THE PERSON AND PLACE DEIXIS ANALYSIS IN POLITICAL...

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THE PERSON AND PLACE DEIXIS

ANALYSIS IN POLITICAL NEWS

ARTICLES OF THE JAKARTA POST

A Thesis Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Degree of Strata One (S1)

NURHASANAH

109026000046

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

2013

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ABSTRACT

Nurhasanah, The Person Deixis and Place Deixis Analysis in Political News

Articles of The Jakarta Post. A Thesis: English Letters Department, Adab and

Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University “Syarif Hidayatullah” Jakarta, 2013.

The study is aimed to know the words that are contain person and place

deixis that are written in the political news articles of The Jakarta Post and

analyze the position of person and place deixis in the arrangement of the text. The

writer uses qualitative method to analyze the words of person and place deixis

which contained in political news articles of The Jakarta Post. The research data

were collected from ten texts in edition 20 February 2013; 3 and 6 May 2013; 11,

12, 18 and 19 September 2013; and 20 January 2014, and tabulate them into the

tables.

In the analysis, the writer gets that from 115 numbers of the total of the

data from the ten texts of The Jakarta Post which is found the word of ‘he’ is 68

items, ‘his’ is 41 items, ‘I’ is 29 items, ‘who’ is 2 items, ‘they’ is 12 items, ‘my’ is

10 items, ‘their’ is 12 items, ‘him’ is 10 items, ‘you’ is 7 items, ‘yourselves’ is 1

item, ‘your’ is 1 item, ‘we’ is 9 items, ‘our’ is 3 items , ‘me’ is 5 item, ‘she’ is 9

items, ‘her’ is 13 items, ‘them’ is 4 items, ‘themselves’ is 2 items, ‘himself’ is 5

items, ‘us’ is 3 items, ‘here’ is 7 items, ‘there’ is 1 item, with the total of 254

items consist of 246 items of person deixis and 8 items of place deixis.

The writer gets that 27% of the person deixis which is used is the word of

‘he’ is a kind of third person singular deixis, which refers to person who is being

talked about. Finally, the writer expects her study can be useful for all of the

readers to increase knowledge about deixis, especially the students of English

Letters Department.

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2013

Nov, 27 th , 2013

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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my

knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by

another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for

award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher

learning, except where due to acknowledgement has been made in the text.

Jakarta, November 2013

Nurhasanah

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah the Most Gracious the Most Merciful

First of all, the writer would like to express the most gratitude and praise to

Allah SWT, the Lord of the universe, and His generosity in completing her study

in the State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Then, peace and

blessing are upon to our beloved prophet Muhammad SAW and all of his

followers.

The writer would like to express her highest gratitude to her parents, H.

Sukirman and Hj. Turyati for their prayer and support, and for all of their

contribution in the writer’s life in completing the period of her education in State

Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, especially in finishing the thesis.

Therefore, this thesis is dedicated to her parents who always give their love and

spirits during the writer’s life. May Allah SWT bless them.

The writer also would like to express her gratitude to the persons who had

helping in finishing this thesis and for their contribution in process of writing until

it had become a complete work. They are as follows:

1. Dr. H. Abd. Wahid Hasyim, M. Ag, the Dean of Adab and Humanities

Faculty.

2. Drs. H. Abdul Hamid, M. Ed , the writer’s thesis advisor for his

knowledge and personal guidance which have been provided for

completing this thesis.

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3. Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M. Pd, the Head of English Letters Department and

Elve Oktafiyani, M. Hum, the Secretary of English Letters Department.

4. All lecturers of English Letters Department who have taught and educated

her very well during her study in State Islamic University Syarif

Hidayatullah Jakarta.

5. Her beloved husband, Agung Prabowo, who always accompanies and

gives his full supportin process of writing this thesis. The writer’s family,

my sisters (Nurhidayah, Nurjanah, Nuraminah, and Nurrohmah) for their

support in completing her study.

6. The Academic Staff of Adab and Humanities Faculty, the librarians of

State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah, the librarians of Atmajaya

University, and Indonesian University.

7. All of her beloved friends in State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah

Jakarta, especially in B class and Linguistics class: Sarah, Nayah, Yuni,

Indira, Jamal, Tika, Desi, Ojan, Nabila, Nurul, Niam, Fitri, thanks for the

friendship and kindness.

8. All the people who have helped the writer during the process of

conducting the research whose names are not mentioned here.

Finally, may Allah SWT, the Almighty and the Merciful,bless them all. The writer

realizes that this research is still far from being perfect. Therefore, suggestions

and criticisms will be accepted for the improvement for the thesis.

Jakarta, November 2013

The Writer

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT .................................................................................................. i

APPROVEMENT ........................................................................................ ii

LEGALIZATION ........................................................................................ iii

DECLARATION .......................................................................................... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................. vii

LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................... ix

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study .................................................................... 1

B. Focus of the Study .............................................................................. 4

C. Research Question .............................................................................. 4

D. Significance of the Study ................................................................... 4

E. Research Methodology....................................................................... 5

1. The Objective of the Research ............................................... 5

2. The Method of the Research .................................................. 5

3. Data Analysis Technique ....................................................... 5

4. Instrument of the Research..................................................... 6

5. Units of Analysis .................................................................... 6

6. Time and Place of the Research ............................................. 6

CHAPTER II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Semantics ........................................................................................... 7

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1. Definition of Semantics.......................................................... 7

2. Lexical and Grammatical Semantics ...................................... 9

B. English Pronoun and Deictic .............................................................. 11

C. Deixis ................................................................................................. 15

1. Definition of Deixis................................................................ 15

2. Types of Deixis ...................................................................... 16

3. Person Deixis ......................................................................... 18

4. Place Deixis ............................................................................ 21

D. Anaphora and Cataphora .................................................................... 22

1. Functions ................................................................................ 22

2. The ways of usage .................................................................. 22

E. Discourse ............................................................................................ 24

1. Definition and Types of Discourse ........................................ 24

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH FINDINGS .................................................. 27

A. Data Description................................................................................. 27

B. Data Analysis ..................................................................................... 33

CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ............................ 75

A. Conclusion ......................................................................................... 75

B. Suggestion .......................................................................................... 76

BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................ 78

APPENDICES .............................................................................................. 80

LIST OF TABLE

Table 1. Table of data from person deixis in the text entitled “Dahlan, Gita

told not to put Cabinet posts at risk” …….………………………………… 27

Table 2. Table of data from person deixis in the text entitled “Yudhoyono

addresses presidential contenders” ………………….……………………… 28

Table 3. Table of data from person deixis in the text entitled “Dems remove

Anas’ loyalists from top positions”………………….……………………… 28

Table 4. Table of data from person deixis in the text entitled “Aburizal’s

presidential candidacy safe, for now” ……………………………………… 29

Table 5. Table of data from person deixis in the text entitled “PM, opposition

hold second day of talks” ..………………………………………………… 29

Table 6. Table of data from person deixis in the text entitled “Syria crisis: A

glance at presidents, precedents” …...……………………………………… 30

Table 7. Table of data from person deixis in the text entitled “Dahlan accused

of politicking during May Day rally”.…………………………………….… 30

Table 8. Table of data from person deixis in the text entitled “Yudhoyono

should not slow down, must focus on transition” …………………….….… 31

Table 9. Table of data from person deixis in the text entitled “PPP actress

candidate causes smiles, for all wrong reasons” ……...……………….…… 31

Table 10. Table of data from person deixis in the text entitled “President

calls on people to shun dirty politics ahead of 2014 polls” ...……………… 32

Table 11. Table of data from place deixis in each article ...…………..…… 33

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Language is communication device that is used by human to

communicate with other people. There are two kinds of language

which is used by human to communicate, there are spoken language

and written language.

Variety of written language is variety of language that is used

through means of writing and can be reinforced or supported by a set

of visuals to achieve the target. Visual means which is meant are

schema graphs, maps, drawings, photographs, colors, or other concrete

objects.1 For example: If you are not strong, you do not need to

continue that work. Therefore, in communicating written language

must be use correct and effective sentence.

Similarly, the written language in creation of a news, the using of

the words that are correct and effective are very supportive in the

process of delivering and receiving information. Therefore, the

effectiveness of sentences should be able to make the content can be

conveyed and can be reflected in the mind of the readers, exactly of

what is the purpose of the written language.

1Rasyid Sartuni, Aplikasi Bahasa Indonesia Di Perguruan Tinggi, (Bogor: Maharini Press, 1996),

p. 20.

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The language that is used by journalists in writing of their

work in the mass media is called the journalistic language. Journalistic

language is one variety of languages which has typical properties that

are brief, solid, simple, fluent, clear, straightforward and interesting.2

These properties are things that must be fulfilled by journalistic

language, and considering the work of journalists will be read by

almost all levels of society that have not the same level of

understanding and knowledge, and also not everyone has time to read

it. Thus, journalistic language must be easily understood, and also have

the ability in conveying information to the readers quickly and

communicatively. In addition, to make communicative news can also

be found by using the deixis words.

Deixis is an expression which is bound to the context. According to

John Lyon in his book that deixis is meant the location and

identification of persons, objects, events, processes and activities being

talked about, or referred to, in relation to the spatiotemporal context

created and sustained by the act of utterance and the participation in it,

typically, of a single speaker and at least one addressee.3 A deictic

word itself is one which takes some elements of its meaning from the

2Haris Sumadiria, Bahasa Jurnalistik Panduan Praktis Penulis dan Jurnalis, (Bandung: Simbiosa

Rekatama Media, 2008), p. 6. 3John Lyons, Semantics vol 2, (Great Britain: Cambridge University Press, 1977), p. 637.

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context or situation (i.e. the speaker, the addressee, the time and the

place) of the utterance in which it is used.4

There are many deixis in news which have function to package the

language and sentence in order to more effective and efficient. Deixis

occurs because of the replacement of the context. Furthermore, deixis

which often appears in news such as person deixis, place deixis also

known as space deixis, time deixis, and discourse deixis. Meanwhile,

social deixis is not found in the news because of nature of journalistic

language are objective and neutral. Similarly in political news in The

Jakarta Post, many types of deixis that can be found. Example of deixis

that contained in political news in The Jakarta Post:

The embattled chairman of the Democratic Party Anas

Urbaningrum has said he is optimistic that his party will come out on

top in the 2014 general election.5

From news fragment above, the words of he and his are kinds of

third-person singular deixis, which refers to person who is being talked

about which is meant Anas Urbaningrum, who is chairman of the

Democrat Party.

From the background of the study above, the writer chooses deixis

analysis in news articles because there are many words that contain

deixis in news which must be used appropriately and effectively, so

that the sentence will be communicative, there is no mistake in

4James R. Hurford, et. al, Semantics of Coursebook, (New York: Cambridge University Press,

2007),p. 66. 5“Anas upbeat over Dems’ chances” Jakarta Post, 12 November 2012, p. 4.

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describing news, and the delivery of the news can be understood by

reader easily.

B. Focus of the Study

This study focuses on the words which contain person deixis and

place deixis to analyze the position of person deixis and place deixis in

the sentence arrangement of the political news article of The Jakarta

Post in edition 20 February 2013; 3 and 6 May 2013; 11, 12, 18 and 19

September 2013; and 20 January 2014.

C. Research Question

Research questions in this study are:

1. What person and place deixis words are written in the political

news articles in The Jakarta Post ?

2. What the position of the words of person and place deixis in the

political news articles in The Jakarta Post ?

D. Significance of the Study

This research hopefully can be useful for the readers to increase

their knowledge of deixis, person deixis, and place deixis, and for the

people who want to insight to understand news content easily.

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E. Research Methodology

1. The Objective of the Research

The objectives of the research are:

1. To analyze the words of person and place deixis that are

written in the political news article of The Jakarta Post.

2. To analyze the position of the words of person and place deixis

in the arrangement of the text.

2. The Method of the Research

This research uses qualitative method6 where the writer tries to

describe the selected texts, identify each discourse, find the words

of person and place deixis, and analyze the words of person and

place deixis which contained in political news article of The

Jakarta Post.

3. Data Analysis Technique

The writer uses the descriptive analysis technique. The writer

follows some procedures in collecting the data. The writer searches

the words of person and place deixis in political news article of The

Jakarta Post in edition 20 February 2013; 3 and 6 May 2013; 11,

12, 18 and 19 September 2013; and 20 January 2014. The writer

takes the person deixis and place deixis words that found in

6 M. Farkhan. PROPOSAL PENELITIAN BAHASA & SASTRA, (Edisi: Revisi; Jakarta: Anak

Negeri Printing, 2011), pp. 43-44.

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political news article of The Jakarta Post. After all the data have

been collected, the next step is analyzing the data which is

supported by the concepts of John Lyon.

4. Instrument of the Research

The instrument that will be used in this research is researcher

herself as the subject of the study by collecting, noting, and

classifying the data which is obtained from The Jakarta Post in

February 2013 until January 2014.

5. Unit of Analysis

The unit of analysis in this study is The Jakarta Post articles

which taken in edition 20 February 2013; 3 and 6 May 2013; 11,

12, 18 and 19 September 2013; and 20 January 2014.

6. Time and Place of the Research

This research has been conducted from March 2012 until the

completion of this research. This research is conducted in libraries

of English Letters Department, Humanities Faculty, State Islamic

University Syarif Hidayatullah, Unika Atma Jaya, and the library

of Indonesian University.

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A.Semantics

1. Definition of Semantics

There are some definitions of semantics. Some of them are:

Semantics as another pronunciation of the term 'la semantique’ which

carved by M. Breal from France is a branch of general linguistics studies.

Therefore, the semantics in here is a study and an analysis of the meanings

of linguistic.7

Semantics is the study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences.

Linguistic semantics deals with the conventional meaning conveyed by the

use of words, phrases and sentences of a language.8

Semantics as the study of meaning is central to the study of

communication; and as communication becomes more a crucial factor in

social organization, the need to understand it becomes more pressing.

Semantics is also at the centre of the study of the human mind - thought

processes, cognition, conceptualization - which all these are bound up with

the way in which classify and convey our experience of the world through

language.9

7J.D. Parera, Teori Semantik, (Edisi: kedua; Jakarta: Erlangga, 2004), p. 42. 8 George Yule, The Study of Language, (Third ed; United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press,

2006), p. 100. 9Geoffrey Leech, Semantics, (harmondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd, 1974), p. 1.

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Semantics has become the meeting place of various cross-currents of

thinking, and various disciplines of study. Philosophy, psychology, and

linguistics all need a deep interest in the subject. But their interests are

diverse because of their different starting points: psychology the

understanding of the mind, linguistics the understanding of language and

languages; philosophy the understanding of how we know what we know,

of the rules of right thinking, and the evaluation of truth and falsehood.10

Semantics deals with the literal meaning of words and the meaning of

the way they are combined, which taken together form the core of

meaning, or the starting point from which the whole meaning of a

particular utterance is constructed. For example: I forgot the paper,

semantics provides the literal meaning of the elements I, forgot which is

the second verb form of forget, the and paper, and the meaning drawn

from the order of the words, giving approximately ‘The person who is

speaking at some time before the time of speaking forgot a particular item

which is a paper’.11

According to Verhaar, semantics have different roles in its systematic

level, it shown in the following chart:12

10Ibid 11Kate Kearns, Semantics, 2nd ed, (UK: Palgrave Macmillan Publishers, 2011), p. 1. 12J.W.M Verhaar, Asas-asas Linguistik Umum, (Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press,

2008), p. 386.

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function

(no semantics;

an empty of

meaning)

syntax category

role semantics

grammatical

grammatical

morphology

Language

Semantics phonology (no semantics;but each (phonetic)

phonemes function as discrete categories)

phonetics (no semantics)

lexicons (no meaning) lexical semantic

Source : Asas-asas Linguistik Umum (J.W.M Verhaar) p.386

The following chart shows the positions as well as the object of study of

semantics that is the meaning of the whole of systematic language. It

appears that not all levels of language have semantics problems. Lexicons

and morphology have it, but not phonetics.

2. Lexical and Grammatical Semantics

Lexical semantics is the study of semantics which is concern to the

discussion of systems of meaning contained in the word. Lexical

semantics is not too difficult, a dictionary is a perfect example of lexical

semantics, the meaning of each word described in the dictionary. So,

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lexical semantics focusing on the meaning contained in the word as an

independent unit, and do not discuss it when the word is linked into a

sentence.13

Lexical semantics involves lexical meaning. Field which examines

lexical semantics according to the principles is called “lexicology”, a more

practical task is compiling a dictionary that is known as “lexicography”.

Lexical meaning in the linguistic description commonly given single

quotes, for example, when we say the word of house which has a meaning

“house”. Lexical semantics in lexicology include the main points, such

as:14

a. Meaning and reference

b. Denotation and connotation

c. Analysis of extensional and intensional analysis

d. Analysis componential

e. Meaning and usage

f. Synonymy, antonimy, homonymy, hiponimy

Grammatical semantics is the study that is specifically examines the

meaning of semantics which is contained in the unit of sentence unit.

Verhaar said that the grammatical semantics is much more difficult to

analyze. It can be understood, even though the sentence consists of words,

and not a word in self-contained units, but the units of words that is

contained in the sentence. A person should not be interpreted in terms of

13 Prof.dr. mansoer pateda, Semantik Leksikal. (Edisi kedua; Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2010), p. 74. 14J.W.M Verhaar, op. cit.,p. 388.

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the words that make it up, but must interpret of the contents of the whole

sentence. For example, in the sentence "the area was safe and under

control". As is known, if the word ‘safe’ stand alone, so its meaning is free

from danger; freedom from interference. However, with the appearance of

the ‘control’ word in units of the sentence, finally it eclipse of the ‘safe’

word. The point is that area is not really ‘safe’ because there is the 'control'

word.15

The benefit from semantics study is depend on type of work being taken

by people in their everyday tasks. For a journalist, a reporter, or the people

who involved in the world of newspapers will get practical benefit from the

knowledge of semantics. Semantics knowledge will make people easier to

choose and use a word with appropriate meaning in conveying the

information to society.

B. English Pronoun and Deictic

English pronoun is member of small class of words in English language

which used as replacements or substitutes for nouns and nouns phrases.

They have general reference, such as: I, you, he, this, who, what. A

pronouns is a word which takes the place of noun. Pronouns can be one of

three cases: Subject, Object, or Possessive. There are some rules in

English pronoun:16

15Mansoer Pateda, op. cit., p 71 16Jane Starus, The Blue Book of Grammar and Punctuation,(Tenth Edition; San fransisco: Jossey-

Bass), pp. 6-8.

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- Rule 1. Subject pronouns are used when the pronoun is the subject of

the sentence, such as I, you, he, she, it, we. Subject pronouns usually

occur before a verb. For example: “You did the job.”

- Rule 2. Subject pronouns are used if they rename the subject. They

will follow to be verbs such as is, are, was, were, am, and will be.

Examples: “It is he”, “This is she speaking”, “It is we who are

responsible for the decision to downsize”.

- Rule 3. Object pronouns are used everywhere else (direct object,

indirect object, object of the preposition), such as are me, you, him,

her, it, us, and them. For example: “Jean talked to him”, “Are you

talking to me?”

- Rule 4a. A strong clause can stand on its own. For example: She is

hungry, I am feeling well today.

- Rule 4b. A weak clause begins with words such as although, since, if,

when, and because. Weak clauses can’t stand on their own. For

example: Although she is hungry..., If she is hungry..., Since I am

feeling well..., etc.

- Rule 4c. If a sentence contains more than one clause, isolate the

clauses so that you can decide which pronoun is correct. For example:

Weak Strong, [Although she is hungry,] [she will give him some of her

food.]; and [Although this gift is for him,] [I would like you to have it

too.]

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- Rule 5. To decide whether to use the Subject or Object pronoun after

the words than or as, mentally complete the sentence. For example:

Zoe is taller than I/me. Mentally completing the sentence, we have,

Zoe is taller than I am. Another example: Daniel would rather talk to

her than I/me. We can mentally complete this sentence in two ways:

Daniel would rather talk to her than to me. OR Daniel would rather

talk to her than I would. As mention in above, the meaning will change

depending on the pronoun we choose.

- Rule 6. Possessive pronouns show ownership and never need

apostrophes. Possessive pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, and

theirs. In other side, the only time it’s has an apostrophe is when it is a

contraction for it is or it has. For examples: It’s a cold morning; The

thermometer reached its highest reading.

- Rule 7. Possessive adjectives are my, your, his, her, its, our, their. It

occurs before a noun (my car) or an adjective + noun (my new car).

Possessive adjectives have no singular or plural. They are used with

both singular and plural nouns (my book, my books).

- Rule 8. Reflexive pronouns; myself, himself, herself, itself,

themselves, ourselves, yourself, yourselves; should be used only when

they refer back to another word in the sentence.

Correct: I did it myself; Incorrect: My brother and myself did it.

The word myself does not refer back to another word. So, the correct

one is: My brother and I did it.

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Words or phrases that require contextual information to convey any

meaning like, English pronouns – are deictic. Deictic word is one which

takes some element of its meaning from the context or situation of the

utterance. For example, the first person singular pronoun ‘I’ is deictic,

when Dina says ‘I have lost my job’, the word I here refers to Dina.17

Any linguistic form used to accomplish this ‘pointing’ is called a

deictic expression. Deictic expressions are also called indexicals. They

are among the first forms to be spoken by very young children and can be

used to indicate people via person deixis (‘me’, ‘you’), or location via

spatial deixis (‘here’, ‘there’), or time via temporal deixis (‘now’,

‘then’). When someone notice a strange object and ask, ‘what is that?’,

he/she is using a deictic expression (‘that’) to indicate something in the

immediate context.18

Deictics are not defined in terms other than that they depend on the

pragmatic situation for the intended designation to be achieved.

Consequently, they may be independent lexical items such as ‘today’;

member of small closed grammatical classes of forms such as ‘this’; or

inflectional affixes such as the pas tense marked ‘-ed’.19

17James R. Hurford, et. al, op.cit., p. 66. 18George Yule, Pragmatics, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 9. 19Revere D. Perkins, Deixis ,Grammar, and Culture, (Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing

Company, 1992), p.101.

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C. Deixis

1. Definition of Deixis

Deixis comes from a Greek word meaning "pointing" or "indicating".

Deixis is the location and identification of persons, objects, events,

processes and activities being talked about, or referred to, in relation to the

spatiotemporal context created and sustained by the act of utterance and

the participation in it, typically, of a single speaker and at least one

addressee.20

Furthermore, the system of deixis of one language with another

language is different each other. It is because of every language has rules

of language and background of cultural itself which are different with the

rules and background of cultural from another language.21

Deixis refers to the phenomenon understanding the meaning of certain

words and phrases in an utterance requires contextual information. For

example, when Dina says ‘I lost my job’, the word of I refers to Dina as the

first-person singular pronoun.22 In other words, deixis is the most obvious

way to describe the relation between language and context in the structure

of language itself.

The importance of information of deixis for the interpretation of words,

phrases, or utterances, Levinson explained with an example: when

someone find the following notice on someone's office door with the

20John Lyons, Semantics vol 2, (Great Britain: Cambridge University Press, 1977),

p.637. 21Bambang Kaswanti Purwo, Deiksis dalam Bahasa Indonesia, (Jakarta: Balai Pustaka, 1984), p. 2. 22James R. Hurford, et. al.,loc.cit.

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content of the writing “I will be back in an hour”. This message does not

have a contextual background because he or she does not know when the

message was written, so the message does not informative.23

2. Types of Deixis

There are five types of deixis, they are person deixis, place deixis, time

deixis, discourse deixis, and social deixis:24

1. Person Deixis

Deixis with the role of participants in the conversation, such as:

speaker, spoken, and addressee. Person deixis consists of three

division. They are first person, ‘I’ (singular) and ‘we’ (plural); second

person ‘you’; and third person ‘he/she’ (singular), and ‘they’ (plural).

2. Place deixis

Deixis which indicates the location of some spaces between the speaker

and the listener. Place deixis is also known as space deixis. It concerns

with the spatial locations relevant to the utterance. For example: here

is where we will place the statue; she was sitting over there.

3. Time deixis

Deixis which shows the unit of time in the speech. It distinguishes

between the moment of the utterance (coding time) and the moment of

the reception (receiving time). The markers of time in deixis of time

23Stephen C. Levinson, Pragmatics, (Great Britain: Cambridge University Press, 1983),

p.54 24 Ibid

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are now, tomorrow, today, yesterday. For example: It is raining out

now, but I hope when you read the letter, it will be sunny.

4. Discourse deixis

Deixis which indicates the reference marker in a section of discourse.

Discourse deixis is also known as ‘text deixis’. For example: I am

hungry - that is what i said. From the example, the word of “that”

refers to “I am hungry” which is mentioned before.

5. Social deixis

Deixis which indicates social relationships and social levels. It involves

mark of social relationships with direct or oblique reference to the

social status or role of participants in the speech event. For example:

honorifics (word homage); Mr. President, Your Honor.

Deixis is clearly tied to the speaker's context, with the most basic

distinction between deictic expressions both ‘near speaker’ and ‘away

from speaker’. Proximal term is typically interpreted as the speaker’s

location, or the deictic centre. The proximal terms are ‘this, here and

now’ (near speaker). Distal term is indicate ‘away from speaker’ such as

that, there and then.25

Near speaker proximal terms ( this, here, now)

Away from speaker distal terms (that, there, then)

25George Yule, Pragmatics, p.9.

18

3. Person Deixis

The category of grammatical of person is depend on the notion of

participant roles and their grammaticalization in particular language. The

origin of the traditional terms are ‘first person’, ‘second person’, and ‘third

person’ which is illuminated in the connection. The word of Latin is

‘persona’ (meaning “mask”), it used to translate the Greek word ‘dramatic

character’ or ‘role’, and using of the term by grammarians derives from

their metaphorical conception of language event, such as: Drama which the

principal role played by the first person, the role subsidiary by the second

person, and all other roles by the third person.26

The term person in personal pronouns and person affixes is deictic

category. The personal pronoun system in English conventionally analyzed

as:

1. two numbers: singular (I), and plural (we);

2. three genders: masculine (he), feminine (she), and neuter (it);

3. three persons: first (I), second (you), and third (he/she).

The gender is relevant in the third person singular (‘he/she’) and

the number is not relevant for the second person form ‘you’ in current

standard English.27

Person deixis operates in three-part division, exemplified by the

pronouns of first person ‘I’, second person ‘you’, and third person ‘he’,

‘she’, or ‘it’. In many languages these deictic categories of speaker ,

26

John Lyons,Semantics vol 2, p. 638. 27Revere D. P, loc. cit.

19

addressee, and other (s) are elaborated with markers of relative social

status (for example addressee with higher status versus addressee with

lower status), expression which indicate higher status is described as

honorifics.28

The first person singular pronoun is used by the speaker to designate

him/herself as the intended reference, and the second person pronoun is

used to designate the addressee. Plural first person pronoun refer to the

group of which the speaker is a part. Other persons is refer to the using of

the third person pronoun. They depend on the concept of participant role in

the utterance oriented around the speaker and on an axis that includes the

addressee. Other distinctions include a dual number and an

inclusive/exclusive distinction in the first person plural.29

In English, potential ambiguity which allows in two different

interpretations. They are an exclusive ‘we’ (speaker plus other (s),

excluding addressee) and inclusive ‘we’ (speaker and addressee). For

example: we clean up after ourselves around here. The ambiguity from the

sample is provide a subtle opportunity for the hearer to decide what was

communicated. Either the hearer decides that he/she is member of the

group to whom the rule does not apply (i.e. an addressee), or an outsider to

whom the rule does not apply (i.e. not an addressee). The hearer gets to

decide the kind of ‘more’ that is being communicated. The inclusive-

exclusive distinction also noted in the difference between saying ‘Let’s go’

28George Yule, Pragmatics, p. 10. 29Revere D. P, op. cit., pp. 101-102.

20

(to some friends), and ‘Let’s go’ (to someone who has captured the speaker

and friends). The inclusive in the first, and the exclusive in the second.30

Furthermore, third person pronouns is not direct participant in basic

interaction (I - You), and being an outsider is necessarily more distant.

Third person pronouns are consequently distal forms in person deixis. The

using a third person form is one way of communicating distance (and non-

familiarity). It can be done in English for an ironic / humorous purpose.

For example: when someone is busy in the kitchen, and addressee who is

being lazy, as in ‘would his highness like some coffee?’ The distance

associated with third person form is used to make potential accusations (for

example, ‘you didn’t clean up’) less direct, as in ‘somebody didn’t clean up

after himself’, or to make a potentially personal issue like an impersonal

one, based on a general rule, as in ‘each person has to clean up after him

or herself’.31

Moreover, Lyon explains in Lingustic Semantics. The distinction which

is called pure and impure deixis, the expressions whose meaning can be

accounted for fully in terms of the notion of deixis, and the expressions

whose meaning is partly deictic and partly non-deictic. The first person and

second person pronouns in English, for example: ‘I’ and ‘you’ are purely

deictic. They refer to the locutionary agent and the addressee without

conveying any additional information about them. But the third person

singular pronoun ‘he’, ‘she’, and ‘it’ are impure deictics. They encode the

30George Yule, Pragmatics, pp. 11-12. 31Ibid, p.11.

21

distinctions of meaning which are traditionally associated with the terms

‘masculine’, ‘feminine’, and ‘neuter’.32

4. Place Deixis

According to Lyon, place or space deixis is the specification of

location relative to anchorage points in the speech event. The importance of

specification of location in general can be gauged from the fact that there

are two basic ways of referring to objects - by describing or naming them

on the one hand, and by locating them on the other. The location can be

specified relative to other objects or fixed reference points, for example:

Kabul is four hundred miles West of here; She was sitting over there.33

The concept of the distance is relevant to spatial deixis, it refers to the

relative location of people and things are being indicated. There are two

adverbs in contemporary English, they are ‘here’ and ‘there’, for the basic

distinction, but in older texts and in some dialects, a much larger set of

deictic expressions can be found. Some verbs of motion, such as ‘come’

and ‘go’, it retains a deictic sense when they are used to mark movement

toward to the speaker (‘Come to bed!’) or away from the speaker (‘Go to

bed!’).34

One version of the concept of motion toward the speaker (i.e.

becoming visible), it seems to be the first deictic meaning learned by

32John Lyons, Linguistic Semantics: An Introduction, (New York: Cambridge University Press,

1995), p. 307. 33 Stephen C. Levinson, op. Cit., p. 79. 34 George Yule, Pragmatics, p. 12.

22

children, and the characterizes like ‘this’ and ‘here’ (they can be seen).

They are distinct from ‘that’ and ‘there’ which are associated with things

that move out of the child’s visual space (they can no longer be seen).35

D. Anaphora and Cataphora

1. Functions

They indicate:

a. How discourse is constructed and maintained

b. It kinds different syntactical elements together

c. It presents a challenge to natural language processing, since the

identification of reference can be changing

d. It tells us something about how language is understood and processed

2. The ways of usage

a. Anaphora

Anaphora is known as preceding parts of the utterance (backward

reference), it can be seen clearly from the following example: ‘Susan

dropped the plate. It broke immediately’; ‘it’ refers to plate. Another

example: ‘Ani went home because she felt sick’; ‘she’ refers to Ani (as

backward reference).

After the initial introduction of some entity, speakers will use various

expressions to maintain a reference, as in: “In the film, a man and a woman

35 Ibid, p.12.

23

were trying to wash a cat. The man was holding the cat while the woman

poured wateron it. He said something to her and they started laughing.” In

English, the initial of reference (or introductory mention) is often indefinite

(‘a man’, ‘a woman’, ‘a cat’). From the example mentioned before, the

difinite noun phrases are ‘the man’, ‘the cat’, ‘the woman’, and the

pronouns of ‘it’, ‘he ’, ‘her’, ‘they’ are examples of subsequent reference to

already introduced referents, it generally known as anaphoric reference, or

anaphora. In technical terms, the second or subsequent expresson is the

anaphor and the initial expression is the antecedent.36

The deictic pronoun needs to be distinguished from the anaphoric

pronoun. Anaphoric pronouns appear in place of noun phrases that have

been used to be establish the referent intended by the speaker. To repeat a

reference to the same referent, a speaker may substitute another expression

that has identical reference. An anaphoric pronoun is one of the

possibilities.37

b. Cataphora

Cataphora is reference which is made based on succeeding parts of the

utterance. For example: ‘because he was very cold, David used his coat’,

‘he’ refers to David (forward reference).

Another example: “I turned the corner and almost stepped on it, as

there was a large snake in the middle of the path”. The pronoun ‘it’ is used

36George Yule, Pragmatics, p. 22. 37Revere D. P, op. cit., pp. 102-103.

24

first, and it is difficult to interpret until the full noun phrase is presented in

the next line. This pattern is known as cataphora, and it is much less

common than anaphora.38

E. Discourse

1. Definition and Types of Discourse

Now the study of language is not limited to units of the sentence.

Sentences relate to one another, either with the preceding sentence as well

as the sentence that followed until it appears the hypothesis that there is a

unit that is still higher than the unit sentence. This unit is called

suprakalimat unit or unit of discourse.39

Discourse is also used in a different sense to mean conventional ways

of talking (such as academic discourse), which from constellations of

repeated meanings. In this sense, individual texts are a realization of wide

spread discourse patterns.40

According to Kinneavy, the discourse can be divided into four groups

based on the purpose of writing, both intended for the encoder

(speaker/writer) or for the decoder (listener/reader), they are:41

1. Expressive Discourse

Expressive discourse is a discourse where is the encoder is more aimed,

or the most dominant elements is the encoder (for the writer or the

38George Yule, Pragmatics, p. 23. 39J.D. Parera, op. cit., p. 218. 40Michael Stubbs, Words and Phrases Corpus Studies of Lexical Semantics, (UK: Blackwell

Publish, ltd, 2001), p.69 41Ibid., pp. 221-223.

25

speaker itself). Expressive discourse divided into: (1) the discourse that

is individualized, and (2) the discourse which is social. Expressive

discourse that is individualized for example conversations, journals,

diaries, complaints, and prayers; whereas expressive discourse that are

social (for society itself), such as: protest of minority or protest of the

people, manifesto, declaration of independence, contracts, charterand

the household budget for the association/unions, and religious

pledges.The purpose of the expressive discourse is the interests more

dominant to the encoder than the decoder.

2. Referential Discourse

Referential discourse is a discourse that its reference to the reality, to

the facts and the data. The term of referential discourse is more to

characteristics of science. It means that the discourse is more aimed to

the depiction of the reality / facts / data to the decoder.The referential

discourse divided into (1) referential discourse that is expository, (2)

scientific discourse, and (3) informative discourse.Referential discourse

that is expository can be shaped: dialogue, seminars, temporary

definition, hypothesis, suggestions of problem-solving , and diagnosis.

Scientific discoursecan be shapedresearch reports both experimental

and naturalistic. Informative discourse can be shapedpapers in

newspapers, reports, summaries and abstracts, non-technical papers in

encyclopedias, and textbooks for education.

26

3. Literary Discourse

Generally, literary discourse classified as expressive discourse.

However, as referential discourse, the arguments in literary discourse is

speaking not for the encoder and the decoder.Thediscourse that speaks

with reality for the reality itself.The Latin says“res ipsaloaquitur.”In

literary discourse, the dominant element is not reality itself, but the

reality that is established into the imagination and enjoyment of

aesthetic which present itself without being asked. Literary discourse

can be distinguished on the short story, novel, lyric, limerick, ballad,

singing of the people / folklore, drama, TV shows, movies, and jokes.

4. Persuasive Discourse

Persuasive discourse is addressed to the decoder implicitly and

explicitly. Acceptance and influence certain is expected occurred to the

decoder. The discourse raises an action, emotions, and particular belief

from the decoder. Persuasive discourse includes advertisements,

political speech, religious sermons, legal oratory/law, and editorial.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH FINDINGS

A. Data Description

In the data description, the writer will discuss the words that are indicated

as person and place deixis that found in “The Jakarta Post” as unit analysis in

this research. The text which is selected as many as tentexts, those are in

edition 20 February 2013; 3 and 6 May 2013; 11, 12, 18 and 19 September

2013; and 20 January 2014, and the writer tabulates them into the following

tables. These are the following tables from person and place deixis that are

taken from The Jakarta Post:

Table 1. Table of data from person deixis in the text entitled

“Dahlan, Gita told not to put Cabinet posts at risk”

No Paragraph Person Deixis Number

1 3 He 1

2

4

I

My

Who

3

1

1

3

5

He

They

Their

2

1

1

4 6 He 1

5

8

I

He

His

2

1

2

6

9

He

Him

My

1

1

1

7

10

He

His

1

3

8 11 He 2

9

13

You

Yourselves

He

3

1

1

28


“Yudhoyono addresses presidential contenders”


“Dems remove Anas’ loyalists from top positions”


1 1 Their 1

2 2 His 1

3 3 Their 1

4 5 He 2

5 6 Their 1

6 7 He 2

7 8 She 2

8

9

His

He

Him

1

2

1

9

10 My

Me

1

1

10

11 Their

His

Them

1

1

1

11 12 He 1


1

6

He

His

I

We

2

1

1

1

2 7 Who 1

3 9 He 1

4 10 He 1

5

12 He

His

1

1

6 13 He 1

7 14 Me

I

1

2

8 15 He 3

9

16 I

He

1

1

10 18 He 1

11

19

He

His

1

1

12

20

They

His

She

1

1

1

13

21 His

He

2

1

29

12 13 His 2

13 14 Him

He

2

1


“Aburizal’s presidential candidacy safe, for now”


1 1 His 1

2 2 He 1

3 3 His 1

4 6 He 1

5 7 We 1

6 9 He 1

7 11 Him 1

8 13 He 2

9 14 He 1

10

19

He

Themselves

She

2

1

1

11 21 He 1

12 23 He 1


“PM, opposition hold second day of talks”


1 1 They 1

2 2 Himself 1

3 4 They 1

4 5 They

Them

1

1

5 7 They

Their

1

1

6 8 We

He

1

1

7

9

Them

Their

He

1

1

1

8 10 They 2

9 13 He

Himself

Him

1

1

2

30


“Syria crisis: A glance at presidents, precedents”


1 1 He 1

2 4 He

His

1

1

3 9 His 1

4 11 He 1

5 13 His 1


“Dahlan accused of politicking during May Day rally”


1 1 His 1

2

2 I

He

1

1

3

3

Their

His

He

1

1

2

4

5

I

My

He

5

1

1

5

7

Themselves

Their

He

1

1

1

6 10 Himself 1

7 11 He 1

8 12 His

He

1

1

9

13

I

Me

Their

He

1

1

1

1

10 14 He 1

11 18 His 1

12 19 He 3

31


“Yudhoyono should not slow down, must focus on transition”


1 1 His 2

2 2 His 1

3

3

He

Himself

His

1

1

1

4 4 He

His

2

4

5 5 His

He

1

1

6 8 His 1

7 10 He 1

8 11 I

His

1

1

9 12 I

Me

2

1

10

13

I

We

Us

1

1

1

11 15 I 1

12

16

My

His

Him

1

1

1

13 17 Him 1

14 18 They 1


“PPP actress candidate causes smiles, for all wrong reasons”


1

3

I

Her

Us

Our

1

1

1

1

2 4 Her 1

3

6

Her

I

My

1

3

2

4 7 Her

She

2

1

5 8 You 1

6 10 Us 1

7 11 I 1

8 12 Her 1

9

13

We

I

1

1

32

My

She

2

1

10 14 Your 1

11 15 They 1

12 16 You

Them

2

1

13

17

You

I

My

Our

Me

1

1

1

1

1

14 18 Her 2

15 19 Her

She

2

1

16 20 Himself 1

17 21 Her 2

18

22

She

Her

He

2

1

1


“President calls on people to shun dirty politics ahead of 2014 polls”


1 3 We

I

1

1

2

5

We

He

His

1

1

1

3 8 His 1

4 9 Their 1

5 12 They

He

2

1

6 13 He

Their

1

1

7 14 His 1

8 15 We

Our

2

1

9 16 His 1

10 17 Him 1

33

Table 11. Table of data from place deixis in each article

No The Entitled of the Texts Paragraph Place

Deixis

Number

1 Syria crisis: A glance at presidents,

precedents

1 Here 1

2 Dahlan accused of politicking during May

Day rally

5 Here 2

3 Yudhoyono should not slow down, must

focus on transition

11

12

Here

Here

1

1

4 PPP actress candidate causes smiles, for

all wrong reasons

11

13

There

Here

1

1

5 President calls on people to shun dirty

politics ahead of 2014 polls

13 Here 1

B. Data Analysis

In this chapter the writer analyzes the word of person and place deixis and

the position of person and place deixis in political news article of the Jakarta

Post. To make this analysis clear, the writer only analyzes the selected data

from the 10 texts in political news article of Jakarta Post in edition 20 February

2013; 3 and 6 May 2013; 11, 12, 18 and 19 September 2013; and 20 January

2014with the total of the data that will be analyzed are 115 items which is

found from the ten texts of Jakarta Post. Then the selected data will be

analyzed as follows:

1. First Text: Dahlan, Gita told not to put Cabinet posts at risk.

1. The word of he in Democratic Party executive chairman Syariefuddin

Hasan quoted the President as saying that he was concerned about

34

Gita’s and Dahlan’s participation in the party’s convention.

(3rdparagraph)

Theword of he refers to the President of Republic of Indonesia (read:

Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono). It is a kind of third person singular

deixis.He plays as subjective pronoun. It is included as anaphora, the

word of ‘he’placed after the word of ‘the president’.

2. The word of I, my and who in “I am a party executive and minister. I

know that I have been struggling to deal with party businesses without

compromising my ministerial duties,” said Syariefuddin, who is also

the Cooperative and Small and Medium Enterprises minister.

(4thparagraph)

The word of I is categorized to first person singular deixis. It refers to

Syariefuddin Hasan as in “I am a party ... I know that I have been …”

said Syariefuddin. I plays as subjective pronoun. It is used when the

pronoun is the subject of the sentence. It is included as cataphora, the

pronoun of ‘I’ is used first then the full noun phrase is presented in next

line. Further, the word of my is a possessive adjective of the subject of

‘I’. Meanwhile, the word of who is categorized to third person singular

which refers to Syariefuddin, and its function is relative pronoun as a

subject.

3. The word of he, they, and their in He warned both Dahlan and Gita

about the challenges they faced. “Taking part in the convention could

35

take up even more of their time, because it will require intensive

campaigning,” he said. (5thparagraph)

The word of he is categorized to third person singular deixis. It refers to

Syariefuddin Hasan. He plays as subjective pronoun. Meanwhile, the

word of they is categorized to third person plural deixis which is refer

to Dahlan and Gita as in ‘..... both Dahlan and Gita about the

challenges they faced.’They plays as subjective pronoun. It is included

as anaphora, the word of ‘they’placed after the word of ‘Dahlan and

Gita’. The word of ‘their’ is possessive adjective of the subject of

‘they’.

4. The word of he in Syariefuddin, however, was noncommittal when

asked if Gita and Dahlan should resign or take leave. “That is solely

the President’s call,” he said.(6thparagraph)

Theword of he refers to Syariefuddin Hasan. Itis categorized to third

person singular deixis. He plays as subjective pronoun. It is included as

anaphora, the word of ‘he’placed after the word of ‘Syariefuddin’.

5. The word I,he, and his in“I won’t conduct any form of campaign until

the entire convention is concluded,” he told journalists, suggesting that

his participation would not compromise his current work. “I will be

working as a minister very well. Good work is also a good campaign.”

(8thparagraph)

The word of ‘I’ is categorized to first person singular deixis. It refers

to Dahlan which is continue his statement in previous paragraph. I

36

plays as subjective pronoun. In addition, the word of he refers to

Dahlan, and it is categorized to third person singular deixis. He plays

as subjective pronoun. Furthermore, the word of ‘his’ is a possessive

adjective of the subject of ‘he’ as in “.... he told journalists....”

6. The word of he, him, and my in Dahlan also denied that he had formed

a campaign team to help him with the convention. “There is a team, but

it was not my initiative,” Dahlan said. (9thparagraph)

The word of he is purposed to third person singular deixis. It refers to

Dahlan. He plays as subjective pronoun. It is included as anaphora.

Him plays as objective pronoun. The word of my is a possessive

adjective.

7. The word of he and his in Gita earlier said that he was ready to resign

from his ministerial post if the President thought that his participation

in the race compromised his work as a minister. (10thparagraph)

The word of he refers to Gita. It is a kind of third person singular

deixis. He plays as subjective pronoun. It is included as anaphora. Next,

the word of ‘his’is a possessive adjective of the subject of ‘he’ as in

“.... he was ready ....”

8. The word of he in Gita, however, said he would only make a decision

only after he heard directly from the President. (11thparagraph)

The word of he refers to Gita. It is categorized to third person singular

deixis. He plays as subjective pronoun. It is included as anaphora, the

word of ‘he’placed after the word of ‘Gita’.

37

9. The word of you, yourselves, and he in “If you want to run in the

convention, you will have a busy campaign schedule because you must

promote yourselves to the people,” he said. (13thparagraph)

The word of you is a kind of second person deixis. It refers to

addressee/other (s) who is listen/read his statement. You plays as

subjective pronoun. In addition, the word of ‘yourselves’is a reflexive

pronoun, it is used when it refer back to another word in the sentence.

Furthermore, the word of he is purposed to third person singular deixis.

It refers to Max Sopacua. He plays as subjective pronoun.

2.Second Text: Yudhoyono addresses presidential contenders.

1. The word of he, his, I, and wein Commenting on the matter, Regional

Representatives Council (DPD) Speaker Irman Gusman, another

candidate, said he was not concerned about his chances of winning the

convention. “I joined the convention because this is a good political

education. We’ll see,” he told journalists upon arriving at the meeting

venue. (6thparagraph)

The word of he refers to Irman Gusman. Itis a kind of third person

singular deixis. He plays as subjective pronoun. It is included as

anaphora. The word of ‘his’is a possessive adjective of the subject of

‘he’ as in “... he was not concerned ....” The word of I is purposed to

first person singular deixis. It refers to Irman Gusman. I plays as

subjective pronoun. The word of ‘we’ is a kind of first person plural

38

deixis. It refers both Irman Gusman and addressee/other (s) who are

listen/read the statement. We plays as subjective pronoun.

2. The word of who in The other candidates included outgoing Indonesian

Ambassador to the United States Dino Patti Djalal; Paramadina

University Rector Anis R. Baswedan; former military commander Gen.

(ret) Endriartono Sutarto; member of the Democratic Party’s advisory

board, Hayono Isman; Trade Minister Gita Wirjawan; North Sulawesi

Governor Sinyo Harry Saroendajang; Supreme Audit Agency (BPK)

deputy head Ali Masykur Musa; House of Representatives Speaker

Marzuki Alie, who is also deputy chair of the party’s Supreme Council,

and State-Owned Enterprises Minister Dahlan Iskan. (7thparagraph)

The word of who is a kind of third person singular which refers to

Marzuki Alieas in “..... Marzuki Alie, who is also .....”, and its function

is relative pronoun as a subject.

3. The word of he in“The President does not want the ministers’

participation in the convention to affect the Cabinet’s overall

performance,” he said. (9thparagraph)

The word of he is a kind of third person singular deixis. He plays as

subjective pronoun. It refers to Syariefuddin Hasan.

4. The word of he in While Dahlan rejected the idea, Gita said he was

eager to do so, pending Yudhoyono’s formal instruction.

(10thparagraph)

39

The word of he refers to Gita. It is a kind of third person singular

deixis. He plays as subjective pronoun. It is included as anaphora.

5. The word of he and his in As for Dino, he has already submitted his

intention to take temporary leave, according to Syarief.

(12thparagraph)


subjective pronoun. It is included as anaphora, the word of ‘Dino’

mentioned first than the word of ‘he’.It refers to Dino. Meanwhile, the

word of ‘his’is a possessive adjective of the subject of ‘he’.

6. The word of he in Dahlan previously said he could do nothing to stop

party leaders from supporting Pramono’s bid. (13thparagraph)

The word of he is a kind of third person singular deixis. The word of he

refers to Dahlan. He plays as subjective pronoun. It is included as

anaphora, the word of ‘he’placed after the word of ‘Dahlan’.

7. The word of me and I in “That’s bad luck for me, I guess. What can I

do?” Dahlan told reporters at the House.(14thparagraph)

The word of I is purposed to first person singular deixis, it refers to

Dahlan. I plays as subjective pronoun. It is included as cataphora, the

pronoun I is used first then the full noun phrase is presented in next line

as in “… Dahlan told reporters at the House” Furthermore, me plays as

objective pronoun.

40

8. The word of he in He said he had nothing to lose by joining the

convention and that he had not made any special preparations for the

competition.(15thparagraph)


Dahlan. He plays as subjective pronoun.

9. The word of I and he in “I’ve just set up a team of volunteers,” he

said.(16thparagraph)

The word of I is a kind offirst person singular deixis. It refers to

Dahlan.I plays as subjective pronoun. Meanwhile, the word of he refers

to Dahlan. It is categorized to third person singular deixis. He plays as

subjective pronoun.

10. The word of he in “In terms of intelligence and civility, he [Pramono]

is so much like Pak SBY,” Ruhut said. (18thparagraph)


Pramono. He plays as subjective pronoun.

11. The word of he and his in Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)

political analyst Siti Zuhro had previously said that every stage of the

party’s convention would be closely monitored by Yudhoyono, and that

the 11 prospective candidates that had passed the preliminary stage

could only advance if he gave his blessing.(19thparagraph)

The word of he refers to Yudhoyono, it is categorized to third person


41

anaphora. Further, the word of ‘his’ is a possessive adjective of the

subject of ‘he’ as in “.... if he gave his blessing .....”

12. The word of they, his, and she in “The 11 names are the ones

requested by SBY. From the President’s point of view, they are the

candidates that should advance. Pak SBY does not want to lose his role

as a kingmaker,” she said. (20thparagraph)

The word of they is categorized to third person plural deixis which is

refer to ‘the 11 names’. They plays as subjective pronoun. It is included

as anaphora, the word of ‘the 11 names’ is the first mentioned than the

word of ‘they’. The word of ‘his’is a possessive adjective of the subject

of ‘Pak SBY’. The word of she is a kind of third person singular deixis.

It refers to Siti Zuhro. She plays as subjective pronoun.

13. The word of his and he in Siti said that Yudhoyono exercised complete

control over the Democratic Party, especially following his decision to

take over the party in March following corruption allegations leveled

against then party chairman Anas Urbaningrum. “He will use his last

drop of blood guarding the Democratic Party.”(21stparagraph)

The word of ‘his’as in “… his decision …”is a possessive adjective of

the subject of ‘Yudhoyono’. Meanwhile, the word of ‘his’as in “...... his

last drop of blood .....” is a possessive adjective of the subject of ‘he’

(read: Yudhoyono). The word of ‘he’ is categorized to third person


anaphora. It refers to Yudhoyono.

42

3. Third Text:Dems remove Anas’ loyalists from top positions

1. The word of their in The Democratic Party (PD) announced on

Wednesday that it had removed Saan Mustopa and I Gede Pasek

Suardika from their positions at the House of Representatives after the

two attended the launching ceremony of a mass organization founded

by the party’s ousted chairman Anas Urbaningrum. (1st paragraph)

The word of ‘their’ is possessive adjective of the subject of ‘Saan

Mustopa and I Gede Pasek Suardika’.

2. The word of his in The party said Saan was no longer the secretary of

the party’s faction at the House and Pasek had lost his position as

chairman of House Commission III overseeing legal affairs to Ruhut

Sitompul. (2nd paragraph)

The word of ‘his’ is a possessive adjective of the subject of ‘Pasek’ as

in “… Pasek had lost his position …”

3. The word of their in Chairman of the party faction, Nurhayati Ali

Assegaf, told a press briefing that their removal was only part of

regular rotation within the faction in order to refresh and provide

equal opportunity for Democratic Party lawmakers. (3rd paragraph)



4. The word of he in The party, he said, had warned party members not

to get involved in Anas’ organization, which analysts said would serve

43

as the young politicians’ political vehicle after he was dismissed from

the party. (5th paragraph)


Syariefuddin Hasan. He plays as subjective pronoun.

5. The word of their in “It is true that their removal is meant to

rejuvenate the leadership positions [within the House]. But it is also

about reward and punishment. This is about loyalty to the party,”

Syariefuddin told reporters on the sidelines of a meeting at the

Presidential Palace on Wednesday. (6th paragraph)



6. The word of he in He added that party chairman Susilo Bambang

Yudhoyono, a rival of Anas, had approved the reshuffle of both

lawmakers, “[Yudhoyono] said he agreed with the decision. It was

also approved by the party’s patron council.” (7th paragraph)

The word of he refers to Syariefuddin Hasan. It is purposed to third

person singular deixis. He plays as subjective pronoun. Meanwhile, the

second ‘he’ refers to Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. It is a kind of third

person singular deixis. He plays as subjective pronoun.

7. The word of she in Nurhayati said Saan would be replaced by Teuku

Riefky Harsya from House Commission VII overseeing energy and

mining. She insisted that the removal had nothing to do with the fact

44

that Pasek and Saan were close to Anas. “It was just a matter of time.

This is a delayed announcement,” she said. (8th paragraph)

The word of she is purposed to third person singular deixis. It refers to

Nurhayati. She plays as subjective pronoun. It is included as anaphora.

8. The word of his, he, and him in Commenting on his removal, Pasek

told reporters that he respected the PD’s decision to rotate the

leadership structure but objected to allegations that he made the

decision to punish him and other colleagues who participated in Anas’

new organization. (9th paragraph)

The word of ‘his’ as in “.... his removal ....” is a possessive adjective

of the subject of ‘Pasek’. The word of he refers to Pasek, it is

categorized to third person singular deixis. He plays as subjective

pronoun. It is included as anaphora. Meanwhile, him plays as

objective pronoun.

9. The word of my and me in “It’s my right to participate in any

organization. The Constitution guarantees such rights. Thus, banning

me or others from joining Anas’ organization is a clear violation of

constitutional rights. For this, the party executive chairman has

violated democracy,” Pasek said. (10th paragraph)

The word of my is a possessive adjective of the subject of ‘Pased’ as in

“It’s my right …” Pasek said. It is called possessive adjective because

it occurs before a noun/noun phrase as in the paragraph “... my right

…”Furthermore, meplaysas objective pronoun.

45

10. The word of their, his, and them in Anas was quoted as saying by

kompas.com that Pasek and Saan had long been targeted by the party

and that their involvement in his organization was just an excuse to

get rid of them. (11th paragraph)


Mustopa and I Gede Pasek Suardika’. The word of ‘his’ as in “.... his

organization ....” is a possessive adjective of the subject of ‘Anas’.

Them plays as objective pronoun. It refers to ‘Saan and Pasek’ as in

“… Pasek and Saan had long … get rid of them.”

11. The word of he in He criticized the party for ignoring meritocracy,

saying that both Pasek and Saan were two of the best Democratic

Party members. (12th paragraph)

The word of he is purposed to third person singular deixis. He plays as

subjective pronoun. It refers to Anas.

12. The word of his in Anas, who was charged with corruption for his

alleged role in the Hambalang graft case, has been seen as a gadfly by

Democratic Party members due to his criticism toward the party. (13th

paragraph)

The word of ‘his’ is a possessive adjective of the subject of ‘Anas’ as

in “Anas, who was … his alleged … his criticism …”

13. The word of him and he in Anas claimed that the case against him

was politically motivated and part of a plot to oust him as party

chairman a year before the elections. He recently slammed the party’s

46

presidential convention, saying that it was merely a “herbal tonic” to

boost the party’s electability. (14th paragraph)

Him plays as objective pronoun of the subject ‘Anas’ as in “Anas …

against him …” In addition, the word of he refers to the ‘Anas’. It is a

kind of third person singular deixis. He plays as subjective pronoun. It

is included as anaphora, the word of ‘he’placed after the word of

‘Anas’.

4. Fourth Text: Aburizal’s presidential candidacy safe, for now

1. The word of his in In the midst of a rebellion by rival politicians hoping to

foil the presidential bid of Golkar Party chairman Aburizal Bakrie, the

party’s leadership maintains that it will press ahead with the plan to

nominate Aburizal despite his low approval rating. (1st paragraph)

The word of his is a possessive adjective of the subject of ‘Aburizal’ as in

“…Aburizal despite his low …”

2. The word of he in Golkar Party secretary-general Idrus Marham said that

Aburizal’s nomination was final and he called on party members to

respect the decision. (2nd paragraph)


Idrus Marham. He plays as subjective pronoun.It is included as anaphora.

3. The word of his in Aburizal, once one of the country’s richest men, was

named the party’s presidential candidate in July last year, and reportedly

47

spent a huge sum to improve his standing in public opinion polls. (3rd

paragraph)

The word of his is a possessive adjective of the subject of ‘Aburizal’ as in

“Aburizal … his standing …”

4. The word of he in He said that the party’s central board would strive to

defend Aburizal’s candidacy. (6th paragraph)


Idrus. H eplays as subjective pronoun.

5. The word of we in “We will fight anyone who opposes the decision,” Idrus

said. (7th paragraph)

The word of we is a kind of first person plural deixis. It refers both Idrus

and Golkar Party members who are support the decision. We plays as

subjective pronoun.

6. The word of he in “Who says that Ical’s [nomination] is non-negotiable?”

Akbar told reporters. “There’s no such things as a fixed decision in

politics. In politics, changes can always happen,” he said. (9th paragraph)


subjective pronoun. It is included as anaphora. It refers to Akbar.

7. The word of him in Akbar said that party members wanted him to convey

the message in a national executives’ meeting scheduled for October. (11th

paragraph)

Him plays as objective pronoun of the subject ‘Akbar’.

48

8. The word of he in He also advised Golkar leaders to keep an eye on the

Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDIP), which he said could be

Golkar’s strongest rival in 2014 general election. (13th paragraph)


subjective pronoun. It refers to Akbar.

9. The word of he in Jakarta Governor Joko “Jokowi” Widodo, a member of

the PDI-P, is seen as a strong contender if he runs in the 2014

presidential election, outdoing Great Indonesia Movement Party

(Gerindra) chief patron Lt. Gen. (ret.) Prabowo Subianto. (14th paragraph)

The word of he is categorized to third person singular deixis. He plays as

subjective pronoun. It is included as anaphora. It refers to Joko ‘Jokowi’.

10. The word of he, themselves, she, and our in “What happened today is

that Pak Akbar once again repeated what he has been saying. It’s as if he

wants to prod party members into preparing themselves more for the

election,” she said. “There is no rift. Ical remains our presidential

candidate.” (19th paragraph)


subjective pronoun. It is included as anaphora, the word of he placed after

the word of ‘Pak Akbar’. It refers to ‘Pak Akbar’. The word of

‘themselves’ is a reflexive pronoun of ‘party members’, it used when it

refer back to another word in the sentence. In addition, the word of she is

purposed to third person singular deixis. She plays as subjective pronoun.

49

It refers to Nurul Arifin. The word of our is a possessive adjective of the

subject of ‘Golkar party member’.

11. The word of he in Political expert Arie Sudjito said it would be difficult

for Golkar to find candidates besides Aburizal as he was a Golkar

benefactor. (21st paragraph)


subjective pronoun. It is included as anaphora, the word of ‘Aburizal’ is

the first mentioned than the word of he. It refers to Aburizal.

12. The word of he in “As the main benefactor, he will not let somebody from

outside the party be nominated as its presidential candidate, but at the

same time, the party has no alternative figure,” Arie said. (23rd paragraph)


subjective pronoun. It refers to Aburizal.

5. Fifth Text:PM, opposition hold second day of talks

1. The word of they in Cambodia’s contending parties said Tuesday that

they were closer to resolving the country’s post-election political

deadlock, but need more time to reach an agreement. (1st paragraph)

The word of they is categorized to third person plural deixis which is refer

to ‘Cambodia’s contending parties’. They plays as subjective pronoun. It

is includedas anaphora, the word of ‘Cambodia’s contending parties’ is

the first mentioned than the word of ‘they’.

50

2. The word of himself in But the optimism comes as opposition emotions

over the election were still running high, with a Buddhist monk

threatening to set himself on fire to protest alleged ruling party chicanery

at the polls. (2nd paragraph)

The word of ‘himself’ is a reflexive pronoun of ‘Buddhist monk’, it used

when it refer back to another word in the sentence.

3. The word of they in The two met for three hours on Tuesday, a follow-up

to four hours of talks on Monday in which they agreed to meet again for

more talks, to ensure future protests were peaceful and to set up a

committee for reforming the election process in the future. (4th paragraph)


to Prime Minister Hun Sen and opposition leader Sam Rainsy’. They plays

as subjective pronoun. It is included as anaphora, the word of they placed

after the word of ‘Prime Minister Hun Sen and opposition leader Sam

Rainsy’.

4. The word of they and them in Sam Rainsy’s Cambodia National Rescue

Party is demanding an independent probe of alleged election irregularities

they say cost them victory at the polls, and is threatening to boycott the

opening of the National Assembly on Sept. 23. (5th paragraph)

The word of they is categorized to third person plural deixis. They plays

as subjective pronoun. It is included as anaphora. Itrefers to ‘Sam Rainsy's

Cambodia National Rescue Party’. Further, them plays as objective

pronoun. It refers to Sam Rainsy's Cambodia National Rescue Party.

51

5. The word of they and their in Spokesmen for both sides said they were

closer to agreeing on political reforms. Opposition spokesman Yim Sovann

said those included their points of view on solving the problems the

country and its major national institutions are facing. (7th paragraph)


to Cambodian People's Party Hun Sen and opposition leader Sam Rainsy.

They plays as subjective pronoun. It is included as anaphora. The word of

‘their’ is possessive adjective of the subject of ‘they’.

6. The word of we and he in “Now the gap is closing, but we need more time

to talk because there are plenty of topics,” he said. (8th paragraph)

The word of we is a kind of first person plural deixis. We plays as

subjective pronoun. It refers both Cambodian People's Party Hun Sen and

opposition leader Sam Rainsy. He plays as subjective pronoun. The word

of he is a kind of third person singular deixis. It refers to Yim Sovann.

7. The word of them, their, and he in Prak Sokhon, spokesman for the

Cambodian People’s Party, said the two sides had agreed on several

points, and now had to talk them over with their respective party members

before meeting again. He said there was not yet 100 percent agreement,

but some points had already been agreed upon. (9th paragraph)

Them plays as objective pronoun. It is refer to Cambodian People's Party

Hun Sen and opposition leader Sam Rainsy. The word of ‘their’ is

possessive adjective of the subject of ‘they’. Further, the word of he refers

52

to Prak Sokhon. It purposed to third person singular deixis. He plays as

subjective pronoun. It is included as anaphora.

8. The word of they inThey both declined to specify what they had agreed

on. (10th paragraph)

The word of they is categorized to third person plural deixis. They plays

as subjective pronoun. It is included as anaphora. It refers to Cambodian

People's Party Hun Sen and opposition leader Sam Rainsy.

9. The word of he, himself, and him in Participants are encouraged to

speak, and a Buddhist monk stood up on the stage, gave a very passionate

speech about the unfairness of the vote and the suffering of the people, and

then pulled out a bottle of gasoline. He was pouring it on himself and

preparing to light it when other monks and demonstrators on the stage

jumped in to stop him and calm him down. (13th paragraph)


subjective pronoun. It refers to a Buddhist monk. The word of ‘himself’ is

a reflexive pronoun. Him plays as objective pronoun of the subject

‘Buddhist monk’.

6. Sixth Text: Syria crisis: A glance at presidents, precedents

1. The word of here and he in The Buck Stops Here” read a sign on

president Harry Truman’s desk; in reacting to use of poison gas in Syria,

President Barack Obama is providing decidedly mixed messages. After

53

threatening to retaliate against the Syrian regime, he suddenly asked

Congress to approve the use of force. (1st paragraph)

The word of here refers to Syria. It is included as cataphora, the word of

‘here’ is the first mentioned than the word of ‘Syria’. The word of he

refers to Barack Obama. Itis categorized to third person singular deixis.

He plays as subjective pronoun. It is included as anaphora, the word of

‘he’placed after the word of ‘Barack Obama’.

2. The word of he and his in President Abraham Lincoln provides the most

dramatic example of operating independently of Congress. He provoked

the Confederacy into firing the first shots in the Civil War by resupplying

besieged Fort Sumter, then delayed convening Congress to preclude his

actions being limited or overruled. (4th paragraph)

The word of he refers to Abraham Lincoln. Itis categorized to third person

singular deixis. He plays as subjective pronoun. It is included as anaphora.

Further, the word of ‘his’ is a possessive adjective of the subject of ‘he’ as

in “… he provoked … his actions …”

3. The word of his in Secretary of state Henry Kissinger describes in his

memoirs the careful consideration accorded the War Powers Act during

those turbulent years, but over time this law faded in influence. The

Reagan administration successfully resisted invoking the act in deploying

US military forces to the Middle East, bombing Libya and invading

Grenada. (9th paragraph)

54

The word of ‘his’ as in “...... his memoirs .....” is a possessive adjective of

the subject of ‘Henry Kissinger’.

4. The word of he in Underscoring the importance of the Truman precedent,

Bush explicitly declared that the US was authorized to participate in the

First Gulf War under the authority of the United Nations. However, he

also secured a resolution of support from Congress. (11th paragraph)

The word of he refers to Bush. Itis categorized to third person singular

deixis. He plays as subjective pronoun.It is included as anaphora.

5. The word of his in In the future, expect Congress to be assertive regarding

war. Whatever happens in Syria, Obama’s legacy includes restricting his

successors. (13th paragraph)

The word of ‘his’ is a possessive adjective of the subject of Barrack

Obama.

7. Seventh Text: Dahlan accused of politicking during May Day rally

1. The word of his in Cabinet Secretary Dipo Alam accused State-Owned

Enterprises Minister Dahlan Iskan of attempting to gain popularity to

support his presidential bid when the controversial minister joined the

International Workers Day march in Jakarta on Wednesday. (1st

paragraph)

The word of ‘his’ is a possessive adjective of the subject of ‘Dahlan Iskan’

as in “… Dahlan Iskan … support his presidential …”

55

2. The word of I and he in “I think Dahlan’s action was unnecessary. It just

confirmed that he always wanted to gain popularity. Wherever there is

public attention, there Dahlan will be,” Dipo told The Jakarta Post on

Thursday. (2nd paragraph)

The word of I is categorized to first person singular deixis. It refers to

Dipo Alam. I plays as subjective pronoun. It is included as cataphora, the

pronoun I is used first then the full noun phrase is presented in next line.

Further, the word of he is a kind of third person singular deixis. He plays

as subjective pronoun. It is included as anaphora. The word of he refers to

Dahlan.

3. The word of their, his, and he in “Perhaps it has something to do with

Dahlan’s plan to run for president in 2014. Just let the public have their

say about whether his actions are unethical or not,” he said, adding that

he had not spoken to Dahlan since May Day. (3rd paragraph)

The word of ‘their’ is possessive adjective of the subject of ‘the public’ as

in “… Just let the public have their say…” The word of ‘his’ is a

possessive adjective of the subject of ‘Dahlan Iskan’ as in “…Dahlan’s

plan … his actions …” Meanwhile, the word of he refers to Dipo Alam.


subjective pronoun.

4. The word of I, my, he, and here in “I walked here from my office,”

Dahlan said, referring to the State-Owned Enterprises Ministry about 1

kilometer from the traffic circle. “I finished all of my work this morning. I

56

don’t have any more appointments either. So, I left the office and hereI

am,” he said. (5th paragraph)

The word of ‘I’ is purposed to first person singular deixis. I plays as

subjective pronoun. It refers to Dahlan. It is included as cataphora. The

word of my isa possessive adjective of the subject of ‘I’ (read: Dahlan). It

is called possessive adjective because it occurs before a noun/noun phrase

as in the paragraph “... my work …” In addition, he plays as subjective

pronoun, and it is categorized to third person singular deixis. The word of

he refers to Dahlan. Next, theword of here is included as cataphora, the

word of ‘here’ is the first mentioned than the word of ‘the traffic circle’. It

refers to ‘the traffic circle’.

5. The word of themselves, their, and he in Dipo said it would be no

surprise if people considered Dahlan’s stunt unethical. “Representatives

of the unions themselves met the President at the Palace just a day before

May Day. The President listened to all of their demands. Why should

Dahlan rally with the workers?” he said. (7th paragraph)

The word of ‘themselves’ is a reflexive pronoun of ‘Representatives of the

unions’, it used when it refer back to another word in the sentence. The

word of ‘their’ is possessive adjective of the subject of ‘representatives of

the unions’ as in “Representatives of the unions … their demands …”

Moreover, the word of he is a kind of third person singular deixis. He

plays as subjective pronoun. It is included as anaphora, the word of he

placed after the word of ‘Dipo’. It refers to ‘Dipo’.

57

6. The word of himself in Lawmaker Poempida Hidayatulloh criticized

Dahlan, saying that the minister himself had yet to ensure that all State-

Owned Enterprises’ employees received decent pay. (10th paragraph)

The word of ‘himself’ is a reflexive pronoun of ‘Dahlan’, it used when it

refer back to another word in the sentence.

7. The word of he in “He has got plenty of important work to do,

particularly concerning the manpower at state-owned companies,” the

Golkar Party politician said. (11th paragraph)


subjective pronoun, it refers to Dahlan.

8. The word of his and he in In response to the criticism, Dahlan denied his

appearance among the workers meant that he sympathized with the

rallies. (12th paragraph)

The word of ‘his’ is a possessive adjective of the subject of Dahlan Iskan.

He plays as subjective pronoun. It is included as anaphora. The word of he

is a kind of third person singular deixis. It refers to Dahlan Iskan.

9. The word of I, me, their, and he in “I was just walking because no cars

were allowed to go through. Then some of the demonstrators dragged me

in to their march. Was that wrong?” he said. (13th paragraph)

The word of I isa kind of first person singular deixis. I plays as subjective

pronoun. It refers to Dahlan. Further, me plays as objective pronoun. The

word of ‘their’ is possessive adjective of the subject of ‘demonstrators’ as

in “… the demontrators … their march …” The word of he is categorized

58

to third person singular deixis. He plays as subjective pronoun. It refers to

Dahlan.

10. The word of he in When asked about the view that he was acting against

the government, Dahlan only said, “whatever”. (14th paragraph)


subjective pronoun. It is included as cataphora, the pronoun he is used first

then the full noun phrase is presented in next line. The word of he refers to

Dahlan.

11. The word of his in Dahlan has often been accused of vainglory in many of

his antics. (18th paragraph)

The word of ‘his’ is a possessive adjective of the subject of ‘Dahlan Iskan’

as in “Dahlan … his antics …”

12. The word of he in Only recently, he baffled law enforcers and lawmakers

when he said he was considering an offer to develop marijuana farms for

medicinal purposes. (19th paragraph)


subjective pronoun. It refers to Dahlan.

8. Eigth Text: Yudhoyono should not slow down, must focus on transition

1. The word of his in A critic is saying that President Susilo Bambang

Yudhoyono needs to start focusing on fulfilling his campaign promises in

the waning days of his final term and less on party politics. (1st paragraph)

59

The word of ‘his’ is a possessive adjective of the subject of ‘President

Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’as in “… President Susilo Bambang

Yudhoyono … his campaign … his final term …”

2. The word of his in Arie Sujito, a political analyst from Gadjah Mada

University in Yogyakarta, said that although Yudhoyono was entitled to

enjoy his down time, the President, who is barred from seeking re-election

by term limits, should focus on preparing for the transition to a new

administration. (2nd paragraph)

The word of ‘his’ is a possessive adjective of the subject of ‘Yudhoyono’

as in “… Yudhoyono … his down time …”

3. The word of he, himself, and his in “He can relax [...] but should avoid

involving himself in unimportant travails, including a preoccupation with

his Democratic Party,” Arie told The Jakarta Post on Sunday. (3rd

paragraph)


subjective pronoun. It refers to Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. The word of

‘himself’ is a reflexive pronoun of ‘Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’, it used

when it refer back to another word in the sentence. Meanwhile, the word

of ‘his’ is a possessive adjective of the subject of ‘he’ as in “He can … his

Democratic Party …”

4. The word of he and his in “He should not spend too much of his time on

his party. He should instead prepare for the transition of power, so that

60

his successor can continue the programs from his tenure,” Arie added.

(4th paragraph)


subjective pronoun. Itrefers to Yudhoyono. Moreover, the word of ‘his’ is

a possessive adjective of the subject of ‘he’ as in “He should not … his

time on his party. He should instead … his successor … his tenure …”

5. The word of his and he in Yudhoyono, First Lady Ani Yu-dhoyono, and his

entourage arrived at Halim Perdanakusuma Air Force Base in East

Jakarta on Sunday before departing for East Java, where he watched the

sunrise over Mount Bromo in Probolinggo, witnessed military exercises

and played sports with local officials. (5th paragraph)


as in “Yudhoyono … his entourage …” Next, he plays as subjective

pronoun. It is included as anaphora. The word of he refers to Yudhoyono.

It is categorized to third person singular deixis.

6. The word of his in During his visit to Mt. Bromo, Yudhoyono stopped to

talk with some tourists, street vendors and local farmers at the world-

famous tourist site. (8th paragraph)


as in ‘During his visit to Mt. Bromo, Yudhoyono …”It is included as

cataphora, the pronoun his is used first then the word of ‘Yudhoyono’.

61

7. The word of he in In response, Yudhoyono said he would order the local

regent, the provincial governor, and other relevant ministers, to address

the vendors’ concerns. (10th paragraph)

He plays as subjective pronoun. It is categorized to third person singular

deixis. The word of he refers to Yudhoyono. It is included as anaphora.

8. The word of I, here, and his in “The ministers and I came here to directly

observe the situation and learn about what the people actually need,”

Yudhoyono said in a statement posted to his official website

www.presidenri.go.id. (11th paragraph)

The word of I is categorized to first person singular deixis. It is included

as cataphora. I plays as subjective pronoun. It refers to Yudhoyono as in

“… I came …” Yudhoyono said.The word of here refers to Mount Bromo.

It is included as anaphora, the word of ‘Mount Bromo’ is the first

mentioned than the word of ‘here’. Meanwhile, the word of ‘his’ is a

possessive adjective of the subject of ‘President Susilo Bambang

Yudhoyono’ as in “… Yudhoyono said in a statement posted to his official

…”

9. The word of I, me and here in “I want the relevant officials to give me the

reports on the follow up to the requests of the people here immediately

after I am back in Jakarta”. (12th paragraph)

I playsas subjective pronoun. The word of I is purposed to first person

singular deixis. It refers to Yudhoyono. Me plays as objective pronoun.

Furthermore, the word of here refers to Mt. Bromo.

62

10. The word of I, we, and us in “I don’t like making promises. But whatever

we can do, if it is possible, will be definitely done by us,” the statement

said. (13th paragraph)

The word of I is categorized to first person singular deixis. I plays as

subjective pronoun. It refers to Yudhoyono. The word of we is a kind of

first person plural deixis. We plays as subjective pronoun. It refers both

Yudhoyono, the ministers, and his cabinet. Us plays as objective pronoun.

11. The word of I in “I had expected that the President would engage in such

activities,” Bambang said. (15th paragraph)

The word of I is categorized to first person singular deixis. It is included

as cataphora, the pronoun of I is used first then the full noun phrase is

presented in next line as in “I had expected …” Bambang said. I plays as

subjective pronoun. It refers to Bambang.

12. The word of my, his, and him in “In my opinion, the visit was merely

aimed at boosting his popularity. It is also an escape from public

criticism, which has accused him of failing to tackle many important

problems, such as the fuel subsidy, rampant social conflicts, and weak law

enforcement.” (16th paragraph)

The word of my is a possessive adjective. The word of ‘his’ is a

possessive adjective of the subject of ‘Yudhoyono’. Him plays as

63

objective pronoun, the words of it must be placed after the verb as in “...

accused him ...”

13. The word of him in Bambang said that it would be unlikely that

Yudhoyono’s charm offensive would allow him to leave office on a high

note. (17th paragraph)

Him plays as objective pronoun, the words of it must be placed after the

verb as in “... allow him ...” It refers to Yudhoyono.

14. The word of they in “People today are smarter,” the lawmaker said.

“They cannot easily be pleased by such a short visit, while many other

fundamental problems, such as the high price of staple foods and poor

basic services remain unsolved.” (18th paragraph)


to ‘people’ as in “People today … they cannot …” They plays as

subjective pronoun. It is included as anaphora.

9. Ninth Text: PPP actress candidate causes smiles, for all wrong reasons

1. The word ofI, her, us, and our in “I was crying after seeing the program.

Why the party has given such an important task to someone as unqualified

as her is an insult to us and our democracy,” Hamdi said as quoted by

tribunnews.com. (3rd paragraph)

The word of I is categorized to first person singular deixis. I plays as

subjective pronoun. It is included as cataphora. It refers to Hamdi Muluk.

The word of her is a possessive adjective of the subject of ‘Angel Lelga’

64

(see paragraph 1 and 2), movie actress and swimsuit model. Further, us

playsas objective pronoun. The word of our isa possessive adjective

because it occurs before a noun/noun phrase as in the paragraph “... our

democracy …”

2. The word of her in In the political talk show Mata Najwa aired

Wednesday last week, Angel gave a stuttered and halting response to

questions posed by host Najwa Shihab about her motivation to contest the

2014 legislative election. (4th paragraph)

The word of ‘her’ is a possessive adjective of the subject of ‘Angel

Lelga’. It occurs before a noun or an adjective as in “… her motivation

…”It is included as anaphora, the word of ‘her’ placed after the word of

‘Angel’ as in “… Angel gave … her motivation …”

3. The word of her, I, and my in One of the most embarrassing moments was

when Angel, apparently running out of ways to respond to questions, gave

her final words: “Regarding some of the issues, I haven’t asked my party

chairman, so I don’t have my own opinion. I don’t want to meddle with

party affairs.” (6th paragraph)

The word of her is a possessive adjective of the subject of ‘Angel’. It is

included as anaphora. In addition, ‘I’plays as subjective pronoun. The

word of I is categorized to first person singular deixis. It is included as

anaphora. The word of I refers to Angel Lelga as in “… when Angel … I

haven’t asked … so I don’t have … I don’t want …” The word of my is a

possessive adjective.

65

4. The word of her and she in When asked about her objective as a

lawmaker, Angel said she wanted to lift the people in her constituency —

Central Java V covering Boyolali, Klaten and Sukoharjo regencies as well

as Surakarta municipality — out of poverty. (7th paragraph)

The word of her is a possessive adjective of the subject of ‘Angel’.

Further, the word of she is purposed to third person singular deixis. She

plays as subjective pronoun. It is included as anaphora, the word of

‘Angel’ is the first mentioned than the word of ‘she’. It refers to Angel

Lega.

5. The word of you in “How would you, as a legislator, be able to eradicate

poverty?” asked Najwa. (8th paragraph)

The word of you is a kind of second person deixis. You plays as

subjective pronoun. It refers to Angel Lelga.

6. The word of us in “Tell us, just one of them,” Najwa shot back. (10th

paragraph)

Us plays as objective pronoun. It refers both (host) Najwa Shihab in the

talk show Mata Najwa and addressee/other (s) who is watch/listen her

statement.

7. The word of I and there in “Perhaps, I can change development there.”

(11th paragraph)

The word of ‘I’ is categorized to first person singular deixis. Iplaysas

subjective pronoun. It is included as anaphora. The word of I refers Angel

Lelga. Meanwhile, the word of ‘there’refers to Central Java V covering

66

Boyolali, Klaten and Sukoharjo regencies as well as Surakarta

municipality. It is included as anaphora.

8. The word of her in “How?” the host pressed her further. (12th paragraph)

The word of her is a possessive adjective of the subject of ‘Angel Lelga’,

movie actress and swimsuit model as a legislative candidate from the

Islamic-based United Development Party (PPP).

9. The word of we, I, here, my, and she in “We’ll see. I don’t want to talk

too much here. My rivals could copy my programs,” she said. (13th

paragraph)

The word of we is a kind of first person plural deixis. It refers both Najwa

Shihab and addressee/other (s) who is watch/listen her statement. We

plays as subjective pronoun. The word of ‘I’ is purposed to first person

singular deixis. ‘I’ plays as subjective pronoun. It refers Angel Lelga. In

addition, the word of here refers to the talk show Mata Najwa at Metro

TV. It is includedas anaphora. The word of my isa possessive adjective.

Next, the word of she is purposed to third person singular deixis. She

plays as subjective pronoun. It refers to Angel Lega.

10. The word of your in “But isn’t it important to woo your prospective

voters?” Najwa further queried. (14th paragraph)

The word of your is possessive adjective of the subject of ‘Angel’.

11. The word of they in “They already know,” Angel said. (15th paragraph)


to Angel’s prospective voters. They plays as subjective pronoun

67

12. The word of you and them in “Have you learned about political skills

such as lobbying? As a legislator you will need them to discuss budgetary

matters.” (16th paragraph)

You plays as subjective pronoun. The word of you is a kind of second

person deixis. It refers to Angel Lelga. In addition, them plays as

objective pronoun. It refers to ‘the legislators’.

13. The word of you, I, my, our, and me in “What do you mean? Well, I

believe my close connection to our leaders will help me.” (17th paragraph)

The word of you is categorized to second person deixis. You plays as

subjective pronoun. It refers to (host) Najwa Shihab. The word of ‘I’ is

purposed to first person singular deixis. I plays as subjective pronoun. It

refers Angel Lelga. Moreover, the word of my isa possessive adjective.

The word of our is a possessive adjective because it occurs before a

noun/noun phrase as in the paragraph “... our democracy …” Next, me

plays as objective pronoun.

14. The word of her in As a result, Angel has become a laughing stock on

social media, with Twitter users mostly complaining about her lack of

knowledge even on basic matters, such as the stance of her own political

party. (18th paragraph)

The word of ‘her’ is a possessive adjective of the subject of ‘Angel

Lelga’. It is included as anaphora, the word of ‘her’ placed after the word

of ‘Angel’ as in “… Angel has become … her lack of knowledge …”

68

15. The word of her and she in Aside from her reputation as a swimsuit model

and her erotic performances in local horror movies, Angel became a local

tabloid staple when the rumors surfaced that she was the mistress of self-

styled king of dangdut Rhoma Irama. (19th paragraph)

The word of her is a possessive adjective of the subject of ‘Angel’.

Furthermore, she plays as subjective pronoun. It is included as anaphora,

the word of ‘Angel’ is the first mentioned than the word of ‘she’. The

word of she is purposed to third person singular deixis. It refers to Angel

Lega.

16. The word of himself in Rhoma himself is now campaigning, representing

the National Awakening Party (PKB) as its presidential candidate. (20th

paragraph)

The word of ‘himself’ is a reflexive pronoun of ‘Rhoma’, king of dangdut

Rhoma Irama, it used when it refer back to another word in the sentence.

17. The word of her in PPP chairman Suryadharma Ali, who is also the

Religious Affairs Minister, has defended Angel, saying that voters should

forgive her for her poor grasp of politics. (21st paragraph)

The word of her is a possessive adjective of the subject of ‘Angel’. It is

included as anaphora.

18. The word of she, her and he in “Angel is a newcomer to the PPP. She

was asked to be a legislative candidate before she became a PPP member.

Please understand her,” he said. (22nd paragraph)

69

The word of she is a kind of person singular deixis. She plays as

subjective pronoun. It is included as anaphora, the word of ‘Angel’ is the

first mentioned than the word of ‘she’. It refers to Angel Lega. The word

of her is a possessive adjective of the subject of ‘Angel’. Next, the word

of he is categorized tothird person singular deixis. He plays as subjective

pronoun. It refers to PPP chairman Suryadharma Ali.

10. Tenth Text: President calls on people to shun dirty politics ahead of2014

polls

1. The word of we and I in “As we are entering the year of politics, I call on

all Chinese communities, as well as all elements of the nation, to create a

safe and peaceful situation,” Yudhoyono said before more than 6,000

Chinese-Indonesians at the plenary hall of the Jakarta Convention Center

(JCC). (3rd paragraph)

The word of we is a kind of first person plural deixis. We plays as

subjective pronoun. It refers both President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

and addressee/other (s) who is listen his statement (read: 6,000 Chinese-

Indonesians at the plenary hall of the Jakarta Convention Center). The

word of ‘I’ is categorized to first person singular deixis. I plays as

subjective pronoun. It is included as cataphora, the pronoun of ‘I’ is used

first then the word of ‘Yudhoyono’ which stated in “I call on …”

Yudhoyono said. It refers to President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.

70

2. The word of we, he, and his in “We will see the elections in 2014. Let’s

refrain from inappropriate political ways, including black campaigns,” he

said in his speech. (5th paragraph)

We plays as subjective pronoun. The word of we is categorized to person

plural deixis. It refers both President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and

addressee/other (s) who is listen his statement. He plays as subjective

pronoun. It is a kind of third person singular deixis. The word of he refers

to Yudhoyono. Next, the word of ‘his’ is a possessive adjective of the

subject of ‘he’ (read: Yudhoyono) as in “… he said in his speech …”

3. The word of his in Ahok was the first Chinese-Indonesian to run for the

high-level post in the capital city. During the election, Ahok was subject to

various negative campaigns that targeted his faith and ethnicity. Ahok,

who ran for office as the running mate of former Surakarta mayor Joko

Widodo, was elected despite a slew of racial slurs hurled during the

campaign period. (8th paragraph)

The word of ‘his’ is a possessive adjective of the subject of ‘Ahok’ as in

“Ahok was the first … his faith …” It is included as anaphora.

4. The word of their in While Ahok’s victory is seen as a landmark in

Jakarta’s political history, the nation is also seeing more Chinese-

Indonesians making their way into the country’s political scene. The latest

example is media tycoon Hary Tanoesoedibjo’s decision to join the

NasDem Party before leaving the nascent party to be elected as the chief

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patron of the People’s Conscience Party (Hanura), led by former general

Wiranto. (9th paragraph)

The word of ‘their’ is possessive adjective of the subject of ‘Chinese-

Indonesians’ as in “… Chinese-Indonesians making their way …”

5. The word of they and he in “Reason is what distinguishes humans from

animals. Yet, nowadays, they act no differently; people steal something

and they will act normal without feeling ashamed,” he told The Jakarta

Post after the event. (12th paragraph)


to ‘humans’. They plays as subjective pronoun. It is included as anaphora,

the word of ‘humans’ is the first mentioned than the word of ‘they’. The

word of he is a kind of third person singular deixis. He plays as subjective

pronoun. It refers to Yudhoyono.

6. The word of here, he, and their in Yudhoyono said the theme was relevant

to Indonesia’s situation, saying that everybody should reflect on it as

“corruption, as well as conspiracies, slander, violence are still here”. He

said people should practice patience in their social and political lives,

which was part of Confucius’ teachings. (13th paragraph)

The word of here refers to Indonesia. It is included as anaphora, the word

of ‘Indonesia’ is the first mentioned than the word of ‘here’. Further,

‘he’plays as subjective pronoun. It is a kind of third person singular deixis.

It is included as anaphora, the word of ‘he’ placed after the word of

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‘Yudhoyono’. The word of ‘their’ is possessive adjective of the subject of

‘people’.

7. The word of his in In his speech, the President also called on the Chinese

community to help boost the country’s economy through mutual

cooperation with the government. (14th paragraph)

The word of ‘his’ is a possessive adjective of the subject of ‘the President’

(read: Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono) as in “In his speech, the President

also …” It is included as cataphora.

8. The word of we and our in “We should stay focused on our big agenda of

sustaining the nation’s development. We should not waste the golden

moment to achieve prosperity and reduce poverty.” (15th paragraph)

We plays as subjective pronoun. The word of we is categorized to first

person plural deixis. It refers both the President and addressee/other (s)

who is listen his statement (read: 6,000 Chinese-Indonesians at the plenary

hall of the Jakarta Convention Center). The word of our isa possessive

adjective of the subject of ‘we’ because as in the paragraph “We should …

our big agenda …”

9. The word of his in First Lady Ani Yudhoyono, Vice President Boediono

and his wife Herawati, as well as a number of Cabinet members, such as

Education and Culture Minister Mohammad Nuh and National Police

chief Gen. Timur Pradopo, also attended the celebration. (16th paragraph)

73

The word of ‘his’ is a possessive adjective of the subject of ‘Vice

President Boediono’ as in “… Vice President Boediono and his wife

Herawati …”

10. The word of him in Tuesday was the 9th annual event Yudhoyono has

regularly attended since 2005 and it has become routine for him to

provide current remarks every year. This year, Chinese New Year fell on

Feb. 10, which marked the beginning of the year 2564. (17th paragraph)

Him plays as objective pronoun of the subject ‘Yudhoyono’ as in “…

Yudhoyono … routine for him …”

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

After analyzing the words of person and place deixis in the articles,

the writer gets that from 115 numbers of the total of the data from the ten

texts of The Jakarta Post which is found the word of ‘he’ is 68 items, ‘his’

is 41 items, ‘I’ is 29 items, ‘who’ is 2 items, ‘they’ is 12 items, ‘my’ is 10

items, ‘their’ is 12 items, ‘him’ is 10 items, ‘you’ is 7 items, ‘yourselves’

is 1 item, ‘your’ is 1 item, ‘we’ is 9 items, ‘our’ is 3 items , ‘me’ is 5 item,

‘she’ is 9 items, ‘her’ is 13 items, ‘them’ is 4 items, ‘themselves’ is 2

items, ‘himself’ is 5 items, ‘us’ is 3 items, ‘here’ is 7 items, ‘there’ is 1

item, with the total of 254 items consist of 246 items of person deixis and

8 items of place deixis.

Seen from the data above, it can be concluded that the word of ‘he’ is

the most of person deixis which is used in the articles. If we make the

percentage, the writer gets 27% of the person deixis which is used is the

word of ‘he’ is a kind of third person singular deixis, which refers to

person who is being talked about. The second conclusion is the words of

place deixis in news article is rarely used. It can be seen from the total of

254 items deixis word, the amount of place deixis just 8 items.

In the political news articles that are analyzed, the person deixis is the

most deixis in the articles because a text or a sentence in written or oral

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without person deixis seem having no sense to the readers or the listeners.

Person deixis is the most important part in written or oral text. So, the

existence of the person deixis is very important to make a sentence in good

sense or meaning.

In the other hand, the place deixis which is used in political news

articles to clarify the place or the location of the event that reports by the

journalist as well as has been shown in the context. So, a sentence or a text

without place deixis still gives a clear meaning to the readers or listeners,

and the sentence still have good sense.

From this study, the writer concludes that the news writer or the

journalist in create a narration of political news more use of person deixis

than place deixis because the news writer or the journalist more emphasize

to the person or doer than place or location in the political news article.

The using of person deixis in article of a newspaper in order to convey

information to the readers does not need to use the same words repeatedly.

In the next, the journalist should use varied deixis in writing news article,

so that the reader more easy to understand the information in the article

which is written.

B. Suggestion

The writer realizes that this research is still not enough to get more

information about the person and place deixis. It is because there are still a

lot of discussions that can be studied in person and place deixis field. For

76

that reason the writer suggests to the reader or the next researcher,

especially the student of English Letters to continue the research about the

person and place deixis analysis with a variety of media that more

interesting like magazine, pamphlet, poster, banner which can be used as

object study in person and place deixis field.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

Chaer, Abdul, Pengantar Semantik Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Rineka Cipta,

2009.

Farkhan, Muhammad, Proposal Penelitian Bahasa dan Sastra: Edisi

Revisi, Jakarta: Anak Negeri Printing, 2011.

Hurford, James R, et. al, Semantics of Coursebook, New York: Cambridge

University Press, 2007.

Kearns, Kate, Semantics: Second Edition, UK: Palgrave Macmillan Publishers,

2011.

Leech, Geoffrey, Semantics, harmondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd, 1974.

Levinson, Stephen C, Pragmatics,Great Britain: Cambridge University Press,

1983.

Lyons, John,Semantics: vol 2, Great Britain: Cambridge University Press, 1977.

, Linguistic Semantics: An Introduction, New York: Cambridge


Parera, J.D, Teori Semantik: Edisi kedua, Jakarta: Erlangga, 2004.

Pateda, Prof.dr. Mansoer, Semantik Leksikal: Edisi kedua, Jakarta: Rineka Cipta,

2010.

Perkins, Revere D, Deixis ,Grammar, and Culture, Amsterdam: John Benjamins

Publishing Company, 1992.

Purwo, Bambang K, Deiksis dalam Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Balai Pustaka,

1984.

78

Sartuni, Rasyid, Aplikasi Bahasa Indonesia Di Perguruan Tinggi, Bogor:

Maharini Press, 1996.

Sumadiria, Haris, Bahasa Jurnalistik Panduan Praktis Penulis dan Jurnalis,

Bandung:SimbiosaRekatama Media, 2008.

Starus, Jane, The Blue Book of Grammar and Punctuation: Tenth Edition, San

fransisco: Jossey-Bass.

Stubbs, Michael, Words and Phrases Corpus Studies of Lexical Semantics, UK:

Blackwell Publish, ltd, 2001.

Verhaar, J.W.M, Asas-asas Linguistik Umum, Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada


Yule, George, Pragmatics, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.

Yule, George, The Study of Language: third edition, United Kingdom: Cambridge


Internet

http://www.thejakartapost.com/

APPENDICES

A. History of Jakarta Post

The year 1983 marked an important milestone in the history of media

publishing in Indonesiawhen the first issue of The Jakarta Post appeared on

April 25.The new English daily is unique, not only in its goal, which is to

improve the standard of English language media in Indonesia, but also in

bringing together four competing media publishers into producing a quality

newspaper with an Indonesian perspective.The objective of the new

publication was to present to the public a newspaper of the highest quality

that would provide its readers with all the news that was not only fit to print,

but that would deepen their insight into the very workings of this vast

archipelago, its people and its government, as members of the great family of

nations.42

The history of the newspaper dates back to a conversation in mid-1982,

between then minister of information Ali Moertopo and Mr. Jusuf Wanandi,

who represented the government-backed Golkar newspaper Suara Karya.

Minister Moertopo mentioned the possibility of publishing an English-

language newspaper of the highest editorial quality which would not only

cater to the fast growing foreign community in the country — the result of

more than a decade of opening up the economy to the global community —

but more importantly one that would be able to provide an Indonesian

42The Jakarta Post History,The Jakarta Post. Accessed on September 1, 2013, at

10:47 http://www.thejakartapost.com/

80

perspective to counter the highly unbalanced Western-dominated global

traffic of news and views.

The company which is PT Bina Media Tenggara, was founded in late

1982 as an independent newspaper institution privately owned by four

competing media groups publishing some of the leading national

publications: Suara Karya, Kompas, Sinar Harapan and Tempo. 10% of

equity (later increased to 20%) was provided as a collective share of all

employees.

On the first day of publication, not more than 5,474 copies of the

newspaper reached readers. The contents of its eight pages varied from news

about Soviet espionage activities in the region, to an article written by

Kompas’ Jakob Oetama on the installation of H. Harmoko as the new

minister of information, just a few months after he was personally involved

in the preparatory stage of this newspaper in his capacity as chairman of the

Indonesian Journalists Association (PWI), plus a few congratulatory

advertisements.

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B. Progress and Development of Jakarta Post

Since its conception in 1983, the Post has developed into a

prestigiousnewspaper respected for its independent views and bold

coverage of various national and international events. The number of its

subscribers have also increased, from 8,657 in 1983, to 41,049 in

December 1998.43

To keep up with its reputation as an independent newspaper and to

satisfy the demands of its readers for fast but accurate news and sharp

analyses, the newspaper's editorial and business departments started in

1990 a routine recruitment program. Each year the newspaper recruits

new journalists and marketing and advertising staff to meet its growing

capacity. From a handful of journalists and marketing and advertising

personnel in 1983, the Post now has over 150 employees.

43Ibid

82

In 1994, the Post became the first Indonesian newspaper to go global

under a project nicknamed "Go International". Three global companies

providing database services from three different parts of the world

signed agreements with the Post to make the paper accessible 24 hours a

day to tens of thousands of their subscribers around the world.Under the

arrangements, the Post is transmitted every morning in digitalized

format via modem to three main computers in New York in USA, London

in the UK and Palo Alto in California, USA, each owned by Chamber World

Network, Reuters and Dialog, making the paper the first in this country to

go international without the heavy burden of transportation costs.44

The "Go International" project is a direct response to the Post's

mission to bring forward an Indonesian perspective on national and

global issues amid the deluge of Western viewpoints dominating the

global flow of information. It stands up to the expectations raised by the

commitment of the Post to become "The Journal of Indonesia Today".

44Ibid

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