The Power of the Church
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Transcript of The Power of the Church
The Power of the ChurchThe Power of the ChurchChapter 13, Section 4
Far-Reaching Authority of the Far-Reaching Authority of the ChurchChurchThe Structure of the Church
◦Power within the Church is organized by status; the pope is the supreme authority
◦Clergy--religious officials—includes bishops, priests, and others
◦Bishops supervise priests and settle Church disputes
Church StructureChurch Structure
Rise of Religious Rise of Religious ImportanceImportance
• Feudalism and the Manor System created division among people.
• Political turmoil and
warfare
• Church teachings bonded people
together.
• Church provided a sense of security
that gave people a sense of
belonging.
• Middle Ages was
also known as the Age of Faith.
•Religion took center
stage.
Far-Reaching Authority of the Far-Reaching Authority of the ChurchChurchReligion as a Unifying Force
◦Religion is important in the Middle Ages; shared beliefs bond people
◦Clergy administers the sacraments—rites to achieve salvation
◦Village church is a place of worship and celebration
Sacraments – important religious ceremonies (rites) in the Church.
Baptism – initiation rite into the Christian community.
Confirmation – people of their own will acknowledge their belief.
Holy Communion - a meal of bread and wine that (Eucharist) Christians share in remembrance of Jesus’ last meal.
Marriage – ceremony blessing the union of a couple
Ordination – ceremony to initiate new priests into the priesthood
Penance / Confession – repenting of sins; (Reconciliation) asking of forgiveness
Last Rites – prayer service priest provides the dying or over the dead.
The Sacraments were meant to follow a person’s life from beginning to end.
Sacraments in Western ChristianitySacraments in Western Christianity
Roman CatholicRoman Catholic ProtestantProtestant
BaptismBaptism
ConfirmationConfirmation
Holy CommunionHoly Communion
Reconciliation Reconciliation (confession)(confession)
Anointing of the SickAnointing of the Sick
MatrimonyMatrimony
Holy OrdersHoly Orders
BaptismBaptism
The Lord’s Supper The Lord’s Supper (Holy Communion)(Holy Communion)
Far-Reaching Authority of the Far-Reaching Authority of the ChurchChurchThe Law of the Church
◦ The Church has a system of justice to guide people’s conduct
◦ All medieval Christians expected to obey canon law—Church law
◦ Canon law governs marriages and religious practices
◦ Popes have power over political leaders through threat of: Excommunication—banishment from Church,
denial of salvation Interdiction—king’s subjects denied sacraments
and services◦ Kings and emperors were expected to obey
pope’s commands.
CH 13 Sec. 4, “Church Justice”
canon law – the laws of the Church.
Church courts tried people for breaking canon law / heresy.
Two types of punishment:
Of an individual = ExcommunicationOf a community / region = Interdict
Popes often used the “threat” of these two types of punishment to force kings into obedience.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
The Church and the Holy Roman The Church and the Holy Roman EmpireEmpireOtto I Allies with the Church
◦Otto I (Otto the Great) is crowned king of Germany in 936
◦Limits strength of nobles with help of clergy
◦Gains support of bishops and abbots (heads of monasteries)
◦Invades Italy on pope’s behalf; pope crowns him emperor in 962
The Church and the Holy Roman The Church and the Holy Roman EmpireEmpire
Signs of Future Conflicts◦ Otto’s German-
Italian lands become Holy Roman Empire
◦ Holy Roman Empire is the strongest European power until about 1100
The Emperor Clashes with the The Emperor Clashes with the PopePopeEmperor Henry IV and Pope
Gregory VII◦Pope Gregory VII bans lay investiture
—kings appointing Church officials◦Henry IV orders pope to resign;
Gregory VII excommunicates Henry
Showdown at CanossaShowdown at Canossa
◦Henry goes to Canossa, Italy, to beg Gregory forgiveness (see primary source)
◦Gregory forgives Henry, buy lay investiture problem is not solved
CH 13 Sec. 4, “H.R.E. Clashes with the Pope
One of the things Popes began to resent most was kings who exercised power over clergy and their church offices.
The main focus of this resentment was the practice known asLay investiture – a ceremony in which kings appointed church officials within their own kingdom.
CAUSES ACTIONS OUTCOMES
Pope Gregory VII resents the power that emperors have over the church clergy.
2. Pope Gregory bans lay investiture
H.R.E. Henry IV calls a meeting of bishops in the H.R.E. and orders Pope Gregory to step down from the papacy.
The Showdown at Canossa
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Remember:Kings are
considered “Lay” –
they are not ordained “Clergy”
The Emperor Clashes with the The Emperor Clashes with the PopePopeConcordat of Worms
◦Concordat of Worms is 1122 compromise win Worms, Germany
◦Compromise: pope appoints bishops, emperor can veto appointment
CH 13 Sec. 4, “H.R.E. Clashes with the Pope”
CAUSES ACTIONS OUTCOMES
Pope Gregory excommunicates H.R.E. Henry IV;German bishops & princes side with the pope (fearing an interdict);Henry must seek the Pope’s forgiveness.
3. Henry IV travels to Canossa.
Henry is forgiven by the pope, returns home,and then punishes his German nobles for siding with the pope.
The issue of lay investiture would remain undecided for another century.
4. Representatives of Church and the emperor meet in Worms.
Compromise is reached:Only the pope could now promote priests to be bishops in any kingdom; but the emperor would be given veto power over any selection he didn’t like.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
The Concordat of Worms is signed in 1122.
This is an illustration of the concept of “lay investiture.”
In this picture a king from the Middle Ages is handing a bishop his “shepherd’s crook” a symbol of the office of bishop.
The Catholic Church insisted that bishops were chosen by the Pope, not by kings.
Disorder in the EmpireDisorder in the EmpireThe Reign of Frederick I
◦In 1152, Frederick I becomes king; dominates German princes
◦Disorder breaks out whenever he leaves Germany
◦Frederick invades Italy, meets defeat at Legnano in 1176
◦Empire collapses after Frederick’s death in 1190
Disorder in the EmpireDisorder in the EmpireGerman State’s Remain Separate
◦German kings after Frederick try to revive empire
◦German princes, who elect kings, prefer to keep them weak
Primary SourcePrimary Source“There, having laid aside all the
belongings of royalty, wretchedly, with bare feet and clad in wool, he [Henry IV] continued for three days to stand before the gate of the castle. Nor did he desist from imploring with many tears the aid and consolation of the apostolic mercy until he had moved all of those who were present there.”POPE GREGORY, in Basic Documents
in Medieval History