The Persian WarThe Persian War

Cause Cause

Persian Empire included Greek city-Persian Empire included Greek city-states in Ionia (present day Turkey)states in Ionia (present day Turkey)

Greek revolt against the PersiansGreek revolt against the Persians

Persians crush the revolt and Persians crush the revolt and Darius IDarius I wants revenge against the Greeks wants revenge against the Greeks • Decides to invade GreeceDecides to invade Greece

Battle of MarathonBattle of Marathon

Greeks use the Phalanx Greeks use the Phalanx • Phalanx designed by MiltiadesPhalanx designed by Miltiades

Greeks outnumbered 12 to 1Greeks outnumbered 12 to 1 Greeks winGreeks win Phidippides runs 26 miles from battlefield Phidippides runs 26 miles from battlefield

to Athens to announce victoryto Athens to announce victory• Phidippides announces victory and then diesPhidippides announces victory and then dies• A marathon is named after this runA marathon is named after this run

Greek HopliteGreek Hoplite

Aspis

Hoplite Spear

After MarathonAfter Marathon

Darius I still wants to conquer GreeceDarius I still wants to conquer Greece

482 B.C. – Darius482 B.C. – Darius’’s son, Xerxes, takes a s son, Xerxes, takes a massive army to Greece to conquer the massive army to Greece to conquer the GreeksGreeks• Herodotus, know as the Herodotus, know as the ““Father of HistoryFather of History””

(world(world’’s 1s 1stst great historian), writes the Persians great historian), writes the Persians had 1 million menhad 1 million men

• Xerxes takes these men across the Hellespont Xerxes takes these men across the Hellespont by building a massive pontoon bridgeby building a massive pontoon bridge

Battle of Thermopylae Battle of Thermopylae

Xerxes has many more men than the Xerxes has many more men than the GreeksGreeks

Greeks realize that they cannot fight Greeks realize that they cannot fight the Persiansthe Persians

King Leonidas of Sparta volunteers King Leonidas of Sparta volunteers himself and 300 Spartans to protect himself and 300 Spartans to protect a Greek retreata Greek retreat

ThermopylaeThermopylae

Thermopylae, means Thermopylae, means ““Hot Gates,Hot Gates,”” is a is a narrow mountain pass that narrow mountain pass that neutralized Persian numbersneutralized Persian numbers

Xerxes asks Leonidas for surrenderXerxes asks Leonidas for surrender• ““Come and Get ThemCome and Get Them””• ““So much the better, we fight in the So much the better, we fight in the

shadeshade””

ThermopylaeThermopylae

Leonidas fights the Persians in the Leonidas fights the Persians in the passpass

Greeks are betrayed by Ephiliates, a Greeks are betrayed by Ephiliates, a fellow Greek, who shows Xerxes a fellow Greek, who shows Xerxes a path around the passpath around the pass• Xerxes surrounds Leonidas and asks Xerxes surrounds Leonidas and asks

Leonidas for surrenderLeonidas for surrender• Leonidas fights till deathLeonidas fights till death

After ThermopylaeAfter Thermopylae

Xerxes moves his Xerxes moves his army towards army towards Athens and sacks Athens and sacks AthensAthens

Greek generals Greek generals meet to try and meet to try and defeat Persiansdefeat Persians

Battle of SalamisBattle of Salamis A major naval battle between Greeks and A major naval battle between Greeks and

PersiansPersians

Battle plan designed by Themistocles, an Battle plan designed by Themistocles, an Athenian commander and head of the Athenian commander and head of the Greek NavyGreek Navy

Themistocles lures Persians into shallow Themistocles lures Persians into shallow water and runs their ships agroundwater and runs their ships aground• Greek Triremes stay much shallower in the Greek Triremes stay much shallower in the

waterwater

Ship DraftsShip DraftsDraft – How much of the ship is below waterDraft – How much of the ship is below water

Persian ships – deep draftPersian ships – deep draft

Greek ships – shallow draftGreek ships – shallow draft

Greek TriremeGreek Trireme

Battle of PlateaBattle of Platea

After Salamis, the Greek city-states After Salamis, the Greek city-states join forces to form a massive armyjoin forces to form a massive army

This Greek army meets the Persians This Greek army meets the Persians on the field of Plateaon the field of Platea

The Persians are completely The Persians are completely destroyed and the war endsdestroyed and the war ends

Major Greek Military Major Greek Military Advancements and Advancements and

InventionsInventions

HelepolisHelepolis

Name means Name means ““The Taker of CitiesThe Taker of Cities””• Invented Demetrius the ConquerorInvented Demetrius the Conqueror

A massive siege tower used during A massive siege tower used during the siege of Rhodesthe siege of Rhodes

130 ft. high, 65 feet wide130 ft. high, 65 feet wide• Divided into 9 storiesDivided into 9 stories• Each story equipped w/ a catapultEach story equipped w/ a catapult

The Ram TortoiseThe Ram Tortoise

A gigantic, armored battering ramA gigantic, armored battering ram

The ram tortoise was pushed by a The ram tortoise was pushed by a team of menteam of men

The ram tortoise was covered to The ram tortoise was covered to protect men from arrowsprotect men from arrows• Also had a platform on top to allow Also had a platform on top to allow

archers to shoot at opposing defensesarchers to shoot at opposing defenses

The Death RayThe Death Ray

Invented by Archimedes, a Greek Invented by Archimedes, a Greek mathematician mathematician

Used to defeat the Roman at Used to defeat the Roman at Syracuse in 214 B.C.Syracuse in 214 B.C.

Archimedes used concave mirrors to Archimedes used concave mirrors to refract sunlightrefract sunlight

The Steam CannonThe Steam Cannon

Also invented by Archimedes Also invented by Archimedes

Archimedes regulates the flow of Archimedes regulates the flow of steam through a series of tubessteam through a series of tubes

When the pressure built up, it fired a When the pressure built up, it fired a cannon ball out of the cannoncannon ball out of the cannon

The Archimedes ScrewThe Archimedes Screw Also invented by ArchimedesAlso invented by Archimedes

A hallow pipe with a A hallow pipe with a spiral tubespiral tube

The screw scoops up The screw scoops up water as it is turned water as it is turned and carries the water and carries the water up the spiral up the spiral

• Once the water reaches the top, it drains from the pipeOnce the water reaches the top, it drains from the pipe