Do not form beliefs

about things. Just be.

Stay in the moment.

Depends how

you see it.

There is an eternal

truth about how things

are.

How things are

changes when forces

of nature act upon

them.

Do not form beliefs

about things. Just be.

Stay in the moment.

Depends how

you see it.

There is an eternal

truth about how things

are.

How things are

changes when forces

of nature act upon

them.

Do not form beliefs

about things. Just be.

Stay in the moment.

Depends how

you see it.

There is an eternal

truth about how things

are.

How things are

changes when forces

of nature act upon

them.

c

Do not form beliefs

about things. Just be.

Stay in the moment.

Depends how

you see it.

There is an eternal

truth about how things

are.

How things are

changes when forces

of nature act upon

them.

• Cyranaics (Aristippos), Epicuros

• Darwin

• Natural scientists

• Many psychologists: Freud, Skinner,

Lorenz…

• Early Wittgenstein, Dewey, Nagel,

Sellars, Quine

• Buddha

• Pyrrho, Heraclitus

• Nietzsche

• Kierkegaard

• Sartre

• Heidegger

• The sofists (Protagoras)

• Hegel, Marx

• Most anthropologists: Frans Boaz, C. Levi-

Strauss

• Most postmodernists (Derrida, Lyotard)

• Hermeneutics (Gadamer, Heidegger to a

degree)

• Many nationalists: Alasdair McIntyre

• Social constructivism

• Plato

• Descartes

• Kant

• Fundamenalist

interpretations of religions

Core

Core

There is a difference

between existence

and being.

Different cultures

produce different

kinds of people.

There is an eternal

truth about man.

Man is a product of

evolution and is

constantly changing.

• The man has an unchanging

essence, character (essentia).

• Reason is the most important

capacity of man.

• Reasonable people make the

same choices because the

recognise the essence.

• Everything is natural including

man.

• Man is a species among other

species.

• The difference between man and

other species is one of degree.

• The purpose of man’s life is to

actualize his natural potential.

• The man is a product of his society. The

man is truly a person only after

socialization.

• Our relationships with people have

strong impact on us.

• Different cultures produce quite different

kinds of people.

• There is more than one truth about what

is the nature of human being.

Buddhism:

• Detachment from thinking.

• “Essence precedes conceptual

existence”

Existentialism:

• “Existence precedes essence.”

• Life is fundamentally meaningless and

absurd but one can give it a meaning,

“life as art”.

• Cyranaics (Aristippos), Epicuros

• Darwin

• Natural scienctists

• Many psychologists: Freud, Skinner,

Lorenz…

• Early Wittgenstein, Dewey, Nagel,

Sellars, Quine

• Buddha

• Pyrrho, Heraclitus

• Nietzsche

• Kierkegaard

• Sartre

• Heidegger

• The sofists (Protagoras)

• Hegel, Marx

• Most anthropologists: Frans Boaz, C. Levi-

Strauss

• Most postmodernists (Derrida, Lyotard)

• Hermeneutics (Gadamer, Heidegger to a

degree)

• Many nationalists: Alasdair McIntyre

• Social constructivism

• Plato

• Descartes

• Kant

• Fundamenalist

interpretations of religions

Outcome

• Understanding the philosophical space

helps you in

– recognizing philosophical notions

– locating philosophical notions

– comparing philosophical notions to other

notions

– evaluating what kind of difference or similarity is

important and interesting

– understanding your own thinking better