The phylogenetic structure of plant-pollinator networks...
Transcript of The phylogenetic structure of plant-pollinator networks...
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Supporting Information
The phylogenetic structure of plant-pollinator networks
increases with habitat size and isolation
Marcelo A. Aizen, Gabriela Gleiser, Malena Sabatino, Luis J. Gilarranz, Jordi Bascompte,
and Miguel Verdú
Content Supporting Materials and Methods
Tables S1-S14
Figures S1-S5
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Supporting Materials and Methods
Landscape’s human transformation
The fertile Austral Pampas’ region, where the study sierras are located, was effectively
colonized by criollos of Spanish descent between 1820 and 1830, and the land divided
among the first “estancieros”, whose main activity was cattle-raising. The transformation
from pasture to cropland on the plains surrounding the sierras occurred at the end of the 19th
century associated with the onset of the big European immigration to Argentina (Barsky &
Gelman 2001). As it happened across the Pampas, a relatively diverse agriculture
dominated by wheat was replaced, starting in the late seventies, by one monopolized by
soybean (Aizen et al. 2009). Today the sierras emerge as true islands of diversity amidst a
relatively uniform agriculture matrix (Fig. 1).
Threshold distance
Functional connectivity depends on the dispersal capacity of individuals. Thus, it is
difficult to determine a priori the threshold distance below which two given habitat patches
are expected to be "connected" based solely on theoretical expectations, particularly for
community attributes. An empirical approach frequently used in landscape ecological
studies is to identify the threshold distance that maximizes the variance explained by the
correlation between a given connectivity metric and a population/community attribute (e.g.
Steffan-Dewenter et al. 2002). We followed this approach by estimating the relation
between phylogenetic signals in interactions and estimates of patch betweenness centrality
for each of the 12 focal sierras (Table S1), considering threshold distances between 10 and
20 km (Table S2). This range of distances was chosen because distances <10 km resulted
in some sierras to be completely "disconnected" from the rest (i.e. their betweenness
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centrality was undetermined) and distances > 20 km resulted in more than half of the sierras
with betweenness centrality values = 0 (i.e. most sierras were connected directly to all
sierras).
Plant and animal phylogenies
Phylogenetic distance estimation for plants
Phylogenetic relations among all species were inferred using the Phylomatic v3 online tool,
http://phylodiversity.net/phylomatic/ (Webb & Donoghue 2005), choosing the R20120829
source tree, which is based on the work of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III (Bremer et
al. 2009). As the resulting tree showed some polytomies, we further resolved the
phylogenetic relations for some groups using published phylogenies; for Asteraceae we
extracted the inferred relations from Funk et al. (2009) and for Iridaceae from Reeves et al.
(2001). Specifically, we replaced the polytomies contained in the source tree with resolved
sub-trees, which were assembled manually using the topological information contained in
the published phylogenies mentioned above. The resulting tree was then calibrated by
running the bladj (branch-length-adjusting) algorithm in the Phylocom 4.2 software (Webb
et al. 2008), using the estimated node dates from Wikström et al. (2001). This algorithm
constrains the ages of the provided nodes and subsequently assigns ages to the remaining
nodes evenly in order to produce an ultrametric tree. From this tree, we then obtained a
matrix of pairwise phylogenetic distances among all plants by running the phydist
command in Phylocom 4.2.
Phylogenetic distance estimation for pollinators
We constructed a phylogeny for the pollinators observed in all sierras by assembling the
information contained in different published sources. The phylogenetic relations among the
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main groups of insects were extracted from Wiegmann et al. (2009). We then added
resolved topologies for each group of the tips of this stem phylogeny from different
sources: Brady et al. (2009) for Aculeata, Cardinal et al. (2010) for Apidae, Field et al.
(2011) for Sphecidae, Danforth et al. (2008) for Halictidae, Heikkilä et al. (2012) for
Lepidoptera, Bertone & Wiegmann (2009) for Diptera, Kutty et al. (2010) for Calyptratae,
and McKenna & Farrell (2009) for Coleoptera. From these sources, we extracted the ages
of diversification for the main nodes of the phylogeny when available. We used this
information to estimate branch lengths for the resulting phylogeny, by applying, as for the
plant's phylogeny, the bladj algorithm, but this time using the ages of diversification
extracted from the publications mentioned above (e.g. we constructed a customized version
of the "ages" example file provided with the Phylocom software, which included known
node ages for some pollinator groups). Phylogenetic distances among all pollinators were
estimated using the phydist command in Phylocom 4.2.
Accounting for topological and chronological uncertainty
Both the plants and pollinators phylogenies contained some soft polytomies due to lack of
phylogenetic information in the bibliography, or also, in the case of the pollinators, due to
incomplete taxonomic identification (see Materials and Methods, Study system and
dataset). To account for the effect of the incomplete resolution of the trees, we applied a
procedure that simultaneously resolves polytomies and adjusts branch lengths using an
evolutionary constant rate birth-death model as an alternative to the bladj algorithm, which
does not assume any evolutionary model. This approach consists on first running the
PolytomyResolver R script (Kuhn et al. 2011), which produces an input file for the BEAST
software (Drummond & Rambaut 2007) that contains topological (known resolved
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topology) and chronological (known node ages of diversification) constraints. Then, the
BEAST software resolves the unresolved portions of the tree randomly, and also dates the
rest of the nodes under defined birth-death model priors. We ran, for both plants and
flower visitors, the PolytomyResolver R script using the known tree topologies and node
ages described above as topological and chronological constraints, and we kept the default
settings as described in Kuhn et al. (2011). Then, the resulting input file was read in
BEAST v.1.5.4, which performed Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) analyses for 107
iterations, sampled trees every 103 iterations, and produced an output of 104 alternative
trees. Using TreeAnnotator v.1.5.4 (Drummond & Rambaut 2007), we discarded a 25%
burnin and we obtained a maximum clade fully-resolved credibility tree. Finally, we
compared the resemblance of the matrices of pairwise phylogenetic distances obtained
using the bladj vs. the constant rate birth-death model and maximum-credibility tree
approach by means of a Mantel correlation test.
Spatial autocorrelation
Spatial autocorrelation of the residuals of the relations between variables describing
phylogenetic structuring of pollination webs as a function of sierra area and connectivity
(i.e. betwenness centrality) may increase the probability of Type I error in regression
analysis. We checked spatial structure in the residuals of the multiple regressions portrayed
in Tables S3 and S4 by means of Moran’s I correlograms (Fortin et al. 2002).
Correlograms were made with the software SAM 4.0 (Rangel et al. 2010) by constructing
six distance classes as to keep sample sizes per class large enough for meaningful statistical
power. We found statistically non-significant Moran’s I values at all regression x distance
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class combinations (4 x 6) but one (Tables S11 and S12), which might be expected to occur
by chance alone given a fixed Type 1 error of 0.05 for each separate test.
Supporting references
Aizen, M.A., Garibaldi, L.A. & Dondo, M. (2009). Expansión de la soja y diversidad de la agricultura argentina. Ecología Austral, 19, 45-54.
Barsky, O. & Gelman, J. (2001). Historia del Agro Argentino. Desde la Conquista Hasta Fines del Siglo XX. Grijalbo-Mondadori, Buenos Aires.
Bertone, M.A. & Wiegmann, B.M. (2009). True flies (Diptera). In: The Timetree of Life (eds Hedges S.B. & Kumar, S.). Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 270-277.
Brady, S.G., Larkin, L. & Danforth, B.N. (2009). Bees, ants, and stinging wasps (Aculeata). In: The Timetree of Life (eds Hedges, S.B. & Kumar, S.). Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 264-269.
Bremer, B., Bremer, K., Chase, M., Fay, M., Reveal, J., Soltis, D. et al. (2009). An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. Bot. J. Linn. Soc.,161, 105-121.
Cardinal, S., Strakab, J. & Danforth, B.N. (2010). Comprehensive phylogeny of apid bees reveals the evolutionary origins and antiquity of cleptoparasitism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 16207-16211.
Danforth, B.N., Eardley, C., Packer, L., Walker, K., Pauly, A. & Randrianambinintsoa, F.J. (2008). Phylogeny of Halictidae with an emphasis on endemic African Halictinae. Apidologie, 39, 86-101.
Drummond, A.J. & Rambaut, A. (2007). BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees. BMC Evol. Biol., 7, 214.
Field, J., Ohl, M. & Kennedy, M. (2011). A molecular phylogeny for digger wasps in the tribe Ammophilini (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Sphecidae). Syst. Entomol., 36, 732-740.
Fortin, M.J., Dale, M.R. & ver Hoef, J. (2002). Spatial analysis in ecology. In: Encyclopedia of Environmetrics. Volume 4 (eds El-Shaarawi, A.H. & Piegorsch, W.W.). John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, pp. 2051-2058.
Funk, V.A., Susanna, A., Stuessy, T.F. & Bayer, R.J. (2009). Systematics, Evolution, and Biogeography of Compositae. International Association for Plant Taxonomy,Vienna.
Heikkilä, M., Kaila, L., Mutanen, M., Peña, C. & Wahlberg, N. (2012). Cretaceous origin and repeated tertiary diversification of the redefined butterflies. Proc. R. Soc. B, 279, 1093-1099.
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Kuhn, T.S., Mooers, A.Ø. & Thomas, G.H. (2011). A simple polytomy resolver for dated phylogenies. Methods Ecol. Evol., 2, 427-436.
Kutty, S.N., Pape, T., Wiegmann, B.M. & Meier, R. (2010). Molecular phylogeny of the Calyptratae (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha) with an emphasis on the superfamily Oestroidea and the position of Mystacinobiidae and McAlpine’s fly. Syst. Entomol.,35, 614-635.
McKenna, D.D. & Farrell, B.D. (2009). Beetles (Coleoptera). In: The Timetree of Life (eds Hedges, S.B. & Kumar, S.). Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 278-289.
Rangel, T.F., Diniz-Filho, J.A.F. & Bini, L.M. (2010). SAM: a comprehensive application for spatial analysis in macroecology. Ecography,33, 46-50.
Reeves, G., Chase, M.W., Goldblatt, P., Rudall, P., Fay, M.F., Cox, A.V. et al. (2001). Molecular systematics of Iridaceae: evidence from four plastid DNA regions. Am. J. Bot., 88, 2074-2087.
Steffan-Dewenter, I., Münzenberg, U., Bürger, C., Thies, C. & Tscharntke, T. (2002). Scale-dependent effects of landscape context on three pollinator guilds. Ecology, 83, 1421-1432.
Webb, C.O. & Donoghue, M.J. (2005). Phylomatic: tree assembly for applied phylogenetics. Mol. Ecol. Notes, 5, 181-183.
Webb, C.O., Ackerly, D.D. & Kembel, S.W. (2008). Phylocom: software for the analysis of phylogenetic community structure and trait evolution. Bioinformatics, 24, 2098-2100.
Wiegmann, B.M., Kim, J. & Trautwein, M.D. (2009). Holometabolous insects (Holometabola). In: The Timetree of Life (eds Hedges, S.B. & Kumar, S.). Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 260-263.
Wikström, N., Savolainen, V. & Chase, M.W. (2001). Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree. Proc. R. Soc., 268, 2211-2220.
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Table S1 Geographical coordinates and characteristics of the 12 sierras and pollination webs analyzed. Sierras are ordered from the largest to the
smallest.
Sierra
Latitude Longitude Area(ha)
Number of plant species
Number of animal species
Number of interaction
links
Total plant phylogeny
branch length (myr)
Total animal phylogeny
branch length (myr)
Vigilancia -37.880881 -58.012314 2147 34 74 243 2054.92 8484.69
Volcan -37.855217 -58.059364 2079 34 68 228 1877.64 8221.08
Difuntos -37.885350 -57.841953 1692 25 68 191 1711.67 7345.95
Cinco Cerros -37.737917 -58.240992 541 33 63 171 1716.07 7704.09
La Brava -37.881586 -57.986611 396 24 58 171 1224.49 6854.76
La Barrosa -37.873775 -58.263144 243 36 58 175 1935.29 6273.19
La Chata -37.877511 -58.384603 229 33 61 191 1987.18 6839.99
Amarante -37.845356 -58.365892 190 39 67 188 1971.34 7611.86
El Morro -37.739264 -58.424703 49 17 67 138 1062.18 8210.04
Difuntito -37.760303 -58.250575 13 38 79 241 2478.56 7772.28
Piedra Alta -37.733280 -58.311856 13 22 66 168 1601.02 7634.14
La Paja -37.751733 -58.289511 12 28 48 132 1725.68 5884.63
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Table S2 Coefficients of determination (R2) for linear regressions testing the effects of
different estimates of betweenness centrality based on increasing threshold distances
(10-20 km) on the correspondences (z-transformed estimates) between the (a) plant
phylogeny and species composition of the interacting animal assemblage, (b) animal
phylogeny and species composition of the interacting plant assemblage, and (c) plant-
animal phylogenies.
Threshold (a) Plant phylogeny (b) Animal phylogeny (c) Cophylogeny
distance (km) R2 P R2 P R2 P
10 0.197 0.15 0.022 0.64 0.117 0.27
11 0.342 0.046 0.189 0.16 0.317 0.056
12 0.368 0.036 0.129 0.25 0.332 0.049
13 0.206 0.14 0.078 0.38 0.143 0.23
14 0.022 0.64 0.004 0.85 0.005 0.83
15 0.011 0.75 0.034 0.57 0.000 0.97
16 0.034 0.56 0.002 0.88 0.067 0.42
17 0.135 0.24 0.012 0.74 0.198 0.15
18 0.068 0.41 0.006 0.82 0.165 0.19
19 0.043 0.52 0.001 0.92 0.002 0.89
20 0.033 0.57 0.000 0.99 0.000 0.98
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Table S3 Multiple linear regressions testing the effects of (log10-transformed) sierra
area and connectivity (i.e. betwenness centrality) on the phylogenetic-ecological
correspondence (i.e. z-transformed partial Mantel correlation) between the (a) plant
phylogeny and species composition of the interacting animal assemblage, and (b)
animal phylogeny and species composition of the interacting plant assemblage (Fig. 3).
P-values < 0.05 are boldfaced. Sample size n=12.
(a) Plant phylogeny (b) Animal phylogeny
Factor Estimate SE t P Estimate SE t P
Intercept 1.266 1.212 1.05 0.32 1.724 1.206 1.43 0.19
Area 0.531 0.507 1.05 0.32 1.165 0.505 2.31 0.046
Connectivity -10.610 4.133 -2.56 0.030 -7.498 4.110 -1.82 0.10
R2 =0.437 R2 =0.453
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Table S4 Multiple linear regressions testing the effects of (log10-transformed) sierra
area and connectivity (i.e. betwenness centrality) on the cophylogenetic congruence (i.e.
z-transformed ParaFit index) between the plant and animal phylogenies of the
pollination web of each sierra (a) including all the sierras (n=12), and (b) after
excluding Difuntito, a small sierra with an unexpected high number of species and
interactions (Fig. 4). P-values < 0.05 are boldfaced.
(a) All sierras (b) Without Difuntito
Factor Estimate SE t P Estimate SE t P
Intercept -0.089 0.813 -0.11 0.92 -1.235 0.559 -2.21 0.058
Area 0.738 0.341 2.16 0.058 1.122 0.223 5.02 0.001
Connectivity -8.140 2.774 -2.94 0.017 -7.518 1.663 -4.52 0.002
R2 =0.561 R2 =0.837
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Table S5 Multiple linear regressions testing the effects of (log10-transformed) sierra
area, connectivity (i.e. betweennes centrality), and (log10-transformed) total number of
species (i.e. plants and animals) on the phylogenetic-ecological correspondence (i.e. z-
transformed partial Mantel correlation) between the (a) plant phylogeny and species
composition of the interacting animal assemblage, and (b) animal phylogeny and
species composition of the interacting plant assemblage. P-values < 0.05 are boldfaced.
Sample size n=12.
(a) Plant phylogeny (b) Animal phylogeny
Factor Estimate SE t P Estimate SE t P
Intercept -6.980 16.696 -0.42 0.76 4.769 16.813 0.28 0.78
Area 0.458 0.550 0.83 0.17 1.192 0.555 2.15 0.064
Connectivity -10.811 4.337 -2.49 0.035 -7.424 4.373 -1.70 0.13
No. species 4.267 8.617 0.50 0.63 -1.576 8.686 -0.18 0.86
R2 =0.454 R2 =0.455
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Table S6 Multiple linear regressions testing the effects of (log10-transformed) sierra
area, connectivity (i.e. betwenness centrality), and (log10-transformed) total number of
species (i.e. plants and animals) on the cophylogenetic congruence (i.e. z-transformed
Parafit index) between the plant and animal phylogenies of the pollination web of each
sierra (a) including all the sierras (n=12), and (b) after excluding Difuntito, a small
sierra with an unexpected number of species and interactions. P-values < 0.05 are
boldfaced.
(a) All sierras (b) Without Difuntito
Factor Estimate SE t P Estimate SE t P
Intercept -22.567 8.116 -2.78 0.023 -5.311 10.600 -0.50 0.63
Area 0.538 0.267 2.01 0.079 1.036 0.324 3.19 0.015
Connectivity -8.688 2.108 -4.12 0.003 -7.770 1.821 -4.23 0.004
No. species 11.634 4.189 2.77 0.024 2.184 5.671 0.38 0.71
R2 =0.776 R2 =0.840
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Table S7 Multiple linear regressions testing the effects of (log10-transformed) sierra
area, connectivity (i.e. betwenness centrality), and (log10-transformed) number of
interaction links on the phylogenetic-ecological correspondence (i.e. z-transformed
partial Mantel correlation) between the (a) plant phylogeny and species composition of
the interacting animal assemblage, and (b) animal phylogeny and species composition
of the interacting plant assemblage. P-values < 0.05 are boldfaced. Sample size n=12.
(a) Plant phylogeny (b) Animal phylogeny
Factor Estimate SE t P Estimate SE t P
Intercept -8.061 12.703 -0.64 0.54 6.434 12.956 0.50 0.63
Area 0.332 0.587| 0.57 0.59 1.266 0.598 2.12 0.06
Connectivity -10.741 4.246 -2.53 0.035 -7.433 4.330 -1.72 0.12
No. links 4.326 5.863 0.74 0.48 -2.184 5.980 -0.37 0.72
R2 =0.473 R2 =0.462
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Table S8 Multiple linear regressions testing the effects of (log10-transformed) sierra
area, connectivity (i.e. betwenness centrality), and (log10-transformed) number of
interaction links on the cophylogenetic congruence (i.e. z-transformed Parafit index)
between the plant and animal phylogenies of the pollination web of each sierra (a)
including all the sierras (n=12), and (b) after excluding Difuntito, a small sierra with an
unexpected number of species and interactions. P-values < 0.05 are boldfaced.
(a) All sierras (b) Without Difuntito
Factor Estimate SE t P Estimate SE t P
Intercept -17.103 6.410 -2.67 0.028 -1.913 8.786 -0.22 0.83
Area 0.374 0.296 1.26 0.24 1.095 0.413 2.65 0.032
Connectivity -8.377 2.142 -3.91 0.004 -7.545 1.812 -4.16 0.004
No. links 7.891 2.959 2.67 0.025 0.330 4.260 0.08 0.94
R2 =0.767 R2 =0.837
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Table S9 Multiple linear regressions testing the effects of (log10-transformed) sierra
area, connectivity (i.e. betwenness centrality), and (log10-transformed) total phylogeny
branch length (i.e. for plants or animals) on the phylogenetic-ecological correspondence
(i.e. z-transformed partial Mantel correlation) between the (a) plant phylogeny and
species composition of the interacting animal assemblage, and (b) animal phylogeny
and species composition of the interacting plant assemblage. P-values < 0.05 are
boldfaced. Sample size n=12.
(a) Plant phylogeny (b) Animal phylogeny
Factor Estimate SE t P Estimate SE t P
Intercept -9.480 15.123 -0.63 0.55 6.661 42.039 0.16 0.87
Area 0.531 0.521 1.02 0.34 1.194 0.590 2.02 0.078
Connectivity -11.742 4.538 -2.59 0.032 -7.767 4.919 -1.58 0.15
Phylogeny 3.343 4.689 0.71 0.50 -1.289 10.967 -0.12 0.90
R2 =0.470 R2 =0.454
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Table S10 Multiple linear regressions testing the effects of (log10-transformed) sierra
area, connectivity (i.e. betwenness centrality), and (log10-transformed) total phylogeny
branch length (i.e. summing the plant and animal phylogenies) on the cophylogenetic
congruence (i.e. z-transformed Parafit index) between the plant and animal phylogenies
of the pollination web of each sierra (a) including all the sierras (n=12), and (b) after
excluding Difuntito, a small sierra with an unexpected number of species and
interactions. P-values < 0.05 are boldfaced.
(a) All sierras (b) Without Difuntito
Factor Estimate SE t P Estimate SE t P
Intercept -48.726 24.389 -2.00 0.081 -14.794 20.940 -0.70 0.50
Area 0.527 0.313 1.68 0.12 1.020 0.280 3.64 0.008
Connectivity -6.832 2.492 -2.74 0.025 -7.220 1.788 -4.03 0.005
Phylogeny 12.374 6.203 1.99 0.081 3.471 5.375 0.65 0.54
R2 =0.707 R2 =0.846
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Table S11 Spatial autocorrelation (Moran´s I) for six distance categories of the
residuals of multiple linear regressions testing the effects of (log10-transformed) sierra
area and connectivity (i.e. betwenness centrality) on the phylogenetic-ecological
correspondence (i.e .z-transformed partial Mantel correlation) between the (a) plant
phylogeny and species composition of the interacting animal assemblage, and (b)
animal phylogeny and species composition of the interacting plant assemblage (Fig. 3
and Table S3). P-values < 0.05 are boldfaced.
(a) Plant phylogeny (b) Animal phylogeny
Distance (km) n Moran´s I SE P n Moran´s I SE P
5.92 22 0.047 0.200 0.49 22 -0.296 0.201 0.31
12.85 20 -0.125 0.101 0.73 20 -0.061 0.119 0.80
17.31 20 -0.294 0.254 0.42 20 -0.166 0.250 0.76
23.36 20 0.415 0.168 0.003 20 -0.257 0.174 0.34
30.83 20 -0.418 0.254 0.20 20 0.250 0.250 0.17
44.42 20 -0.067 0.089 0.79 20 -0.043 0.044 0.27
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Table S12 Spatial autocorrelation (Moran´s I) for six distance categories of the
residuals of multiple linear regressions testing the effects of (log10-transformed) sierra
area and connectivity (i.e. betwenness centrality) on the cophylogenetic congruence (i.e.
z-transformed ParaFit index) between the plant and animal phylogenies of the
pollination web of each sierra (a) including all the sierras (n=12), and (b) after
excluding Difuntito, a small sierra with an unexpected number of species and
interactions (Fig. 4 and Table S4). P-values < 0.05 are boldfaced.
(a) All sierras (b) Without Difuntito
Distance (km) n Moran´s I SE P n Moran´s I SE P
5.92 22 -0.262 0.202 0.40 18 -0.396 0.235 0.21
12.85 20 0.130 0.171 0.20 16 -0.042 0.219 0.79
17.31 20 -0.215 0.234 0.60 16 -0.107 0.245 0.98
23.36 20 -0.062 0.194 0.88 16 0.032 0.232 0.57
30.83 20 -0.229 0.234 0.55 16 -0.412 0.245 0.20
44.42 20 -0.014 0.144 0.59 18 0.191 0.191 0.59
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Table S13 Multiple linear regressions testing the effects of (log10-transformed) sierra
area and connectivity (i.e. betwenness centrality) on the plant (a) and animal (b)
phylogenetic signal in the adjusted number of interaction links (i.e. z-transformed K
statistic) (Fig. S4). P-values < 0.05 are boldfaced. Sample size n=12.
(a) Plant phylogeny (b) Animal phylogeny
Factor Estimate SE t P Estimate SE t P
Intercept 4.977 1.389 3.58 0.006 0.410 0.0768 5.33 <0.001
Area -1.297 0.581 -2.23 0.053 -0.005 0.03216 -0.14 0.89
Connectivity 4.013 4.738 0.85 0.42 -0.126 0.262 -0.48 0.64
R2=0.366 R2=0.030
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Table S14 Multiple linear regressions testing the effects of (log10-transformed) sierra
area and connectivity (i.e. betwenness centrality) on the plant (a) and animal (b) deficit
in phylogenetic diversity (i.e. z-transformed difference in Faith’s phylogenetic diversity
index) (Fig. S5). P-values < 0.05 are boldfaced. Sample size n=12.
(a) Plant phylogeny (b) Animal phylogeny
Factor Estimate SE t P Estimate SE t P
Intercept -0.909 0.944 -0.96 0.36 -3.214 0.970 -3.31 0.009
Area -0.458 0.395 -1.16 0.28 0.430 0.406 1.06 0.32
Connectivity -2.707 3.219 -0.84 0.42 -2.808 3.307 -0.85 0.42
R2 =0.214 R2 =0.150
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Figure S1 Plant metaphylogeny. Phylogenetic relations among the 96 plant species
sampled across the 12 sierras surveyed.
Figure S2 Animal metaphylogeny. Phylogenetic relations among 171 insect
morphospecies sampled across the 12 sierras surveyed.
Figure S3 Phylogenetic architecture of the plant-pollinator network of each sierra.
Phylogenetic relations for the plants (left) and animals (right) of the pollination network
sampled at each sierra and the interaction links between them. For each phylogeny,
branch lengths are proportional to time. Sierras are ordered from the largest to the
smallest.
Figure S4 Phylogenetic signal in the number of interaction links for each species (i.e.
species degree) as a function of sierra area and connectivity. Connectivity is measured
as betweenness centrality, an inverse measure of patch isolation. The phylogenetic
signal in the number of interaction links adjusted by the number of observations was
estimated as a z-transformed K statistic. The gray zone is the region delimited by the
2.5 and 97.5 percentiles from the random distributions of z-scores. The open circle in
each panel represents phylogenetic signal in species degree estimated for a web sampled
at Difuntito, a well-preserved small sierra with an unexpectedly high number of species
and interactions (Table S1). Complete statistics are provided in Table S13.
Figure S5 Deficit in phylogenetic diversity as a function of sierra area and
connectivity. Connectivity is measured as betweenness centrality, an inverse measure
of patch isolation. Deficit in phylogenetic diversity was estimated based on a z-
transformed index that compares the observed tree length with the mean of 1000
S23
randomly-generated trees. The gray zone is the region delimited by the 2.5 and 97.5
percentiles from the random distributions of z-scores. The open circle in each panel
represents the phylogenetic diversity deficit estimated for a web sampled at Difuntito, a
well-preserved small sierra with an unexpectedly high number of species and
interactions (Table S1). Complete statistics are provided in Table S14.
Figure S1
Solanum chacoense
Petunia axillaris
Convolvulus hermanniae
Gerardia genistifolia
Glandularia dissecta
Verbena intermedia
Echium plantagineum
Oxypetalum solanoides
Blumenbachia insignis
Cerastium mollissimum
Silene gallica
Gomphrena perennis
Gymnocalycium reductum
Opuntia elata
Wigginsia tephracantha
Arjona tuberosa
Gelasine azurea
Alophia lahue
Cypella herbertii
Sisyrinchium iridifolium
Habranthus andersoni
Habranthus gracilifolius
Nothoscordum bonariense
Rhodophiala bifida
Canna glauca
Commelina erecta
Hysterionica pinifolia
Conyza bonariensis
Grindelia buphthalmoides
Solidago chilensis
Sommerfeltia spinulosa
Baccharis articulata
Baccharis coridifolia
Baccharis tandilensis
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum
Gamochaeta argentina
Gamochaeta stachydifolia
Achyrocline satureoides
Gnaphalium cheiranthifolium
Conium maculatum
Eryngium floribundum
Eryngium horridum
Eryngium nudicaule
Eryngium regnellii
Foeniculum vulgare
Valeriana polystachya
26 species
2 species
2 species
5 species
5 species
10 species
20 MYA
S24
Figure S1 (cont.)
Carduus acanthoides
Cynara cardunculus
Hypochaeris pampasica
Hypochaeris rosengurtii
Picris echioides
Sonchus oleraceus
Vernonia echioides
Senecio bravensis
Senecio grisebachii
Senecio madagascariensis
Senecio pulcherSenecio selloi
Gaillardia megapotamica
Eupatorium bupleurifolium
Eupatorium lanigerum
Eupatorium macrocephalum
Eupatorium squarrulosum
Eupatorium subhastatum
Eupatorium tenacetifolium
Stevia satureiifolia
Spilanthes stolonifera
Bidens pilosa
1 species
1 species
13 species
7 species
8 species
6 species
10 species
Abutilon terminale
Sida flavescens
Pavonia cymbalaria
Helianthemum brasiliense
Rapistrum rugosum
Dodonaea viscosa
Cuphea fruticosaOenothera indecora
Geranium dissectum
Apodanthera sagitifolia
Rubus ulmifolius
Discaria longispina
Colletia paradoxaAdesmia incana
Lathyrus crassipes
Lathyrus nervosus
Lathyrus pubescens
Melilotus officinalis
Cytisus monspessulanus
Spartium junceum
Mimosa tandilensis
Hypericum connatus
Passiflora caerulea
Turnera pinnatifida
Oxalis articulata
Oxalis cordobensis
Cleanthes brasiliensis
Trixis stricta
Carduus acanthoides
20 MYA
S25
Polistes sp
Polybia scutellaris
Campsomeris bistrimacula
Campsomeris sp.
Formicidae
Camponotus sp.
Linepithema humile
Entypus ferruginipennis
Entypus sp.2
Pepsis sp.
Pompilidae
Tachypompilus sp.
Neochrysis sp.
Braconidae 1
Braconidae 2
Agathidinae
Microgastrinae
Urosigalphus sp.
Alophophion sp.
Ichneumonoidea 1
Ichneumonoidea 2
Ichneumonoidea 3
Chalcidoidea 1
Chalcidoidea 2
Leucospis sp.
Scelionidae
Coreidae
Polistes sp.
Gaesischia sp.
Melissoptila tandilensis
Chalepogenus goeldianus
Ceratina montana
Ceratina rupestris
Xylocopa augusti
Xylocopa ciliata
Bombus atratus
Bombus bellicosus
Apis mellifera
Isepeolus viperinus
Podagritus sp.
Sphex sp.
Isodontia sp.
Prionyx sp.
Chlorion sp.
Sceliphron asiaticum
Stenodynerus sp.1
Stenodynerus sp.2
Zeta canaliculata
Zethus sp.
Brachygastra lechiguana
Mischocyttarus drewseni
Polistes sp
96 species
18 species
7 species
50 MYA
Polistes sp.
S26Figure S2
Staphilinidae 1Staphilinidae 2Colletes cyaneusColletes sp.2Colletes sp.3Leioproctus indigoticusChilicola sp.Pseudagapostemon brasiliensisPseudagapostemon pampeanusPseudagapostemon singularisRuizantheda divaricataDialictus sp.Augochloropsis eratoAugochloropsis sp.2Augochloropsis sp.3Paroxystoglossa sp.Halictillus sp.Augochlorella ephyraAugochlora semiramisPanurgillus sp.Megachile sp.1Megachile sp.2Megachile sp.3Megachile sp.4Coelioxys sp.Pseudocentron sp.Megachilidae
1 species
1 species
1 species
11 species
5 species18 species
9 species4 species
ChrysopaCleridaeAstylus quadrilineatusMelyridaeHarmonia axyridesEpicauta sp.Mordellidae 1Mordellidae 2Nitidulidae
Lema sp.Chrysodina sp.Chrysomelidae 1Chrysomelidae 2Chrysomelidae 3Chrysomelidae 4Chrysomelidae 5Megacyllene insignitaMegacyllene spixiOdontocera flavicaudaParomoecerus barbicornis
Curculionidae 1Curculionidae 2Curculionidae 3Curculionidae 4Photinus fuscusChauliognathus scriptusChauliognathus sp.2Discodon sp.1Discodon sp.2Cantharidae 1Cantharidae 2Conoderus sp.Heteroderes rufangulusDactylozodes sp.Staphilinidae sp1
60 species
50 MYA
S27Figure S2 (cont.)
Anthomyiidae
Muscidae
Drosophilidae
Chloropidae
Tephritidae 1
Tephritidae 2
Tephritis sp.
Platycheirus sp.
Toxomerus sp.
Allograpta sp.
Pseudodoros sp.
Eristalis tenax
Eristalinus taeniops
Palpada sp.
Copestylum sp.
Syritta sp.
Syrphidae
Mydidae
Anthrax sp.
Bombyliidae 2
Villa sp.
Nemestrinidae
Hedriodiscus pulcher
Stratiomyidae 1
Stratiomyidae 2
Tabanidae
Bibionidae
Culicidae
Tipulidae
1 species
36 species
74 species
Anthomyiidae
Danaus plexipus
Libythea carinenta
Pampasatyrus gyrtone
Yphthimoides celmis
Agraulis vanillae
Euptoieta claudia
Vanessa sp.
Audre epulus signata
Emesis russula
Strymon eurytulus
Tatochila autodice
Tatochila vanvolxemi
Teochila maenacte
Corticea immocerina
Lerodea eufala
Panca subpunctuli
Thespieus catochra
Pyrgus sp.
Colias lesbia
Geometridae
Eudesmia australis
Agrotis sp.
Achyra similalis
Pyraloidea
Synanthedon albicalcarata
Cochliomyia macellaria
Lucilia sericata
Parachytas sp.
Trichopoda giacomelli
Tachinidae
Sarcophagidae
Anthomyiidae
50 MYA
Anthomyiidae
S28Figure S2 (cont.)
Solidago chilensis
Baccharis articulata
Baccharis coridifolia
Baccharis tandilensis
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum
Gamochaeta argentina
Achyrocline satureoides
Conium maculatum
Eryngium floribundum
Eryngium horridum
Eryngium regnellii
Valeriana polystachya
Convolvulus hermanniae
Gerardia genistifolia
Cerastium mollissimum
Cypella herbertii
Habranthus gracilifolius
Chauliognathus scriptusChauliognathus sp.2
Discodon sp.1Discodon sp.2Cantharidae 1
Conoderus sp.Staphilinidae 1Staphilinidae 2
Colletes sp.3Chilicola sp.
Ruizantheda divaricataDialictus sp.
Augochloropsis eratoAugochloropsis sp.2Augochloropsis sp.3
Halictillus sp.Augochlorella ephyra
Augochlora semiramisMegachilidae
Gaesischia sp.Xylocopa ciliata
Bombus bellicosusApis mellifera
Brachygastra lechiguanaMischocyttarus drewseni
Polistes sp.Polybia scutellaris
Campsomeris bistrimaculaCamponotus sp.
Linepithema humileEntypus sp.2
Pepsis sp.Tachypompilus sp.
Braconidae 1Urosigalphus sp.
Chalcidoidea 2
Vigilancia (2147 ha)
Geranium dissectum
Rubus ulmifolius
Colletia paradoxa
Adesmia incana
Lathyrus nervosus
Lathyrus pubescens
Passiflora caerulea
Oxalis articulata
Carduus acanthoides
Hypochaeris rosengurtii
Vernonia echioides
Senecio bravensis
Senecio madagascariensis
Senecio pulcher
Senecio selloi
Eupatorium bupleurifolium
Eupatorium subhastatum
Solidago chilensis
Pampasatyrus gyrtoneAgraulis vanillae
Euptoieta claudiaVanessa sp.
Emesis russulaStrymon eurytulus
Corticea immocerinaLerodea eufala
Panca subpunctuliThespieus catochra
Colias lesbiaEudesmia australis
Achyra similalisLucilia sericataParachytas sp.
Trichopoda giacomelliSarcophagidae
AnthomyiidaeDrosophilidae
Platycheirus sp.Toxomerus sp.Allograpta sp.
Palpada sp.Syritta sp.
Villa sp.Nemestrinidae
TabanidaeAstylus quadrilineatus
Mordellidae 1Mordellidae 2
NitidulidaeChrysodina sp.
Chrysomelidae 3Chrysomelidae 5
Megacyllene insignitaOdontocera flavicauda
Curculionidae 1Curculionidae 4
Chauliognathus scriptus
S29Figure S3
Baccharis articulata
Baccharis coridifolia
Baccharis tandilensis
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum
Achyrocline satureoides
Eryngium floribundum
Eryngium horridum
Eryngium regnellii
Foeniculum vulgare
Convolvulus hermanniae
Gerardia genistifolia
Glandularia dissecta
Verbena intermedia
Oxypetalum solanoides
Sisyrinchium iridifolium
Habranthus gracilifolius
Nothoscordum bonariense
Discodon sp1Discodon sp.2Cantharidae 1Cantharidae 2
Dactylozodes sp.Staphilinidae 1Staphilinidae 2
Colletes sp.3Chilicola sp.
Ruizantheda divaricataDialictus sp.
Augochloropsis sp.2Augochlorella ephyra
Augochlora semiramisMegachile sp.2
MegachilidaeGaesischia sp.
Melissoptila tandilensisChalepogenus goeldianus
Ceratina montanaXylocopa augustiXylocopa ciliata
Bombus bellicosusApis mellifera
Brachygastra lechiguanaMischocyttarus drewseni
Polistes sp.Polybia scutellaris
Camponotus sp.Agathidinae
MicrogastrinaeIchneumonoidea 1
Chalcidoidea 1
Volcán (2079 ha)
sp.1
Colletia paradoxa
Lathyrus pubescens
Mimosa tandilensis
Turnera pinnatifida
Oxalis articulata
Cleanthes brasiliensis
Carduus acanthoides
Vernonia echioides
Senecio madagascariensis
Senecio selloi
Gaillardia megapotamica
Eupatorium bupleurifolium
Eupatorium squarrulosum
Eupatorium subhastatum
Eupatorium tenacetifolium
Stevia satureiifolia
Spilanthes stolonifera
Baccharis articulata
Pampasatyrus gyrtoneEuptoieta claudia
Vanessa sp.Strymon eurytulus
Corticea immocerinaLerodea eufala
Thespieus catochraEudesmia australis
PyraloideaCochliomyia macellaria
Lucilia sericataSarcophagidae
AnthomyiidaeDrosophilidae
ChloropidaeToxomerus sp.Allograpta sp.
Palpada sp.Copestylum sp.Bombyliidae 2
Villa sp.Nemestrinidae
TabanidaeBibionidae
CleridaeAstylus quadrilineatus
MelyridaeMordellidae 1
NitidulidaeChrysodina sp.
Chrysomelidae 1Megacyllene spixi
Photinus fuscusChauliognathus scriptus
Chauliognathus sp.2Discodon sp1sp.1
S30Figure S3 (cont.)
Eupatorium tenacetifolium
Spilanthes stolonifera
Bidens pilosa
Baccharis tandilensis
Achyrocline satureoides
Eryngium regnellii
Foeniculum vulgare
Gerardia genistifolia
Verbena intermedia
Gomphrena perennis
Rhodophiala bifida
Canna glauca
Staphilinidae sp1Colletes cyaneus
Colletes sp.3Leioproctus indigoticus
Chilicola sp.Ruizantheda divaricata
Augochloropsis eratoAugochloropsis sp.2
Augochlorella ephyraAugochlora semiramis
MegachilidaeGaesischia sp.
Melissoptila tandilensisCeratina montanaCeratina rupestrisXylocopa augustiXylocopa ciliataBombus atratus
Bombus bellicosusApis melliferaPodagritus sp.
Chlorion sp.Brachygastra lechiguanaMischocyttarus drewseni
Polistes sp.Polyb ia scutellaris
Campsomeris sp.Camponotus sp.
Entypus ferruginipennisEntypus sp.2
PompilidaeChalcidoidea 2Leucospis sp.
Difuntos (1692 ha)
Staphilinidae 1
Rapistrum rugosum
Colletia paradoxa
Lathyrus nervosus
Lathyrus pubescens
Melilotus officinalis
Spartium junceum
Passiflora caerulea
Cynara cardunculus
Vernonia echioides
Senecio madagascariensis
Senecio selloi
Eupatorium bupleurifolium
Eupatorium macrocephalum
Pampasatyrus gyrtoneAgraulis vanillae
Vanessa sp.Strymon eurytulus
Corticea immocerinaLerodea eufala
Thespieus catochraColias lesbia
Cochliomyia macellariaLucilia sericata
Parachytas sp.Tachinidae
SarcophagidaeAnthomyiidaeDrosophilidae
Platycheirus sp.Toxomerus sp.Allograpta sp.
Palpada sp.Syrphidae
Bombyliidae 2Villa sp.
Hedriodiscus pulcherBibionidae
Astylus quadrilineatusMelyridae
Mordellidae 1Nitidulidae
Chrysodina sp.Megacyllene insignita
Paromoecerus barbicornisChauliognathus sp.2
Discodon sp.1Discodon sp.2Cantharidae 1
Staphilinidae sp1Staphilinidae 1
S31Figure S3 (cont.)
Eupatorium subhastatum
Eupatorium tenacetifolium
Stevia satureiifolia
Hysterionica pinifolia
Sommerfeltia spinulosa
Baccharis articulata
Baccharis tandilensis
Achyrocline satureoides
Eryngium floribundum
Eryngium horridum
Eryngium regnellii
Gerardia genistifolia
Gomphrena perennis
Habranthus andersoni
Habranthus gracilifolius
Rhodophiala bifida
Curculionidae sp2Curculionidae 3
Chauliognathus scriptusChauliognathus sp.2
Discodon sp.1Discodon sp.2Cantharidae 1
Dactylozodes sp.Staphilinidae 1
Chilicola sp.Ruizantheda divaricata
Augochloropsis eratoAugochloropsis sp.3
Augochlorella ephyraAugochlora semiramis
Panurgillus sp.Coelioxys sp.
Xylocopa augustiXylocopa ciliata
Bombus bellicosusApis melliferaPodagritus sp.
Stenodynerus sp.2Brachygastra lechiguana
Polistes sp.Polybia scutellaris
Camponotus sp.Braconidae 1
MicrogastrinaeAlophophion sp.
Ichneumonoidea 2
Cinco Cerros (541 ha)
Curculionidae 2
Dodonaea viscosa
Oenothera indecora
Lathyrus nervosus
Lathyrus pubescens
Hypericum connatus
Oxalis articulata
Oxalis cordobensis
Hypochaeris pampasica
Hypochaeris rosengurtii
Vernonia echioides
Senecio bravensis
Senecio grisebachii
Senecio madagascariensis
Gaillardia megapotamica
Eupatorium bupleurifolium
Eupatorium macrocephalum
Eupatorium squarrulosum
Libythea carinentaPampasatyrus gyrtone
Euptoieta claudiaVanessa sp.
Emesis russulaStrymon eurytulus
Corticea immocerinaLerodea eufala
Pyrgus sp.Cochliomyia macellaria
Lucilia sericataSarcophagidae
AnthomyiidaeDrosophilidaeTephritidae 1
Platycheirus sp.Toxomerus sp.Allograpta sp.
Palpada sp.Bombyliidae 2
Villa sp.NemestrinidaeStratiomyidae 1
BibionidaeCulicidae
Astylus quadrilineatusMelyridae
Mordellidae 1Mordellidae 2
NitidulidaeChrysodina sp.
Chrysomelidae 4Curculionidae sp2Curculionidae 2
S32Figure S3 (cont.)
La Brava (396 ha)
Baccharis coridifolia
Baccharis tandilensis
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum
Achyrocline satureoides
Eryngium horridum
Eryngium regnellii
Foeniculum vulgare
Gerardia genistifolia
Verbena intermedia
Oxypetalum solanoides
Habranthus gracilifolius
Rhodophiala bifida
Cantharidae 1Heteroderes rufangulus
Dactylozodes sp.Staphilinidae 1
Colletes sp.2Colletes sp.3Chilicola sp.
Augochloropsis eratoAugochloropsis sp.3
Augochlorella ephyraAugochlora semiramis
Coelioxys sp.Pseudocentron sp.
MegachilidaeGaesischia sp.
Melissoptila tandilensisXylocopa ciliata
Bombus bellicosusApis mellifera
Stenodynerus sp.1Zethus sp.
Brachygastra lechiguanaMischocyttarus drewseni
Polistes sp.Polybia scutellaris
Camponotus sp.Tachypompilus sp.
Chalcidoidea 2
Lathyrus nervosus
Cleanthes brasiliensis
Vernonia echioides
Senecio madagascariensis
Senecio selloi
Gaillardia megapotamica
Eupatorium squarrulosum
Eupatorium subhastatum
Eupatorium tenacetifolium
Stevia satureiifolia
Solidago chilensis
Baccharis articulata
Baccharis coridifolia
Agraulis vanillaeEuptoieta claudia
Vanessa sp.Strymon eurytulus
Corticea immocerinaLerodea eufala
Thespieus catochraAchyra similalis
Cochliomyia macellariaLucilia sericataSarcophagidae
AnthomyiidaeDrosophilidae
Tephritis sp.Toxomerus sp.Allograpta sp.
Palpada sp.Syrphidae
Villa sp.Nemestrinidae
Astylus quadrilineatusEpicauta sp.
Mordellidae 1Nitidulidae
Chrysodina sp.Megacyllene insignita
Megacyllene spixiChauliognathus scriptus
Discodon sp.1Discodon sp.2
S33Figure S3 (cont.)
La Barrosa (243 ha)
Spilanthes stolonifera
Hysterionica pinifolia
Conyza bonariensis
Solidago chilensis
Baccharis articulata
Baccharis coridifolia
Baccharis tandilensis
Gamochaeta stachydifolia
Achyrocline satureoides
Gnaphalium cheiranthifolium
Eryngium regnellii
Valeriana polystachya
Gerardia genistifolia
Echium plantagineum
Gomphrena perennis
Arjona tuberosa
Habranthus gracilifolius
Rhodophiala bifida
Staphilinidae 1Colletes sp.2Colletes sp.3Chilicola sp.
Augochloropsis eratoAugochloropsis sp.2Paroxystoglossa sp.
Halictillus sp.Augochlorella ephyra
Augochlora semiramisMegachile sp.4
Coelioxys sp.Megachilidae
Gaesischia sp.Melissoptila tandilensis
Ceratina rupestrisXylocopa augusti
Bombus bellicosusApis mellifera
Zeta canaliculataZethus sp.
Brachygastra lechiguanaPolistes sp.
Polybia scutellarisCamponotus sp.
Entypus sp.2Tachypompilus sp.
Chalcidoidea 1
Oenothera indecora
Adesmia incana
Lathyrus nervosus
Lathyrus pubescens
Cytisus monspessulanus
Oxalis articulata
Cleanthes brasiliensis
Carduus acanthoides
Hypochaeris rosengurtii
Picris echioides
Sonchus oleraceus
Vernonia echioides
Senecio bravensis
Senecio madagascariensis
Gaillardia megapotamica
Eupatorium squarrulosum
Eupatorium subhastatum
Eupatorium tenacetifolium
Spilanthes stolonifera
Agraulis vanillaeEuptoieta claudia
Vanessa sp.Corticea immocerina
Lerodea eufalaThespieus catochra
Cochliomyia macellariaLucilia sericataParachytas sp.
Trichopoda giacomelliTachinidae
SarcophagidaeAnthomyiidaeDrosophilidae
Platycheirus sp.Toxomerus sp.Allograpta sp.
Eristalinus taeniopsPalpada sp.
Villa sp.Bibionidae
Chrysopa sp.Astylus quadrilineatus
MelyridaeMordellidae 1
NitidulidaeChrysodina sp.
Megacyllene spixiChauliognathus sp.2
Cantharidae 1
S34Figure S3 (cont.)
La Chata (229 ha)
Grindelia buphthalmoides
Baccharis articulata
Baccharis coridifolia
Baccharis tandilensis
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum
Achyrocline satureoides
Eryngium horridum
Eryngium regnellii
Valeriana polystachya
Gerardia genistifolia
Glandularia dissecta
Verbena intermedia
Echium plantagineum
Cypella herbertii
Habranthus gracilifolius
Rhodophiala bifida
Chauliognathus sp2Discodon sp.1Cantharidae 1
Staphilinidae 1Colletes sp.3Chilicola sp.
Augochloropsis eratoHalictillus sp.
Augochlorella ephyraAugochlora semiramis
Megachile sp.4Megachilidae
Melissoptila tandilensisXylocopa augustiXylocopa ciliata
Bombus bellicosusApis mellifera
Isodontia sp.Stenodynerus sp.1
Brachygastra lechiguanaMischocyttarus drewseni
Polistes sp.Polybia scutellaris
Campsomeris bistrimaculaCamponotus sp.
Pepsis sp.Tachypompilus sp.
Braconidae 1Braconidae 2
Chalcidoidea 1
sp.2
Pavonia cymbalaria
Helianthemum brasiliense
Oenothera indecora
Colletia paradoxa
Adesmia incana
Lathyrus pubescens
Oxalis articulata
Trixis stricta
Vernonia echioides
Senecio bravensis
Senecio madagascariensis
Gaillardia megapotamica
Eupatorium squarrulosum
Eupatorium subhastatum
Eupatorium tenacetifolium
Stevia satureiifolia
Spilanthes stolonifera
Euptoieta claudiaVanessa sp.
Audre epulus signataCorticea immocerina
Lerodea eufalaThespieus catochra
Cochliomyia macellariaLucilia sericataParachytas sp.
TachinidaeSarcophagidae
AnthomyiidaeDrosophilidaeTephritidae 2Tephritis sp.
Platycheirus sp.Toxomerus sp.Allograpta sp.
Eristalinus taeniopsPalpada sp.
Villa sp.Nemestrinidae
CleridaeAstylus quadrilineatus
MelyridaeMordellidae 1
NitidulidaeChrysodina sp.
Chrysomelidae 3Megacyllene insignita
Chauliognathus scriptusChauliognathus sp2sp.2
S35Figure S3 (cont.)
Amarante (190 ha)
Baccharis coridifolia
Baccharis tandilensis
Achyrocline satureoides
Eryngium horridum
Eryngium nudicaule
Eryngium regnellii
Glandularia dissecta
Verbena intermedia
Echium plantagineum
Blumenbachia insignis
Gomphrena perennis
Gymnocalycium reductum
Wigginsia tephracantha
Gelasine azurea
Alophia lahue
Sisyrinchium iridifolium
Habranthus andersoni
Habranthus gracilifolius
Rhodophiala bifida
Curculionidae sp4Chauliognathus scriptus
Chauliognathus sp.2Cantharidae 1
Dactylozodes sp.Staphilinidae 1
Colletes cyaneusColletes sp.3
Leioproctus indigoticusChilicola sp.Dialictus sp.
Augochloropsis sp.2Augochlorella ephyra
Augochlora semiramisPanurgillus sp.Megachile sp.3
Coelioxys sp.Megachilidae
Gaesischia sp.Chalepogenus goeldianus
Ceratina montanaXylocopa ciliata
Bombus bellicosusApis mellifera
Stenodynerus sp.2Mischocyttarus drewseni
Polistes sp.Polybia scutellaris
Campsomeris bistrimaculaCamponotus sp.
Entypus ferruginipennisEntypus sp.2
Tachypompilus sp.
Curculionidae 4
Lathyrus pubescens
Oxalis articulata
Oxalis cordobensis
Trixis stricta
Carduus acanthoides
Hypochaeris rosengurtii
Vernonia echioides
Senecio bravensis
Senecio grisebachii
Senecio madagascariensis
Senecio selloi
Gaillardia megapotamica
Eupatorium squarrulosum
Eupatorium subhastatum
Eupatorium tenacetifolium
Stevia satureiifolia
Hysterionica pinifolia
Solidago chilensis
Sommerfeltia spinulosa
Baccharis articulata
Pampasatyrus gyrtoneAgraulis vanillae
Euptoieta claudiaVanessa sp.
Audre epulus signataCorticea immocerina
Lerodea eufalaThespieus catochra
Cochliomyia macellariaLucilia sericataParachytas sp.
TachinidaeSarcophagidae
AnthomyiidaeDrosophilidae
Platycheirus sp.Toxomerus sp.Allograpta sp.
Palpada sp.Copestylum sp.Bombyliidae 2
Villa sp.Nemestrinidae
BibionidaeTipulidae
Chrysopa sp.Cleridae
Astylus quadrilineatusMelyridae
Mordellidae 1Nitidulidae
Chrysodina sp.Chrysomelidae 2Curculionidae 2
Curculionidae sp4Curculionidae 4
S36Figure S3 (cont.)
El Morro (49 ha)
Baccharis coridifolia
Achyrocline satureoides
Gnaphalium cheiranthifolium
Eryngium regnellii
Cerastium mollissimum
Habranthus andersoni
Habranthus gracilifolius
Rhodophiala bifida
Chrysodina spChrysomelidae 2
Chauliognathus scriptusChauliognathus sp.2
Discodon sp.2Cantharidae 1
Dactylozodes sp.Colletes sp.3Chilicola sp.Dialictus sp.
Halictillus sp.Augochlorella ephyra
Augochlora semiramisXylocopa ciliata
Bombus bellicosusApis mellifera
Sphex sp.Isodontia sp.
Prionyx sp.Chlorion sp.
Sceliphron asiaticumStenodynerus sp.1
Mischocyttarus drewseniPolybia scutellaris
Campsomeris bistrimaculaFormicidae
Camponotus sp.Pompilidae
Neochrysis sp.MicrogastrinaeChalcidoidea 1
ScelionidaeCoreidae
Lathyrus pubescens
Oxalis articulata
Hypochaeris rosengurtii
Sonchus oleraceus
Senecio bravensis
Senecio madagascariensis
Eupatorium lanigerum
Eupatorium tenacetifolium
Hysterionica pinifolia
Euptoieta claudiaVanessa sp.
Strymon eurytulusTatochila autodice
Corticea immocerinaLerodea eufala
Thespieus catochraPyrgus sp.
Eudesmia australisSynanthedon albicalcarata
Cochliomyia macellariaLucilia sericataParachytas sp.
Trichopoda giacomelliSarcophagidae
AnthomyiidaeDrosophilidae
Platycheirus sp.Toxomerus sp.Allograpta sp.
Eristalis tenaxEristalinus taeniops
Palpada sp.Copestylum sp.
Syritta sp.Syrphidae
Bombyliidae 2Villa sp.
TabanidaeBibionidaeCulicidae
Astylus quadrilineatusMordellidae 1
NitidulidaeChrysodina sp.
S37Figure S3 (cont.)
Difuntito (13 ha)
Spilanthes stolonifera
Hysterionica pinifolia
Sommerfeltia spinulosa
Baccharis articulata
Baccharis coridifolia
Achyrocline satureoides
Eryngium horridum
Eryngium regnellii
Solanum chacoense
Petunia axillaris
Echium plantagineum
Oxypetalum solanoides
Blumenbachia insignis
Silene gallica
Gomphrena perennis
Opuntia elata
Habranthus andersoni
Rhodophiala bifida
Commelina erecta
NitidulidaeLema sp.
Chrysodina sp.Chauliognathus scriptus
Chauliognathus sp.2Discodon sp.1Discodon sp.2
Dactylozodes sp.Colletes cyaneus
Leioproctus indigoticusChilicola sp.
Pseudagapostemon brasiliensisPseudagapostemon pampeanus
Pseudagapostemon singularisDialictus sp.
Augochloropsis eratoAugochloropsis sp.3
Augochlorella ephyraAugochlora semiramis
Panurgillus sp.Megachile sp.1
Pseudocentron sp.Megachilidae
Gaesischia sp.Ceratina montanaXylocopa augusti
Xylocopa ciliataBombus bellicosus
Apis melliferaIsepeolus viperinus
Zeta canaliculataBrachygastra lechiguanaMischocyttarus drewseni
Polistes sp.Polybia scutellaris
Campsomeris bistrimaculaCamponotus sp.Neochrysis sp.Braconidae 1
Abutilon terminale
Pavonia cymbalaria
Cuphea fruticosa
Discaria longispina
Lathyrus crassipes
Lathyrus pubescens
Passiflora caerulea
Turnera pinnatifida
Oxalis articulata
Oxalis cordobensis
Carduus acanthoides
Hypochaeris rosengurtii
Senecio bravensis
Senecio grisebachii
Senecio madagascariensis
Eupatorium macrocephalum
Eupatorium subhastatum
Eupatorium tenacetifolium
Stevia satureiifolia
Spilanthes stolonifera
Pampasatyrus gyrtoneYphthimoides celmis
Agraulis vanillaeEuptoieta claudia
Vanessa sp.Audre epulus signata
Strymon eurytulusTatochila autodiceTeochila maenacte
Corticea immocerinaLerodea eufala
Thespieus catochraPyrgus sp.
Colias lesbiaGeometridae
Agrotis sp.Cochliomyia macellaria
Lucilia sericataParachytas sp.
Trichopoda giacomelliTachinidae
SarcophagidaeAnthomyiidae
MuscidaeDrosophilidaeTephritidae 1
Platycheirus sp.Toxomerus sp.
Allograpta sp.Pseudodoros sp.
Palpada sp.Syritta sp.Syrphidae
Bombyliidae 2Villa sp.
NemestrinidaeCulicidae
Astylus quadrilineatusHarmonia axyrides
Mordellidae 1Nitidulidae
Lema sp
S38Figure S3 (cont.)
Piedra Alta (13 ha)
Stevia satureiifolia
Conyza bonariensis
Solidago chilensis
Achyrocline satureoides
Eryngium horridum
Eryngium regnellii
Echium plantagineum
Blumenbachia insignis
Gomphrena perennis
Habranthus gracilifolius
Rhodophiala bifida
Chauliognathus scriptusDiscodon sp.1Discodon sp.2Cantharidae 1
Dactylozodes sp.Colletes cyaneus
Leioproctus indigoticusRuizantheda divaricata
Dialictus sp.Augochloropsis erato
Halictillus sp.Augochlorella ephyra
Augochlora semiramisPanurgillus sp.Megachilidae
Ceratina montanaXylocopa ciliata
Bombus bellicosusApis mellifera
Isodontia sp.Prionyx sp.
Chlorion sp.Brachygastra lechiguana
Polistes sp.Campsomeris bistrimacula
Campsomeris sp.Camponotus sp.
Entypus ferruginipennisPompilidae
Neochrysis sp.Braconidae 1
Ichneumonoidea 3
Sida flavescens
Rapistrum rugosum
Lathyrus pubescens
Turnera pinnatifida
Oxalis articulata
Carduus acanthoides
Cynara cardunculus
Hypochaeris rosengurtii
Eupatorium squarrulosum
Eupatorium subhastatum
Eupatorium tenacetifolium
Stevia satureiifolia
Danaus plexipusPampasatyrus gyrtoneYphthimoides celmis
Euptoieta claudiaVanessa sp.
Audre epulus signataTatochila vanvolxemiCorticea immocerina
Lerodea eufalaThespieus catochra
Pyrgus sp.Colias lesbia
Eudesmia australisAgrotis sp.
Lucilia sericataParachytas sp.
TachinidaeSarcophagidae
AnthomyiidaeMuscidae
DrosophilidaeToxomerus sp.Allograpta sp.
Palpada sp.Mydidae
Anthrax sp.Bombyliidae 2
Villa sp.Nemestrinidae
Stratiomyidae 2Astylus quadrilineatus
Epicauta sp.Nitidulidae
Chrysodina sp.Chauliognathus scriptus
S39Figure S3 (cont.)
La Paja (12 ha)
Stevia satureiifolia
Spilanthes stolonifera
Hysterionica pinifolia
Baccharis articulata
Baccharis tandilensis
Achyrocline satureoides
Eryngium regnellii
Echium plantagineum
Alophia lahue
Sisyrinchium iridifolium
Habranthus andersoni
Habranthus gracilifolius
Rhodophiala bifida
Commelina erecta
Chrysodina sp.Chauliognathus scriptus
Dactylozodes sp.Colletes sp.3Chilicola sp.
Ruizantheda divaricataAugochloropsis sp.2
Augochlorella ephyraAugochlora semiramis
Panurgillus sp.Coelioxys sp.
Gaesischia sp.Xylocopa ciliata
Bombus bellicosusApis mellifera
Prionyx sp.Brachygastra lechiguana
Polistes sp.Polybia scutellaris
Campsomeris bistrimaculaCamponotus sp.
Tachypompilus sp.Chalcidoidea 1
Abutilon terminale
Pavonia cymbalaria
Rapistrum rugosum
Apodanthera sagitifolia
Lathyrus pubescens
Oxalis articulata
Hypochaeris pampasica
Hypochaeris rosengurtii
Vernonia echioides
Senecio bravensis
Senecio madagascariensis
Senecio selloi
Eupatorium subhastatum
Eupatorium tenacetifolium
Stevia satureiifolia
Pampasatyrus gyrtoneEuptoieta claudia
Vanessa sp.Strymon eurytulusTatochila autodice
Corticea immocerinaLerodea eufala
Pyrgus sp.Cochliomyia macellaria
Lucilia sericataSarcophagidae
AnthomyiidaeDrosophilidae
Platycheirus sp.Toxomerus sp.Allograpta sp.
Eristalis tenaxPalpada sp.
Copestylum sp.Bombyliidae 2
Hedriodiscus pulcherAstylus quadrilineatus
Harmonia axyridesMordellidae 1
Nitidulidae
S40Figure S3 (cont.)
04
6
Area (ha)
z
101 10 103
Plant phylogeny
P=0.053
0.00 0.10 0.30
04
6
z
P=
04
6Area (ha)
101 10 103
Animal phylogeny
P=0.89
0.00 0.10 0.30
04
6 P=0.64
PhS41Figure S4
S40S40
0
Area (ha)
z
101 10 103
Plant phylogeny
P=
0.00 0.10 0.30
0
z
P=
0Area (ha)
101 10 103
Animal phylogeny
P=
0.00 0.10 0.30
0
P=
PhS42Figure S5