The Power and Limits of Principled Activism Hans Peter Schmitz.
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Transcript of The Power and Limits of Principled Activism Hans Peter Schmitz.
The Power and Limits of Principled Activism
Hans Peter Schmitz
Outline
Rationale Increasing visibility and power of transnational activism Limits of the current academic literature
Design Sampling and protocol and interview process Coding, data structure and data transformation
Preliminary findings Contributions to the academic literature Results relevant to practitioners
Future plans
Rationale: increased visibility
Quantitative growth of TNGO sector
At the United Nations (based on Global Policy Forum/UN Department on Economic and Social Affairs)
In the United States (number of organizations and revenue)
Global NGO Growth(based on: Yearbook of International Organizations, Vol. 1, 1997/98)
UN consultative status
Regional representation, 1996
Regional representation, 2007
Growth of US sector
Growth in international not-for-profits (transnational NGOs).
National Center for Charitable Statistics (NCCS) Based on 990 forms (revenue exceeding $25,000 US-
Dollar)
Revenue base increased from $4.57bn (1997) to $32bn in 2007.
Number of organizations increased from 1,812 to 6,500. Snapshot 2003 (Kerlin/Thanasombat): 5,600 organizations
and revenue of $17.7bn.
Research motivation
Literature primarily focuses on large and successful organizations/campaigns.
Sectoral fragmentation.
Disciplinary fragmentation (IR, PA, sociology, etc.)
Organizational and leadership perspectives (“from the inside-out”) are rarely explored.
Research motivation, ctd.
Basic questions about TNGOs remain unanswered.
What are their goals and the obstacles faced? How do they define effectiveness and
accountability? To whom are they accountable? How do they view networks and partnerships?
Objectives defined
Study activism across major sectors;
Create data in a cross-disciplinary context, using quantitative as well as qualitative tools;
Add the perspective of TNGO leadership on their role in global governance;
Develop a research program integrated with teaching and practitioner engagement;
Design of study Selection
Charity Navigator database of international nonprofits (2005) with 501(c)(3) status in the US
Proportionate stratified random sampling based on size, sector and fiscal health
Data collection Confidential interviews with 152 TNGO leaders
across the US (average of 84 minutes) About 209 hours of interviews recorded and
transcribed
The claim of representativeness is limited to US-registered TNGOs, not global community of such orgs.
Any bias of Charity Navigator selection is reproduced in our study.
Limitations of the sample
Changes in organizational goals and governance structures
Effectiveness and its assessment Accountability Funding as related to effectiveness and
accountability Communication, collaboration, networks and
partnerships
Leadership characteristics and preparation
Interview protocol
68% response rate; 81% interviewed were top leaders (President/CEOs);
Researchers visited headquarters for interviews;
Interviews lasted an average of 84 minutes; total of about 209 hours;
Interview process
Professional transcriptions; Creation of a hierarchically organized
codebook implemented in ATLAS.ti; Designed to allow for both qualitative
retrieval and quantification; Intercoder agreement: 0.80.
Data transformation
Datasets created
Qualitative dataset Coded transcripts organized in ATLAS.ti for
efficient retrieval of quotations Frequency count report from ATLAS.ti exported
to Stata
Quantitative dataset Data transformed and labeled Primary and secondary data merged Dataset is 152 cases by about 400 variables
Advantages of method
Mixing qualitative and quantitative strengths
For the primary data, each is connected to the qualitative quotation from which it is derived
Statistics are easily contextualized and interpreted
Retention of qualitative nuance obtained from open-ended questioning
Emerging findings and working papers
Motives and goals
Effectiveness
Accountability
Leadership
Networking and partnerships
Monday Developments (InterAction) piece Limits of overhead-centered definition of
effectiveness used by many rating sites (CN). Move towards more impact-driven
measurements.
How do we best understand TNGOs? Principled and interest-driven views compete
in the current debates, in particular in IR.
Effectiveness
TNGO leaders primarily focus on three dimensions of accountability:
financial management, mandate, and transparency
TNGO leaders are less likely to mention the following dimensions of accountability:
responsiveness, evaluation, and participation
Accountability
““We are also interested in how organizations like We are also interested in how organizations like yours are structured. Would you please tell yours are structured. Would you please tell me a little bit about how your organization is me a little bit about how your organization is structured?”structured?”
UnitaryUnitary64%64%
FederationFederation29%29%
CoalitionCoalition7%7%
Governance structure
Sources of Sources of Accountability Accountability
PressuresPressures
UnitaryUnitary FederationFederation CoalitionCoalition Total Total (row)(row)
InternalInternal 41.0%41.0%(34)(34)
21.1%21.1%(8)(8)
25.0%25.0%(2)(2)
34.1%34.1%(44)(44)
ExternalExternal 21.7%21.7%(18)(18)
39.5%39.5%(15)(15)
37.5%37.5%(3)(3)
27.9%27.9%(36)(36)
BothBoth 37.4%37.4%(31)(31)
39.5%39.5%(15)(15)
37.5%37.5%(3)(3)
38.0%38.0%(49)(49)
TotalTotal(column)(column)
100.0%100.0%(83)(83)
100.0%100.0%(38)(38)
100.0%100.0%(8)(8)
100.0%100.0%(129)(129)
Governance & Accountability
Research collaboration Data sharing (Hauser Center) Other regions outside the United States
Practitioner engagement Summer Institute Consultancies (example: PLAN International)
Future plans