. In 2003 and 2004,

the Green Peafowl was recorded in Hukaung Valley and along the Tanai River. And also she was

recorded in Myanmar Important Areas, Bumphabum Wildlife Sanctuary, Kamaing, Upper Moguang

Chaung basin, Indawgyi Lake and Indawgyi River, Htamanthi Wildlife Sanctuary, Uyu River,

Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park, Mahamyaing Wildlife Sanctuary, Mehon( Doke-hta Wady River

and North Zarmayi. (http://myanmarbiodiversity.org). As stated by local villagers, its population size

declined due to bird hunting and expansion of human settlements due to population growth.

Knowledge on population and distribution of Green Peafowl in Myanmar still require a lot of

research. It has undergone a serious decline and the only sizeable remaining populations are found in

dry forests in Cambodia (Evans and Clements 2004, S. Browne in litt. 2007), Myanmar (W.

Duckworth in litt. 2008) and it may be extinct elsewhere in north-east India and Bangladesh, and is

extinct in Malaysia and peninsular Thailand. We have got some information from other organization

(Flora and Fauna International) and the staff from forest department. According to the information,

the Green peafowl was recorded in Indawgyi Wildlife Sanctuary, Kachin State, northern Myanmar

and over 30 birds of Green Peafowl were recorded in northern Shan Shate, eastern Myanmar.

Therefore, we assessed that high population of Green Peafowl are supported in Myanmar. Similarly,

we can do the conservation activities for the long time survival of Green Peafowl in Myanmar.

7. Recommendation a. Species conservation

- Initiate species conservation programme for flagship species such as Green Peafowl.

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http://myanmarbiodiversity.org/


b. Survey and monitoring programme

- Conduct comprehensive surveys every 3-5 years to collect the most up-to-date

information in order to understand the changing habitat of dry forest in Myanmar.

Conservation activities should be proposed and undertaken.

- Publish data on annual counts and regular surveys in order to share information.

c. Training and education Programme

- Carry out capacity building for staff members of wildlife and wildlife-related

government agencies to ensure that bird species monitoring is carried out in an

official and regular manner.

- Carry out education and awareness programme, such as bird events, regularly to

ensure that the public is involved in the biodiversity conservation effort.

8. References

1. IUCN (2008) 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Http://www.redlist.org [accessed 1 Mar 2008].

2. H. LIANXIAN , L. YUEQIANG and H. BENG (2009). The status and distribution of green peafowl Pavo muticus in Yunnan Province, China .

3. B. Nicholas, C.Nguyen.etal (1998). The Status and Distribution of Green Peafowl Pavo muticus in Dak Lak Province, Vietnam.

4. L. YUEQIANG LIU, H. LIANXIAN, X.YICHANG, W. YUNYAN and Z. RENGONG (2009). The Status and habitat use of Green Peafowl Pavo muticus in Shuangbai Konglonghe Nature Reserve, China.

5. S. Chhum 2009. Phnom Tbeng Conservation and Development Project through strengthening forestry law enforcement with the aim of improving the conservation of the Vulnerable green peafowl Pavo muticus.

6. http://myanmarbiodiversity.org

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http://myanmarbiodiversity.org/


Documentary Photographs

Habitat of Green Peafowl at Moethauk village Bird survey in central region of Myanmar

Habitat of Green Peafowl Forest in central region

Habitat of Green Peafowl Interview survey to local villagers

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Appendix 1. The status of Green Peafowl in Survey Area

Site

Location No.

Co-ordinate Ele: (m) To

tal

Sign Forest type Remark

I

Thayar waddy 1 N 18° 08' 57.36"

E 96° 10' 53.89" 165 1 Heard Cultivation

Htan Pin Kone village 2 N 18° 10' 18.8"

E 95° 53' 32.5" 94 7 Seen Cultivation Feeding the

remaining rice

Kyi Pin village 3 N 18˚ 55' 37.5" E 94˚ 57' 17.3" 88 1 Info Deciduous Used to find in

three years ago Thamin Ka Toak village

4 N 19˚ 32' 18.7" E 94˚ 38' 11.4" 275 1 Info Deciduous Used to find in

raining season

Gantgar village 5 N 19˚ 32' 29.7"

E 94˚ 36' 18.1" 180 2 Feather Mixed deciduous

Villager (U Thaung Lay) found last month before the survey team interview

Moe Thauk village 6 N 19˚ 33' 26.3"

E 94˚ 34' 35.8" 252 1 Info Deciduous Used to find in raining season

North-west of Moe Thauk village

7 N 19˚ 34' 23.7" E 94˚ 34' 05.6" 347 6 Heard

Deciduous &

Bamboo

II

Min Lan Kan village 8 N 20˚ 16' 30.0"

E 94˚ 24' 57.4" 181 5 Feather Deciduous

& Plantation

Villager (Ko Myint Thein) found a few days ago before the survey team interview

near U San Min

Plantation 9 N 20˚ 13' 22.3"

E 94˚ 27' 03.8" 201 1 Info Deciduous

Villager (Min Min Oo) found a few days ago before

III

Yin Mar Pin Camp 10 N 20˚ 28' 56.6"

E 94˚ 18' 51.1" 395 4 Info Deciduous

& Plantation

the survey team interview

Myaung Oo village 11 N 20˚ 29' 48.5"

E 94˚ 20' 34.0" 250 1 Feather Deciduous

& Plantation

North-east of Myaung Oo

village 12 N 20˚ 30' 52.5"

E 94˚ 21' 10.2" 281 6 Heard Deciduous & Plantation

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Family name NO. Common New Name Scientific name IUCN status

Habitat Niche Quantity C S

PHASIANIDAE: PERDICINAE Partridges, francolins, quails

1 Chinese Francolin Francolinus pintadeanu

Open forest,Farm Ground,under the tree

28 + +

PHASIANIDAE: PHASIANINAE: Pheasants & junglefowl

2 Red Junglefowl Gallus gallus Mixed deciduous Ground,under the tree

56 + +

3 Kalij Pheasant Lophura leucomelanos

Mixed deciduous Ground,under the tree

3 + +

4 Grey Peacock-Pheasant Polyplectron bicalcaratum

Mixed deciduous Ground,under the tree

5 + +

5 Green Peafowl Pavo muticus EN Deciduous Ground,under the tree and near water

+ +

ANTIDAE: DENDROCYGNINAE: Whistling-ducks 6 Lesser Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna javanica

River On the Water 9 + +

ANATIDAE: ANATINAE: Typical ducks and pygmy-geese

7 Indian Spot-billed Duck Anas poecilorhyncha River On the Water 2 + +

CICONIIDAE: Storks 8 Asian Openbill Anastomus oscitans Farm On the ground 30 + + ARDEIDAE: ARIDEINAE: Herons & egrets 9 Black-crowned Night-

Heron Nycticorax nycticorax River Fly 9 + +

10 Little Heron Butorides striata Mixed deciduous Near from water 4 + +

11 Pond-Heron Ardeola sp Wetland Near from water 35 + + 12 Eastern Cattle Egret Bubulcus

coromandus Wetland,Farm On the ground 69 + +

13 Great Egret Ardea alba Wetland,Farm Near from water 28 + + 14 Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx

intermedia Wetland Near from water 3 w

v R

15 Little Egret Egretta garzetta River Near from water 18 + + PHALACROCORACIDAE: Cormorants 16 Little Cormorant Phalacrorax niger River On the Water 3 + + ANHINGIDAE: Darters 17 Oriental Dater Anhinga

melanogaster NT River flying 2 + +

FALCONIDAE: FALCONINAE: Falcons 18 Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus Deciduous flying 3 + + 19 Amur Falcon Falco amurensis Deciduous flying 1 +

Appendix 2. Bird species recorded in survey area

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FALCONIDAE: ACCIPITRINAE: Hawks, eagles & allies

20 Black Baza Aviceda leuphotes Deciduous flying 5 + + 21 Oriental Honey-Buzzard Pernis ptilorhynchus Deciduous flying 6 + + 22 Black Kite Milvus migrans Deciduous flying 5 + + 23 Crested Serpent-Eagle Spilornis cheela Mixed deciduous flying 27 + + 24 Crested Goshawk Accipiter trivirgatus Mixed deciduous flying 3 + + 25 Shikra Accipiter badius Deciduous flying,top tree 16 + + 26 Besra Accipiter virgatus Mixed deciduous flying,top tree 9 + + 27 White-eyesd Buzzard Butastur teesa Deciduous Top tree 1 + + 28 Rufous-winged Buzzard Butastur liventer Deciduous flying,top tree 7 + + 29 Grey-faced Buzzard Butastur indicus Deciduous flying,top tree 5 + 30 Himalayan Buzzard Buteo burmanicus Mixed deciduous flying,top tree 4 + 31 Booted Eagle Aquila pennata Deciduous Flying 2 V 32 Changeable Hawk-Eagle Nisaetus limnaeetus Mixed deciduous Flying 1 +

RALLIDAE: Rails, crakes, gallinules & coots 33 White-breasted Waterhen

Amaurornis phoenicurus

Wetland,Farm On the ground 4 + +

VANELLIDAE: Lapwings & allies 34 River Lapwing Vanellus duvaucelii River On the beach 17 + + 35 Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus Farm On the ground 10 + +

CHARADRIIDAE: Charadrius plovers & allies 36 Ringed Plover Charadrius sp River Flying 4 V + JACANIDAE: Jacanas 37 Bronze-winged Jacana Metopidicus indicus Wetland On the grass 3 + + SCOLOPACIDAE: TRINGINAE: Godwits, dowitchers, curlews, sandpipers

38 Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos River On the beach 9 + +

COLUMBIDAE: COLUMBINAE: Typical pigeons & doves

39 Rock Pigeon Columba livia Urban On the roof 22 + + 40 Oriental Turtle-Dove Streptopelia

orientalis Mixed deciduous Mid tree 100+ + +

41 Eurasian Collared-Dove Streptopelia decaocto

Mixed deciduous Mid tree 33 + +

42 Red Collared-Dove Streptopelia tranquebarica

Mixed deciduous Top tree 80 + +

43 Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis

Mixed deciduous Top tree,ground 100+ + +

44 Emerald Dove Chalcophaps indica Evergreen On the ground 9 + +

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COLUMBIDAE: TRERONINAE: Green-pigeons, fruit-doves, imperial-pigeons & allies

45 Ashy-headed Green -Pigeon

Treon phayrei Mixed deciduous Top tree 9 + +

46 Thick-billed Green-Pigeon Treon curvirostra Mixed deciduous Top cano 6 + + 47 Yellow-footed Green-

Pigeon Treon phoenicopterus

Mixed deciduous Top cano 18 + +

48 Pin-tailed Green-Pigeon Treon apicauda Mixed deciduous Top cano 50 + + 49 Green Imperil-Pigeon Ducula aenea Mixed deciduous Top tree 23 + +

PSITTACIDAE: PSITTACINAE: Parrots & parakeets

50 Alexandrine Parakeet Psittinus eupatria Deciduous Top tree,flying 100+ + + 51 Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri Deciduous Top tree,flying 110+ + + 52 Grey-headed Parakeet Psittacula finschii Deciduous Top tree,flying 100+ + + 53 Blossom-headed

Parakeet Psittacula roseata Deciduous Top tree,flying 96 + +

54 Red-breasted Parakeet Psittacula alexandri Deciduous Top tree,flying 100+ + + CUCULIDAE: CUCULINAE: Old World cucukoos 55 Pied Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus Mixed deciduous Mid tree 7 + +

56 Large Hawk-Cucukoo Hierococcyx sparverioides

Deciduous In the canopy 27 + +

57 Indian Cuckoo Cuculus micropterus Mixed deciduous,river

Mid tree,on the bush

14 + +

58 Banded Bay Cuckoo Cacomantis sonneratii

Deciduous Top tree,flying 10 + +

59 Plaintive Cuckoo Cacomantis merulimus

Mixed deciduous Top tree,flying 9 + +

60 Drongo Cuckoo Surniculus lugubris Deciduous Top tree,flying 1 + 61 Asian Koel Eudynamys

scolopacaceus Mixed deciduous In the canopy 11 + +

CUCULIDAE: PHAENICOPHAEINAE: Malkohas & allies

62 Green-billed Malkoha Rhopodytes tristis Mixed deciduous In the canopy 30 + +

CUCULIDAE: CENTROPODINAE: Coucals 63 Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis Mixed deciduous In the canopy 14 + + TYTONIDAE: TYTONINAE: Barn -and grass-owls 64 Common Barn-Owl Tyto alba Mixed deciduous flying 4 + + STRIGIDAE: Typical owls 65 Collared Scops-Owl Otus lettia Mixed deciduous Mid tree 5 + +

66 Oriental Scops-Owl Otus sunia Mixed deciduous Mid tree 3 + + 67 Brown Fish-Owl Ketupa zeylonesis River Undre canopy 4 + +

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68 Asian Barred Owlet Glaucidium cuculoides


69 Brown Boobook Ninox scutulata River Undre canopy 3 + CAPRIMULGIDAE: CAPRIMULGINAE: Typical nightjars

70 Large-tailed Nightjar Carprimulgus macrurus

Mixed deciduous flying,top bush 13 + +

71 Indian Nightjar Carprimulgus asiaticus

Deciduous flying,top bush 1 + +

72 Savanna Nightjar Carprimulgus affinis Deciduous flying,top bush 9 + + APODIAE: APODINAE: Typical swifts 73 Asian Palm-Swift Cypsiurus balas Deciduous Flying 100+ + + APODIDAE: HEMIPROCNINAE: Treeswifts 74 Crested Treeswift Hemiprocne

coronata Deciduous Flying 100+ + +

TROGONIDAE: Trogons 75 Red-headede Drongo Harpactes erythrocephalus

Mixed deciduous Mid Cano 18 + +

CORACIIDAE: Rollers 76 Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis

Mixed deciduous Top tree 20 + +

77 Dollarbird Eurystomus orientalis Mixed deciduous Top tree 9 + + ALCEDINIDAE: HELCYONINAE: Larger kingfishers

78 Stork-billed Kingfisher Pelargopsis capensis River Mid Cano 6 + + 79 White-throated

Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis River Mid Cano 17 + +

80 Black-capped Kingfisher Halcyon pileata River Mid Cano 1 + + ALCEDINIDAE: ALCEDININAE: Smaller kingfisher 81 Blue-eared Kingfisher Alcedo meninting River Undre canopy 2 + +

82 Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis Wetland,Farm Undre canopy 12 + + ALCEDINIDAE: CERYLINAE: Pied kingfisher 83 Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis River,Lake flying,top tree 3 + + MEROPIDAE: Bee-eaters 84 Little Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis Mixed deciduous flying,top tree 70 + +

85 Blue-tailed Bee-eater Mecops philippinus Mixed deciduous flying,top tree 10 + + 86 Chestnut-headed Bee-

eater Mecops leschenaulti Mixed deciduous flying,top tree 60 + +

UPUPIDAE: Hoopoes 87 Common Hoopoe Upupa epops Mixed deciduous On the ground 9 + + BUCEROTIDAE: Hornbills 88 Oriental Pied Hornbill Anthracoceros

albirostris Mixed deciduous flying,top tree 40 + +

89 Great Hornbill Buceros bicornis NT Mixed deciduous flying,top tree 8 + + RAMPHASTIDAE: MEGALAIMINAE: Asian 90 Great Barbet Megalaima virens Mixed deciduous flying,top tree 3 + +

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barbets 91 Lineated Barbet Megalaima lineata Deciduous flying,top tree 20 + + 92 Blue-throated Barbet Megalaima asiatica Deciduous flying,top tree 4 + + 93 Coppersmith Barbet Megalaima

haemaccephala Deciduous flying,top tree 9 + +

PICIDAE: PICUMNIMAE: Piculets 94 White-browed Piculet Sasia ochracea Bamboo Mid tree 2 + + PICIDAE: PICINAE: Typical woodpeckers 95 Gery-capped Pygmy

Woodpecker Dendrocopos canicapillus


96 White-bellied Woodpecker

Dryocopus javensis Mixed deciduous Mid tree 17 + +

97 Greater Yellownape Chrysophlegma flavinucha


98 Lesser Yellownape Picus chlorophus Mixed deciduous Mid tree 11 + + 99 Grey-headed

Woodpecker Picus canus Deciduous Mid tree 23 + +

100 Streak-throated Woodpecker

Picus xanthopygaeus Deciduous Mid tree 34 + +

101 Hamalayan Flameback Dinopium shrii Deciduous Mid tree 5 + + 102 Common Flameback Dinopium javanese Mixed deciduous Mid tree 40 + + 103 Greater Flameback Chrysocolaptes

lucidus Mixed deciduous Mid tree 24 + +

104 Pale-headed Woodpecker

Gecinulus grantia Deciduous Mid tree 3 +

105 Bay Woodpecker Blythipicus pyrrhotis Bamboo Mid tree 4 + 106 Great Slaty Woodpecker Mulleripicus

pulverlintus VU Mixed deciduous Mid tree 3 + +

PITTIDAE: Pittas 107 Hooded Pitta Pitta sordida Deciduous On the ground 2 + + CAMPEPHAGIDAE: Cuckooshriles, trillers, minivets & allies

108 Large Cuckooshrike Coracina macei Deciduous flying,top tree 25 + +

109 Indochinese Cuckooshrike

Coracina polioptera Deciduous flying,mid tree 27 + +

110 Black-winged Cuckooshrike

Coracina melaschistos

Deciduous flying,mid tree 3 + +

111 Small Minivet Pericrocotus cinnamomeus

Mixed deciduous flying,top tree 40 + +

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112 Jerdon's Minivet Pericrocotus

albifrons Deciduous flying,top tree 3 +

113 Scarlet Minivet Pericrocotus speciosus


ORIOLIDAE: Orioles & allies 114 Black-naped Oriole Oriolus chinensis Deciduous In the canopy 23 + 115 Black-hooded Oriole Oriolus xanthornus Mixed deciduous In the canopy 19 +

ARTAMIDAE: Woodswallows 116 Ashy Woodswallow Artamus fuscus Mixed deciduous flying,top tree 18 + + GENERA INCERTAE SEDIS: Woodshdrikes, flycatcher-shrikes & philentomas

117 Large Woodshrike Tephrodornis gularis Mixed deciduous flying,top tree 17 + 118 Common Woodshrike Tephrodornis

pondicerianus Deciduous Mid tree 22 + +

119 Bar-winged Flycatcher-Shrike

Hemipus picatus Mixed deciduous Mid tree 5 + +

AEGITHINIDAE: Ioras 120 Common Iora Aegithina tiphia Mixed deciduous Top cano 43 + + RHIPIDURIDAE: Fantails 121 White-throated Fantail Rhipidura albicollis Deciduous Undre canopy 2 + +

122 White-browned Fantail Rhipidura aureola Mixed deciduous Mid Cano 57 + + DICRURIDAE: Drongos 123 Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus Open forest,Farm Mid tree 30 + +

124 Ashy Drongo Dicrurus leucophaeus Mixed deciduous Mid tree 29 + + 125 Bronzed Drongo Dicrurus aeneus Mixed deciduous Mid tree 32 + + 126 Lesser Racket-tailed

Drongo Dicrurus remifer Evergreen Mid Cano 2 + +

127 Greater Racket-tailed Drongo

Dicrurus paradiseus Mixed deciduous Mid Cano 31 + +

128 Hair-crested Drongo Dicrurus hottentottus Mixed deciduous Mid Cano 9 + + MONARCHIDAE: Monarchs, paradise-flycatchers & allies

129 Black-nape Monarch Hypothymis azurea Mixed deciduous Mid Cano 37 + +

130 Asian Paradide-Flycatcher

Terpsiphone paradisi Mixed deciduous Mid Cano 58 + +

CORVIDAE: Crows, nutcrackers, magpies, jays, treepies & allies

131 House Crow Corvus splendens Urban On the ground 7 + + 132 Jungle Crow Corvus sp Mixed deciduous flying 21 + + 133 Red-billed Blue Magpie Urocissa

erythrorhyncha Deciduous Mid Cano 65 + +

134 Rufous Treepie Dendrocitta Deciduous Top cano 34 + +

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vagabunda 135 Hooded Treepie

(Endemic) Crypsirina cucullata NT Deciduous Mid Cano 47 + +

LANIIDAE: Shrikes 136 Brown Shrike Lanius cristatus Deciduous Mid Cano 6 + + 137 Burmese Shrike Lanius collurioides Deciduous Mid Cano 3 + +

NECTARINIIDAE: Sunbirds & spinderhunters 138 Purple Sunbird Cinnyris asiaticus Mixed deciduous Mid Cano 28 + + 139 Ruby-cheeked Sunbird Chalcoparia

singalensis Evergreen Mid Cano 4 + +

DICAEIDAE: Flowerpeckers 140 Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker

Dicaeum cruentatum Mixed deciduous Mid Cano 2 + +

CHLOROPSEIDAE: Leafbirds 141 Blue-winged Leafbird Chloropsis cochinchinesis

Mixed deciduous Mid Cano 22 + +

142 Goldren-fronted Leafbird Chloropsis aurifroms Mixed deciduous Mid Cano 27 + + IRENIDAE: Fairy-bluebirds 143 Asian Fairy-Bluebird Irena puella Mixed deciduous Top cano 4 + + PLOCEIDAE: Weavers & allies 144 Baya Weaver Ploceus philippinus Farm On the bush 31 + + ESTRILDIDAE: LONCHURINAE: Java Sparrow, munias,

145 White-rumped Munia Lonchura striata Wetland,Farm On the bush 30 + + 146 Scaly-breasted Munia Lonchura punctulata Wetland,Farm On the bush 44 + + 147 Chestnut Munia Lonchura atricapilla Wetland,Farm On the bush 3 + +

PASSERIDAE: Sparrows & allies 148 House Sparrow Passer domesticus Urban Mid tree 76 + + 149 Plain-backed Sparrow Passer flaveolus Mixed deciduous Mid tree 29 + + 150 Eurasian Tree-Sparrow Passer montanus Urban Mid tree 96 + +

MOTACILLIDAE: Wagtails & pipits 151 Olive-backed Pipit Anthus hodgsoni Mixed deciduous Under canopy 3 + + 152 Paddyfied Pipit Anthus rufulus Farm On the ground 5 + + 153 Forest Wagtail Dendronanthus

indicus Mixed deciduous On the ground 7 + +

154 Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea River On the beach 2 + + SITTIDAE: Nuthatches 155 Velvet-fornted Nuthatch Sitta frontalis Deciduous Top tree 36 + + STURNIDAE: STURNINAE: Mynas, starlings & allies

156 Jungle Myna Acridotheres fuscus Mixed deciduous Mid Cano 97 + + 157 Common Myna Acridotheres tristis Mixed deciduous Mid tree 47 + + 158 Vinous-breasted Myna Acridotheres

burmannicus Mixed deciduous Top tree 100+ + +

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159 Asian Pied Starling Gracupica contra Wetland,Farm On the ground 4 + + 160 Chestnut-tailed Starling Sturnus malabaricus Deciduous Top tree 100+ + + 161 Common Hill-Myna Gracula religiosa Deciduous Top tree 79 + +

MUSCICAPIDAE: SAXICOLINAE: Shortwings, robins, redstarts,

162 Grey Bushchat Saxicola ferreus Scrub On the bush 3 + +

163 Eastern Stonechat Saxicola maurus Farm On the bush 22 + + 164 Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata Farm On the ground 55 + +

MUSCICAPIDAE: MUSCICAPINAE: Old World flycatchers & allies

165 Tickell's Bule Flycatcher Cyornis tickelliae Mixed deciduous,bamboo

Mid Cano 8 + +

166 Blue-throated Flycatcher Cyornis rubeculoides Mixed deciduous,bamboo

Mid Cano 17 + +

167 Taiga Flycatcher Ficedula albicilla Deciduous Mid Cano 5 + + 168 Oriental Magpie-Robin Copsychus saularis Mixed deciduous Under canopy 14 + + 169 White-rumped Shama Copsychus

malabaricus Mixed deciduous Under canopy 18 + +

STENOSTIRIDAE: Canary-flycatchers & allies 170 Grey-headed Canary-Flycatcher

Culicicapa ceylonensis

Mixed deciduous,bamboo

Mid Cano 16 + +

ALAUDIDAE: Larks 171 Burmese Bushlark (Endemic)

Mirafra microptera Farm On the ground 45 + +

172 Oriental Skylark Alauda gulaula Farm Flying,On the ground

3 + +

PYCNONOTIDAE: Bulbuls 173 Black-crested Bulbul Pycnonotus flaviventris

Mixed deciduous Under canopy 70 + +

174 Streak-eared Bulbul Pycnonotus blanfordi Mixed deciduous Mid Cano 74 + + 175 Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus Mixed deciduous Mid Cano 55 + + 176 Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer Mixed deciduous Mid Cano 98 + + 177 White-throated Bulbul Alophoixus flaveolus Mixed deciduous Mid Cano 3 + +

HIRUNDINIDAE: HIRUNDININAE: Martins, swallows & allies

178 Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica Mixed deciduous Flying 28 + + 179 Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii Farm Flying 3 + + 180 Striated Swallow Cecropis striolata Mixed deciduous Flying 9 + +

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CETTIIDAE: Abroscopus warblers, Mountain Tailorbird,

181 Yellow-bellied Warbler Abroscopus superciliaris


Mid Cano 100+ + +

182 Greenish Warbler Phylloscopus trochiloides


Under canopy 2 + +

183 Dusky Warbler Phylloscopus fuscatus

Bush Uner the bush 4 + +

TIMALIIDAE: Babblers 184 Yellow-eyed Babbler Chrysomma sinense Deciduous Top of bush 43 + + 185 Oriental White-Eye Zosterops

palpebrosus Deciduous Mid Cano 6 + +

186 Brown-cheeked Fulvetta Alcippe poioicephala Mixed deciduous,bamboo

Mid Cano 97 + +

187 White-browed Scimitar-Babbler

Pomatorhinus schisticeps


Under canopy 3 + +

188 Pin-Striped Tit-Babbler Macronus gularis Mixed deciduous,bamboo

Mid Cano 112 + +

189 Chestnut-capped Babbler Timalia pileata Mixed deciduous,bamboo

Top of bush 9 + +

190 White-throated Babbler (Endemic)

Turdoides gularis Mixed deciduous,bamboo

Mid tree,ground 94 + +

191 White-crested Laughingthrush

Garrulax leucolophus Mixed deciduous,bamboo

Mid Cano 85 + +

192 Lesser Necklaced Laughingthrush

Garrulax monileger Mixed deciduous,bamboo

Mid Cano 77 + +

193 Greater Necklaced Laughingthrush

Garrulax pectoralis Mixed deciduous,bamboo

Mid Cano 66 + +

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ACROCEPHALIDAE: Acrocephalus warblers & allies

194 Thick-billed Warbler Acrocrphalus aedon Wetland,Farm In the bush 2 + +

MEGALURIDAE: Grasshopper warblers, Bradypterus bush-warbler

195 Striated Grassbird Mengalurus palustris Wetland,Farm Top of bush 4 +

CISTICOLIDAE: Cisticolas, tailorbirds, prinias & allies

196 Zitting Cisticola Cisticola juncidis Wetland,Farm Flying,Under the bush

9 + +

197 Dark-necked Tailorbird Orthotomus atrogularis

Mixed deciduous In the bush 44 + +

198 Common Tailordbird Orthotomus sutorius Mixed deciduous,bamboo

Mid Cano 34 + +

199 Rufescent Prinia Prinia rufescens Mixed deciduous,bamboo

In the bush 25 + +

200 Grey-breasted Prinia Prinia hodgsonii Bush In the bush 54 + + 201 Plain Prinia Prinia inornata Farm Top of bush 4 + +

C= Central of Myanmar, S= Southern part of Myanmar

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Sr.no. Order Family Common Name Scientific Name Track

& Sign

Visual Vocalization Site Frequency

1 Scandentia Tupaiidae Northern Treeshrew Tupaia belangeri √ 1,2,3 3,4,5,

2 Insectivora Erinaceidae Small Black Rat ? √ 1,2,3 1,1,1,

3 Primates Cercopithecidae Pig-tailed Macaque Macaca nemestrina

4 Stump-tailed Macaque Macaca arctoides 3

5 Rhesus Macaque Macaca mulatta √ 2 4

6 Phayre's Langur Trachypithecus phayrei √ 3 1

7 Rodentia Sciuridae Giant Squirrel Ratufa sp √ √ 1

8 Squirrel Callosciurus sp √ √ 1,2,3, 4,3,4

9 Variable Squirrel Callosciurus finlaysonii √ √ 1,2,3, 2,2,1

10 Artiodactyla Suidae Eurasian Wild Pig Sus scrofa √ 3 6

11 Cervidae Barking Deer (Red Muntjac) Muntiacus muntjak √ √ 1,3 2

12 Bat ? √ 1,2,3

Appendix 3. Mammal species identified in South &central region of Myanmar, 2013

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Acknowledgement

I would like to special thanks to Rufford Small Grant Foundation for financial support and also thank Ngwe Lwin, Aung Soe Thant and Tin Aung Tun for providing information. We are grateful to the staff of the Wildlife conservation office of Shwe Set taw Wildlife Sanctuary.

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