The Political System of European Union_Foreign Policies.pdf

Chapter 12 of “The Political System of European Union”Hix, S. and Hoyland, B.

Foreign Policies

The European and International dimension of policy-making

Ricardo Abreu14707, PDPP

A.Theories of International Relations and Political Economy

B.External Economic Policies: Free Trade,Not “Fortress Europe”

C. External Political Relation: an EU foreign policy

D.Explaining the Foreign Policies of EU

E. A “Soft Superpower”

Resume of chapter

•Realism

•Liberalism

•Constructivism

Theories of international Relations and Political Economy


• Realism

• The State are unitary actor. Politics and citizens have a same perception of national interest

• The interest are: 1º geopolitical/security; 2º Economic

• The State is rational. Maximize its security

• Liberalism

• The State are not a unitary actor. the preferences are formed by a social construction. Competition between groups (social groups and elites).

• The competition are driven bye economic interest rather geopolitical.

• International systems the states pursue their economic preferences shaped by state interdependence and behaviour of international institutions.


• Constructivism

• The preferences of actors are based in ideological and/or cultural norms

• Actors are not strictly “rational”, their are bound by psicological or normative constraints

• The preferences and behaviour is result of socialization


Two faces of a coin

Economic policy Foreign and Security PolicyTrade Agreements

Development and humanitarian aid

Common Foreign and Security Policy

European Security and Defence Policy

3 types of External Economic Policy

1. A single set of rules on importation of goods (CCP)

2. Bilateral and multilateral trade agreements between the EU and other states or blocs

3. Trade, aid and cooperation policies with developing countries

External Economic Policies. Free Trade, Not “Fortress Europe”

The pattern of EU trade

% Trade

EU Major trade countries in 2011


EU Major trade regions in 2011 (imports+exports)

5%1%5%

28%

0%4%

13%11%

6%

5%3%

17%

ACPAndean CommunityASEANBRICCACMCandidate CountriesCISEFTALatin American CountriesMEDA (excl EU&Turk)MercosurNAFTA

Regions



EU trade in 2011

42%

17%

13%

10%

6%4%3%3%2%0%

EU exports to World

Machinery and transport equipmentChemicals and related prod, n.e.s.Manufactured goods classified chiefly by materialMiscellaneous manufactured articlesMineral fuels, lubricants and related materialsFood and live animalsCommodities and transactions n.c.e.Crude materials, inedible, except fuelsBeverages and tobaccoAnimal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes

29%

26%13%

11%

9%

5%5%2%1%0%

EU imports from World

Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materialsMachinery and transport equipmentMiscellaneous manufactured articlesManufactured goods classified chiefly by materialChemicals and related prod, n.e.s.Food and live animalsCrude materials, inedible, except fuelsCommodities and transactions n.c.e.Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxesBeverages and tobacco



EU Trade in 2011-2012

0%

5,00%

10,00%

15,00%

20,00%

Nov. 2011 Dec. 2011 Jan. 2012 Feb. 2012 Mar. 2012 Apr. 2012 May. 2012 Jun. 2012 Jul. 2012 Aug. 2012 Sep. 2012 Oct. 2012

EU merchandise trade with non-EU countries: monthly growth

Imports Exports



1. Common Commercial Policy

“Articles 131-4 of EU treaty set out that the EU has a single external trade policy, know as the Common Commercial Policy (CCP)”




Instruments

• “The Common External Tariff”

• “Import quotas”

• “Anti-dumping measures”

• “Voluntary Export Restraint”




Actors

• EC monopoly of legislative initiative

• EC negotiates all external trade agreements

• Council act by qualified-majority given mandates to EC or approve agreements negotiated by EC

• EP has no formal role in CCP



2. Multilateral Trade Agreements

GATT

WTO

Annecy Round 1949

Torquay Round 1951

Geneva Round 1955/6

Dillon Round 1960/2

Kennedy Round 1962/7

Tokyo Round 1973/9

Uruguay Round 1986/94

(Doha Round 2001)



2. Bilateral preferential trade agreements

EU and Customs union

European Economic Area

Concluded preferencial agreements

Currently negotiation preferencial trade agreements

Considering opening preferencial agreements


Source: EC


3. Development Policies: “aid and trade everthing but arms”

“Aid for Trade” (SfT) is develoment assistence provided in support of partner countries

Aid for Trade categories (WTO)a) Trade policy and Regulationsb) Trade developmentc) Trade-related infraestrutured) Building productive capacitye) Trade-related adjustmentf) Other trade-related needs


Source: EC



Total AfT commitments of the EU haveonstantly increased over the period 2004-2007, to reach €7,2 bilion in 2007

Financial instruments (incl. AfT) Value in Million €

EDF – the European Development Fund (African, Caribbean and Pacific countries): 2008 – 2013 22 682

DCI - the Development Cooperation Instrument (Latin America and Asia including Central Asia): 2007 – 2013 16 897

ENPI – the European Neighbourhood Policy Instrument (Neighbourhood countries and Russia): 2007 – 2013 11 181

IPA - Pre-accession instrument (the Balkans and Turkey). 2007 – 2013 11 468

Special budget line for multilateral initiatives 4 500

Source: EC “factsheet on Aid for Trade”




“The European Union as a whole is the world's biggest donors of humanitarian aid. Together, Member States and European Institutions contribute more than half of official global humanitarian aid”

Source: ECHO

• Commission’s European Community

Humanitarian Office (ECHO) was created in 1992

(Regulation (CE) nº1257/96)

• In 20 years provided €14 billion in Humanitarian

assistence in 140 countries.

• Anual budged has averaged €1 billion.

• In 2011 the funds reached nearly 150 million

4 principles European Consensus on humanitarian Aid:Humanity, Neutrality, Impartiality and Independence



1.Development of foreign policy cooperation and decision-making

2.Policy success and failure: hunted by capability-expectations gap

External political relations: towards an EU Foreign policy

1. Development of foreign policy cooperation and decision-making

➡1948 West European Union founded OTAN

➡1952 European Defence Community (EDC)

➡1969 European Political Cooperation (EPC)

➡1987 Single European Act (SEA)

➡1990 Intergovernamental Conference (IGC)

➡1991 Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)



“to assert its identity on the international scene, in particular through the implementation of a common foreign and security policy including the eventual framing of a common defence policy, which might in time lead to a common defence”

Art. 2º Maastricht Treaty



Actors and decision-making

• EPC ministers > General Affairs Council

• EC > associate of CFSP (Common Foreign and Security Policy)

• EC > implement Council Foreign decisions (DGEPA)

• EP > have no role in CFSP decision-making



Instruments under MT

✓Common positions

✓Joint actions



“The Union shall define and implement a common foreign and security policy civering all areas of foreign and security policy!

Art. J.1 Amsterdam Treaty



Instruments under AT

✓Common strategies

✓Distinction betweeen common position and joint actions

✓Constructive abtention

✓Qualified-majority voting

✓High representative for CFSP

✓ Enhanced strategic planning

✓ European Security and Defense policy (ESDP)


2. Policy success and failure: hunted by the capability-expectation gap

Criticism

• “Despist this institutional integration, the record of EU action in the area of foreign and security policy is far from consistent”

• “EU public and the EU’s partners are demanding that EU take more active role in world affairs”

• “The EU does not have the institutional resources or political legitimacy to take on these roles”


1. Global economic and geopolitical (inter)dependence

2. Intransigent national security identities and interests

3. Domestic economic interests: EU governments and multinational firms

4. Institutional rules: decision-making procedures and Commission agenda-setting

Explaining the foreign Policies of the EU


Economic globalization

1. Price of goods, services and capital > reform of internal policies

2. Benefited some domestic interests but disadvantaged others

The end of Cold War

“the new global political and security challenges that were suppressed by the previous balance of power relations”



“EU foreign policies are essentially reactive rather than proactive: responding to global events rather than shaping them”



• “High politics” (fundamental definition, identity, security and sovereignty of nation-state)

• “Low politics” (issues about European economic integration and regulatory policies)



“Because foreign and security policies are central to concept of national identity and security, the EU member states have been less willing to agree to supranational forms of decicion-making in this area than in the less politically sensitive area of external economic and trade policies”


3. Domestic economic interst: EU governments and multinational firms

“From liberal perspective, the determination of policy preferences is the other way round: security interest are derived from economic interests.”

“Economic interests have played a vital part in shaping the external economic policies of EU”

“Economic interests are also a key factor in explaining the EU’s external political and security policies”


4. Institutional rules: decision-making procedures and Commission agenda

From a liberal-institutionalists point of view the suprenational institutional framework shapes EU global policies in three ways:

• Through the existence of a supranational actor EC with a certain agenda-setting powers.

• Through the institutional design of trade policy-making

• Through the decision-making rules and institutional norms in the CFSP


The EU has a great potential to be a major player in shaping global events, but this potential has exploited more in the economic than in political and security context. Why?

The answer lies in the mix of liberal, realist and constructivist theories of international relations!

“Soft Superpower”

“The liberal theory appears to explain EU global economic policies”.

“The realist theory is more helpful in explaining EU foreign and security policies”

“The constructivist theory helps explain why, even when they are deeply divided over a key issue, the member states endeavour to reconcile their national interests with the collective intersts of the EU as a whole”

“Soft Superpower”

Obrigado

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