The Pre-Roman World The Rise of Rome Greek ways did not die with the end of Greece’s freedom. They...

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The Pre-Roman World

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Page 1: The Pre-Roman World The Rise of Rome Greek ways did not die with the end of Greece’s freedom. They were adopted and spread widely by another civilization,

The Pre-Roman World

Page 2: The Pre-Roman World The Rise of Rome Greek ways did not die with the end of Greece’s freedom. They were adopted and spread widely by another civilization,

The Rise of RomeThe Rise of Rome

Greek ways did not die with the end of Greece’s freedom. They were adopted and

spread widely by another civilization, Rome.

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The Origins of The Origins of RomeRome

• Location

• Heels – Greece

• Toe – Sicily

• Top – Alps

• Apennines

• Landscapes – similar to Greece

• Better farmland

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Where was Rome located?Where was Rome located?• Geography played a major role.

• Tiber River– Source of water– Way to rest of Mediterranean world

• Easily cross Tiber River

• Built on seven hills– Steep

• Stopping place

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How did Rome begin?How did Rome begin?• 2 different legends

– Twin brothers: Romulus and Remus

– Aeneid

• Latins lived there as early as 1000 B.C.– Built huts, tended herds, and

grew crops– 700 B.C. banded together to

the community known as Rome

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Early InfluencesEarly Influences

• Greeks and Etruscans• Etruria – north of Rome

– Skilled metalworkers– Rich from mining and trade– Tomb paintings– Changed Rome

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Etruscan murals often showed lively scenes of Etruscan murals often showed lively scenes of daily life, such as religious ceremonies or daily life, such as religious ceremonies or

people enjoying music and feastspeople enjoying music and feasts..

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The Birth of a RepublicThe Birth of a Republic

• Etruscan rule lasted over 100 years.

• Rome – wealthy and powerful

• Tarquins

• 509 B.C. Rome rebelled

• Republic

• Small city surrounded by enemies

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Birth of a Republic continuedBirth of a Republic continued• 338 B.C. defeated

the other Latins living nearby

• 284 B.C. defeated Etruscans

• 267 B.C. conquered Greeks in southern Italy

• Became masters of almost all of Italy

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How did Rome’s treatment How did Rome’s treatment of conquered peoples help of conquered peoples help

it to build the Roman it to build the Roman Confederation?Confederation?

Rome gave full citizenship to some peoples and the status of

allies to others. This gave conquered peoples rights in the

Roman republic.

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Why was Rome so strong?Why was Rome so strong?

• Excellent soldiers• Army and discipline• Fighting style• Legions – 6,000 men

– Divided then into 60 to 120 soldiers

• Roman soldiers – legionaries– Short sword – gladius– Spear - pilum

• Each unit carried its own standard.

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Shrewd RulersShrewd Rulers

• Smart planners

• military settlements

• roads

• Roman Confederation– Citizenship– Vote and serve in gov’t– Other peoples --- allies

• Used force if necessary

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Review Review

1. Where did the Greeks live in Italy, and how did they influence Roman civilization?

2. Describe the two legends that tell of the founding of Rome. Then describe how and when Rome was actually founded.

3. Describe the Roman conquest of Italy.

4. How did geography affect the development of civilization in Greece and Italy?

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The Location of RomeThe Location of Rome

List examples of how geography determined Rome’s List examples of how geography determined Rome’s location.location.

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The Location of RomeThe Location of Rome

Rome built on Tiber River

Access to sea

Seven hills for good defense

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The Roman RepublicThe Roman Republic

Rome’s republic was shaped by a struggle between wealthy

landowners and regular citizens as it gradually expanded the right

to vote.

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Rome’s GovernmentRome’s Government

• 2 classes: – Patricians – wealthy landowners

• Made up Rome’s ruling class

– Plebeians – artisans, shopkeepers, and owners of small farms (most of Rome’s people)

• Less social status

• Both were Roman citizens. – Right to vote – Responsibility to serve in army and pay taxes

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How the gov’t worked?How the gov’t worked?

• Tripartite gov’t– 1. ran gov’t– 2. made laws– 3. acted as judges

• Checks and balances

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How the gov’t worked?How the gov’t worked?Cont’dCont’d

• Consuls– 2 (Patricians) were chosen each yr.– Headed army and ran gov’t– Veto power

• Praetors– Interpret law and Act as judge in court

• Senate– Lawmaking body– Select group of 300 patrician men

• Assembly of Centuries

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Roman Gov’t USA Gov’t

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Plebeians Against PatriciansPlebeians Against Patricians

• 494 B.C. – Plebeians go on strike.

• Council of Plebs– Elected tribunes who brought plebeian

concerns to gov'ts attention– Won right to veto gov’t decisions

• 455 B.C. – plebeians and patricians were allowed to marry

• 300s B.C. – they were allowed to become consuls

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Plebeians Against PatriciansPlebeians Against Patricianscont’dcont’d

• 287 B.C. – Council of Plebs gained power to pass laws for all Romans.– All male citizens had equal standing at least in

theory. – Reality: few wealthy patrician families still

had most of the power and women had no voice

• Roman Republic became more representative but not a full-fledged Democracy.

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Roman Everyday LifeRoman Everyday Life

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CincinnatusCincinnatus

• Best known dictator

• 460 B.C. surrounded by a powerful army

• Widely admired for his civic duty

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Roman LawRoman Law

• Rome’s chief gift to the world• Twelve Tables

– Basis for all future Roman laws– Established principle that all free citizens and right

to be treated equally– Applied only to Roman citizens

• Law of Nations– Stated principles of justice that applied all

• Rule of law

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Why was it necessary Why was it necessary for Rome to create the for Rome to create the Law of Nations when Law of Nations when

it already had the it already had the Twelve Tables?Twelve Tables?

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These bundles These bundles of rods and of rods and axes, called axes, called

fasces, fasces, symbolized symbolized

the legal the legal authority of authority of

Roman Roman Leaders.Leaders.

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How was Carthage founded?How was Carthage founded?

• According to legend, Carthage was founded by Queen Dido, who escaped from the Phoenician city of Tyre after her brother killed her husband. When Dido and her followers came to the place on Africa’s north coast where Carthage would stand, she asked the people there if she could claim any land she could enclose with a bull’s hide. They agreed. The queen then had a bull hide cut into thin strips and she used those strips to encircle a large piece of land. On this land, Dido built a fort around which grew the city of Carthage.

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Rome ExpandsRome Expands

• Conquered Italy but had a rival – state of Carthage

• Phoenicians

• Great trading

empire

• Largest and

richest city in

western

Mediterranean

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Rome Expands

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Rome Expands

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Many-Front War

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Rome Expands

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Punic WarsPunic Wars

First Punic War -- 264 B.C.- 241 B.C.Second Punic War -- 218 B.C. – 202

B.C.Third Punic War -- 149 B.C. – 146 B.C.

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The First Punic WarThe First Punic War

• Control of Sicily

• Began in 264 B.C.

• Lasted for more than 20 years (241 B.C.)

• Mostly a naval war

• Carthage – Left Sicily– Had to pay a huge

fine to Romans

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The Second Punic WarThe Second Punic War• Carthage expands into southern Spain

• Hannibal

• Crossing the Alps

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HANNIBAL’S ROUTE OF INVASION HANNIBAL’S ROUTE OF INVASION

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hannibal_route_of_invasion-en.svg
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Did you know?

• While fighting in Italy, Hannibal found his route blocked by a Roman army. To get past the Romans, Hannibal used a clever tactic. He sent a very odd force out under cover of night---2,000 oxen with lighted torches tied to their horns. The Romans thought they were under attack and moved from their position, clearing the way for Hannibal to march through.

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Interesting factsInteresting factsaboutabout

Second Punic WarSecond Punic War

• Romans had the advantage in cavalry, which helped them win the battle.

• Some Roman soldiers blew trumpets and yelled to distract the war elephants.

• Hannibal’s forces included about 80 war elephants.

• The Romans left empty space between their soldiers so the elephants would do less damage.

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• Battle of Cannae• Roman General Scipio

– 202 B.C. invaded

Carthage– Hannibal had to return

home to defend hi s people

• Battle at Zama– Scipio’s troops defeated the

Carthaginians – Carthage gave up Spain, its navy,

and paid a huge fine

The Second Punic War cont’dThe Second Punic War cont’d

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Rome now ruled the western Rome now ruled the western Mediterranean.Mediterranean.

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More ConquestsMore Conquests

• Carthage – trading center• Third Punic War

– Burned Carthage, enslaved 50,000 men, women, and children

– Legend

• Carthage now a Roman province• 148 B.C. – Macedonia• 150 B.C. – all of Greece• 129 B.C. – 1st province in Asia

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~Summary~~Summary~Outcome of the Punic WarsOutcome of the Punic Wars

PUNIC WARSPUNIC WARS OUTCOMEOUTCOME

FIRSTFIRST

Rome lost many ships and Rome lost many ships and soldiers, but defeated the soldiers, but defeated the Carthaginians and forced Carthaginians and forced

them to leave Sicily.them to leave Sicily.

SECONDSECOND

Carthage agreed to pay Rome Carthage agreed to pay Rome a huge sum of money and a huge sum of money and gave up all its territories, gave up all its territories,

including Spain.including Spain.

THIRDTHIRD

Rome added Greece to its Rome added Greece to its empire and became the empire and became the

leading power in the leading power in the Mediterranean world.Mediterranean world.

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ReviewReview

1. Who were the top government officials in the Roman Republic, and what were their duties?

2. What does mare nostrum mean, and why did the Romans use the term?

3. Where was Carthage located, and why did it compete with Rome?

4. What other conquests did Rome carry out during the period of the Punic Wars?

5. Why do you think the legacy of Roman law is considered so important?

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Rome invades Sicily.

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Rome invades Sicily.

War ends in 241 B.C.

Rome encourages the Spanish to rebel.

Rome defeats Carthage at sea.

Rome builds a large fleet.

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The Fall of the RepublicThe Fall of the Republic

By the end of the Third Punic War, Rome ruled the Mediterranean

world. All was not, well, however. Closer to home, the republic faced

increasing dangers that would soon lead to its end.

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Trouble in the RepublicTrouble in the Republic

• Use of enslaved labor

• Victorious army

• Trouble on home front

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Wealthy landowners were forcing small farmers out Wealthy landowners were forcing small farmers out of business.of business.

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Rich versus PoorRich versus Poor

• Patricians– Ruled Rome– Ran Senate– Held most powerful

gov’t jobs– Handled finances

and directed its wars

• Farmers

• Latifundia– Enslaved laborers

(POWs)

• “bread and circuses”

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Ancient Roman circusesAncient Roman circuses

• Great arena that held spectators who came to see chariot races, footraces, and fights to death by gladiators.

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Why did Reform fail?Why did Reform fail?

• Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus– 2 prominent officials who worked for reforms– Asked Senate to take back public land from

the rich and divide it among landless Romans– Senators put their own interests above

general welfare and fought this proposal.– A band of Senators even killed Tiberius in 133

B.C.– 12 yrs later, Gaius was killed.

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They were killed.

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The Army Enters PoliticsThe Army Enters Politics

• Marius– Military leader– Recruited soldiers from the poor– Citizen volunteers to paid

professional soldiers– Led to power struggles

• Sulla– Rival general– Made himself dictator– Era of civil wars

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Julius CaesarJulius Caesar

Military hero seized power and made reforms. In 60 B.C., three

men, Crassus, Pompey, and Caesar, formed the First

Triumvirate to rule Rome.

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Caesar’s Military CampaignsCaesar’s Military Campaigns

• Military commands of Triumvirate

• Caesar invades Britain

• Hero of lower classes

• Feared he was becoming too popular and become like Sulla

• Crassus dies

• Pompey rules alone

• Caesar’s decision

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Caesar’s Rise to PowerCaesar’s Rise to Power

• 44 B.C. declared dictator of Rome for life

• Reforms:– Granted citizenship to people living in Rome’s

territories outside the Italian peninsula– New colonies to provide land for landless ‘– Created work for jobless– Slave holders had to hire more free workers– Julian calendar

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Caesar’s Rise to Power cont’dCaesar’s Rise to Power cont’d

• Supporters: strong leader who brought peace and order to Rome

• Enemies: feared he wanted to be king• Opponents led by Brutus and Cassius

plotted to kill him.• Caesar ignored warning “Beware of the Ides

of March”.• In 44 B.C. on March 15, he was stabbed to

death.

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Rome Expands

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Rome becomes an Empire.Rome becomes an Empire.

The Roman Republic, weakened by civil wars, became an empire

under Augustus.

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Second TriumvirateSecond Triumvirate

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The Second TriumvirateThe Second Triumvirate

• Octavian forced Lepidus to retire.

• Division

• Cleopatra VII

• War declared

• Battle of Actium

• Civil wars end

• Roman Empire

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Who was Who was Augustus?Augustus?

• Dictator for life?

• Cicero

• Influenced writers of the US Constitution

• Imperator

• Emperor

• Augustus

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Octavian restored the republic, which Cicero favored.

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ReviewReview1. What is a triumvirate?

2. Who was Cicero, and how did he influence the writers of the United States Constitution?

3. What reforms did the Gracchus brothers suggest?

4. What was the “bread and circuses” policy, and how did Roman politicians benefit from it?

5. What reforms did Julius Caesar put in place that increased his popularity with poor and working-class Romans?

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Fill in the chain of effects that was caused by the thousands of

enslaved prisoners that were brought to Italy from Rome’s

many wars.

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Many enslaved prisoners worked Rome’s large farms.

Farmers lost farms.

Farmers had to move to the cities.

Farmers could not find jobs.

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The Early EmpireThe Early Empire

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The Emperor AugustusThe Emperor Augustus• New era of prosperity

• 200 years of peace

• Mediterranean region under control of one empire (no more conflict)

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Augustus’ AchievementsAugustus’ Achievements

• 27 B.C.

• Empire strong and safe

• Professional army

• Praetorian Guard

• Conquered nations

• Rebuilt Rome

• Proconsul

• Reformed Roman tax and legal systems

“I found Rome a city of brick,” Augustus boasted, “and left it a city of marble.”

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Rome Rome under the under the reign of reign of

AugustusAugustus

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Emperors Emperors after Augustusafter Augustus

• Augustus’ reign

• Successors

• Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero

• Julio-Claudian emperors

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Emperors after

Augustus

VespasianTitusDomitian

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Unity and ProsperityUnity and Prosperity

• System of roads• Aqueducts• Ports• Common currency• Vespasian• Rebellion• Colosseum• Titus and Domitian• Natural disasters

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Rome Expands

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Rome Expands

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Rome Expands

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The “Good The “Good Emperors”Emperors”

• A.D. 96 to A.D.180

• Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius

• Agriculture flourished

• trade increased

• Standard of living rose

• Programs to help ordinary people

Page 105: The Pre-Roman World The Rise of Rome Greek ways did not die with the end of Greece’s freedom. They were adopted and spread widely by another civilization,
Page 106: The Pre-Roman World The Rise of Rome Greek ways did not die with the end of Greece’s freedom. They were adopted and spread widely by another civilization,

A Unified EmpireA Unified Empire

• Conquered new territories• Largest under Trajan• His successor’s • Hadrian• 1 of greatest empires in history

– 3.5 million miles²– Spoke differently languages – Practiced different local customs

• Law unified them.

Page 107: The Pre-Roman World The Rise of Rome Greek ways did not die with the end of Greece’s freedom. They were adopted and spread widely by another civilization,
Page 108: The Pre-Roman World The Rise of Rome Greek ways did not die with the end of Greece’s freedom. They were adopted and spread widely by another civilization,

1. Hadrian’s Wall and the Rhine and Danube Rivers.

2. Grains, animals, olive oil, timber, and spices

Page 109: The Pre-Roman World The Rise of Rome Greek ways did not die with the end of Greece’s freedom. They were adopted and spread widely by another civilization,

A Booming EconomyA Booming Economy

• Land• Latifundia

– Gaul and Spain: grapes and olives– Britain and Egypt: grains

• Industry– Potters, weavers, jewelers– Cities – center for making glass, bronze, and brass

• Largest port cities: Puteoli on Bay of Naples and Ostia at mouth of Tiber River

Page 110: The Pre-Roman World The Rise of Rome Greek ways did not die with the end of Greece’s freedom. They were adopted and spread widely by another civilization,

Roads and MoneyRoads and Money

• Vital to trade

• Pax Romana

• Navy

• Common currency

• Standard system of weights and measurements

Page 111: The Pre-Roman World The Rise of Rome Greek ways did not die with the end of Greece’s freedom. They were adopted and spread widely by another civilization,

Ongoing InequalityOngoing Inequality

• Shopkeepers, merchants and skilled workers = benefit from trade

• Rome built great fortunes and lived in luxury.

• Most city dwellers and farmers remained poor, and many remained enslaved.

Page 112: The Pre-Roman World The Rise of Rome Greek ways did not die with the end of Greece’s freedom. They were adopted and spread widely by another civilization,

ReviewReview

1. What was the Pax Romana?

2. What products came from the farms of Italy, Gaul, and Spain?

3. Describe the sequence of emperors who ruled Rome from Augustus through the “Good emperors”.

4. Why was Rome’s creation of a common currency important?

5. Who do you think was a more important leader, Julius Caesar or Augustus? Explain.

Page 113: The Pre-Roman World The Rise of Rome Greek ways did not die with the end of Greece’s freedom. They were adopted and spread widely by another civilization,

Changes Changes Under Under

AugustusAugustus

Page 114: The Pre-Roman World The Rise of Rome Greek ways did not die with the end of Greece’s freedom. They were adopted and spread widely by another civilization,

Changes Changes Under Under

AugustusAugustus

Appointed proconsuls

Created laws for

noncitizens

Built new roads and buildings

Made tax collectors gov’t workers

Page 115: The Pre-Roman World The Rise of Rome Greek ways did not die with the end of Greece’s freedom. They were adopted and spread widely by another civilization,

A Bit of Perspective


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