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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-88152-4 - The Penitential State: Authority and Atonement in the Age of Louisthe Pious, 814–840Mayke de JongFrontmatterMore information

The Penitential State

In 833 Emperor Louis the Pious, Charlemagne’s son, submitted to apublic penance in the wake of a rebellion by his three elder sons. Thispenance amounted to a deposition, for Louis was to atone for his sins forthe rest of his life. Only half a year later, he was back on the throne again.In this major re-evaluation of Louis’s reign, Mayke de Jong argues thathis penance was the outcome of a political discourse and practice inwhich the accountability of the Frankish ruler to God played an increas-ingly central role. However heated their debates, this was a moral highground Louis shared with churchmen and secular magnates. Through aprofound re-reading of texts by contemporary authors who reflected onlegitimate authority in times of crisis, this book reveals a world in whichpolitical crime was defined as sin, and royal authority was enhanced byatonement.

mayke de jong is Professor of Medieval History in the Department ofHistory and Art History, Utrecht University.

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Utrecht Psalter: The Psalmist admonishes Saul. The title of Psalm (51)52 –

‘…Doeg the Edomite came and told Saul, and said unto him, David iscome to the house of Ahimelech’ (cf. I Reg. 22.9) – is depicted at thelower left of the illustration. Doeg stands on one side of the enthronedSaul, and three retainers on the other. The Psalmist delivers a spiritedadmonition to the king (Ps. 51.3–9), pointing at Christ and His saintswith one hand, and at Saul and his entourage with the other hand, whichholds a razor (Ps. 51.4). (Utrecht, Universiteitsbibliotheek, MS 32, fol.30r; by permission of the Utrecht University Library.)






The Penitential StateAuthority and Atonement in the Age of Louisthe Pious, 814–840

Mayke de Jong






cambridge univers ity pressCambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore,São Paulo, Delhi

Cambridge University PressThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK

Published in the United States of Americaby Cambridge University Press, New York

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© Mayke de Jong 2009

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,no reproduction of any part may take place withoutthe written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2009

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication dataDe Jong, Mayke.The penitential state : authority and atonement in the age of Louis the Pious,814–840 / Mayke de Jong.p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-521-88152-4 (hbk.)1. Louis I, Emperor, 778–840. 2. Louis I, Emperor, 778–840 – Religion.3. Repentance – Political aspects – France –History –To 1500. 4. Atonement –Political aspects – France – History – To 1500. 5. Monarchy – France –History – To 1500. 6. Church and state – France – History – To 1500.7. France – Kings and rulers – Biography. 8. France – History – To 987 –

Sources. 9. France – Church history – To 987 – Sources. 10. France – Kingsand rulers – Religious aspects. I. Title.DC74.D4 20089440.014092–dc22[B]

2008049138

ISBN 978-0-521-88152-4 hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence oraccuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred toin this book, and does not guarantee that any content on suchwebsites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.






For my students






Contents

Preface page ixA note on annotation, citation and translation xiList of abbreviations xiiMap 1 The Carolingian world in the first half of the

ninth century xviMap 2 Louis’s succession arrangement of 817

(the so-called Ordinatio imperii) xviiiTable 1 Pippin and Charlemagne xixTable 2 The descendants of Louis the Pious I xxTable 3 The descendants of Louis the Pious II xxi

Introduction: The penitential state 1

1 Louis the Pious (778–840) 14A boy who became a king 14Adolescentia 16The conquest of Aachen 19Dynasty 24Procreation 31Hludowicus Augustus 34Scapegoats and rebels 38Intermezzo 44833 and all that 46Restoration 50‘The last years’ 52

2 Ninth-century narratives 59The court and its narratives 59The message from inside: annals 63Imperial imagery: Einhard 67A bishop’s view: Thegan 72The corridors of power: the Astronomer 79Poetic praise: Ermold the Black 89With hindsight: Nithard on Louis the Pious 96Looking back in anger: Radbert on Wala 102

vii






3 Admonitio, correptio, increpatio 112Criticising rulers 112The watchman for the house of Israel 114The vocabulary of admonition and sin 118Exaltation by admonition: Attigny, 822 122Royal admonition 131Admonition from beyond the grave 135From admonitio to increpatio 142

4 The wages of sin (828–829) 148Scapegoats: Matfrid and Hugh 148Clades: the offended deity 153The winter assembly of 828–829 157Letters from the palace 170A penitential council: Paris, 829 176

5 Purity and danger (830–831) 185The reputation of the palace 185The one and only queen 188Sexual slander 195Purity and danger 200Rebellion and restoration 205

6 Scandal and satisfaction (832–834) 214An unexpected visitor 214Debates on the Field of Lies 224Public sin and public penance 228The bishops argue their case 234The case against the bishops 241Penance and public humiliation 245Turning the tables 249

Epilogue: The penitential state after Louis the Pious 260

Appendix 271Bibliography: primary sources 280Bibliography: secondary sources 283Index of biblical references 305General index 306

viii Contents






Preface

This book started almost a decade ago, in 1999, when I was a VisitingFellow Commoner at Trinity College, Cambridge. Having written somechapters, I realised that I hadmore work to do before I could do justice to abook with Louis’s penance of 833 at its heart. After years of exploring thetopic through articles, it was only during the academic year 2005–6 thatI completed the first full draft ofThe Penitential State. I could do so thanks toa Fellowship at the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Studies (NIAS) inWassenaar, and a replacement grant awarded by the NetherlandsOrganisation for Scientific Research (NWO). During this much-neededsabbatical year,my colleagues at Utrecht University generously enabledmeto concentrate fully on writing. Particular thanks are due to Josine Blok,who took over fromme as Chair of the History Department, and to MarcoMostert and Carine van Rhijn, who jointly held the fort in the section ofMedieval History. At NIAS I had gathered a small theme group on ‘TheFormation of Carolingian Identity’, consisting of Rosamond McKitterick,David Ganz and Els Rose. In our ‘medieval attic’, this Carolingianistnucleus was joined by Joseph Harris, Anu Mand, Arjo Vanderjagt andJan Ziolkowski, with Helmut Reimitz as a regular visitor. To work shoulderto shoulder with this inspiring group of first-rate medievalists was a realprivilege. As usual, NIAS provided the ideal environment for a joint projectof this kind, with precisely the right mixture of solitude and sociability tokeep us going. Rosamond McKitterick and I read each other’s prose assoon as it rolled off the printer; other groupmembers also offered helpfulcomments on first versions of various chapters, and so did assortedguests who attended our series of one-day workshops. In the summerof 2006, Stuart Airlie and Matthew Innes read the draft I had completedat NIAS. Their comments, and their confidence in the book-to-be, wereinvaluable.

Many factors then conspired against my finishing The Penitential Stateby the date stipulated in my CUP contract, such as moving to a newuniversity building as well as to a new house in the autumn of 2006, andanother two years of chairing what had suddenly become the Department

ix






of History andArt History. That I managed to complete the book only halfa year behind schedule says a lot about the co-operative climate in theUtrecht Faculty of Humanities. I thankmy fellow-administratorsMaartenPrak, Wiljan van den Akker and Louise van der Kaaden for their support.Yet I sincerely doubt whether I would have managed to produce thisbaby without my two learned midwives across the Channel, RosamondMcKitterick and Jinty Nelson. Despite their own very busy lives, theyfound time to read and comment on the penultimate version of the entiremanuscript. Their always prompt and pertinent feedback was tremen-dously encouraging, and, moreover, an act of real friendship. At the finalstage and at short notice, I asked Stuart Airlie and Tom Noble to go overmy last two chapters, which they did quickly and to my benefit; Tom alsoread the Introduction. I am grateful to them, and also to JeroenDuindam,who shed an early modernist’s light on chapter 5 and Carolingian courtculture. Obviously, the final result remains entirely my own responsibility.

Throughout the years, I have incurred a great number of debts. Apartfrom those already mentioned, there are other colleagues and friendswho, in various ways, have inspired me in the course of this project:Leslie Brubaker, Philippe Buc, Yitzhak Hen, Walter Pohl, BarbaraRosenwein and Chris Wickham. Since our days in the ESF programmeThe Transformation of the Roman World, Cristina La Rocca, Régine Le Jan,Julia Smith (members of ‘group five’, like Jinty Nelson and myself) and IanWood have been allies one can rely on. Furthermore, I have benefited fromthe generosity of Philippe Depreux, Albrecht Diem, Max Diesenberger,Gerda Heydemann, Conrad Leyser, Rob Meens, Christina Pössel,Steffen Patzold and Elina Screen, who have all shared ideas and unpub-lished work with me. On top of all this, I was blessed with a veritablesupport team in Utrecht: Carine van Rhijn, Irene van Renswoude,Erik Goosmann, Janneke Raaijmakers, Rutger Kramer and BartSelten. They read various chapters at an early stage, gave me practicalassistance, and generally cheered me on. At the proofreading stage,Janneke Raaijmakers came to the rescue, together with Wolfert vanEgmond, Dorine van Espelo and Ruud Kroon. The map of theCarolingian world is Erik Goosmann’s creation; Mariken Teeuwenkindly checked my translations for the Appendix. From California,Suzan Schönbeck masterminded the bibliography. To my infinite relief,the Utrecht undergraduate and graduate students who served as myguinea-pigs seemed to understand and enjoy what they read. This wasperhaps the greatest boost of all, for it was mostly with such students inmind that I have written The Penitential State.

x Preface






A note on annotation, citationand translation

For reasons of space, full titles of secondary literature can be found only inthe bibliography. Throughout the footnotes, short titles have been used.Titles of frequently cited primary sources, editions and secondary liter-ature have been abbreviated, and can be found in the list of abbreviations.Except for a few paraphrases within extracts from early medieval authors,biblical citations come from R. Weber’s edition of the Vulgate, andtranslations of biblical texts from the Douai-Rheims Bible, in the versionrevised by Richard Challoner. I have gratefully made use of Tom Noble’sunpublished working translation of the Thegan and the Astronomer, andof the translation of Ermold the Black by Carey Dolores Fleiner, anno-tated by Tom Noble. There are also excellent translations of Einhard’swork by Paul E. Dutton, and of the Annals of St-Bertin by Janet L. Nelson.Unless indicated in the footnotes, I have usually made a translation ofmy own. To my regret, there was rarely room to complement thesetranslations with the relevant Latin texts in the footnotes. I have resignedmyself to this necessity, in the knowledge that the many primary editionsare nowadays readily available on internet.

xi






Abbreviations

AB Annales de Saint-Bertin, ed. F. Grat, J. Vielliardand S. Clémencet (Paris, 1964)

AF Annales Fuldenses sive annales regni Francorumorientalis, ed. F. Kurze, MGH SRG 7(Hanover, 1891)

AfD Archiv für Diplomatik, Schriftgeschichte, Siegel-und Wappenkunde

Agobard, Epp. Agobard of Lyon, Epistolae, ed. E. Dümmler,MGH Epp. V (Berlin, 1898–9)

Agobard, Cartula Agobardi cartula de poenitentia ab imperatoreacta (833), MGH Conc. II/2, pp. 56–7

Agobard, Opera Agobard of Lyons, ed. L. Van Acker, AgobardiLugdunensis Opera Omnia, CCCM 52(Turnhout, 1981)

AKG Archiv für KulturgeschichteAMP AnnalesMettenses Priores 10, ed. B. von Simson,

MGH SRG (Hanover, 1905)Annales q.d. Einhardi Annales qui dicuntur Einhardi, ed. F. Kurze,

MGH SRG 6 (Hanover, 1895)Ansegis Ansegisus, Collectio Capitularium, ed.

G. Schmitz, Die Kapitulariensammlung desAnsegis, MGH Capit. n.s. I (Hanover, 1996)

ARF Annales regni Francorum, ed. F. Kurze, MGHSRG 6 (Hanover, 1895)

Astronomer Astronomus, Vita Hludowici imperatoris, ed.E. Tremp, MGH SRG 64 (Hanover, 1995),pp. 280–554

BAV Rome, Biblioteca apostolica VaticanaBL London, British LibraryBM2 J. F. Böhmer and E. Mühlbacher, Regesta

Imperii, I: Die Regesten des Kaiserreichs unterden Karolingern, 751–918, 2nd edn(Innsbruck, 1908)

xii






BnF Bibliothèque nationale de FranceCCCM Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio

Mediævalis (Turnhout, 1966– )CCSL Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina

(Turnhout, 1952– )Charlemagne’s Heir P. Godman and R. Collins (eds.),

Charlemagne’s Heir: New Perspectives on theReign of Louis the Pious (Oxford, 1990)

CSEL Corpus Scriptorum EcclesiasticorumLatinorum (Vienna, 1866– )

DA Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des MittelaltersDOP Adalhard/Hincmar, De ordine palatii,

ed. Th. Gross and R. Schieffer, MGH Fontes3 (Hanover, 1980)

Dutton, CC P. E. Dutton, Charlemagne’s Courtier: TheComplete Einhard, Readings in Civilisationsand Cultures 2 (Toronto, 1998)

EHR English Historical ReviewEinhard, Epp. Einhard, Epistolae, ed. K. Hampe, MGH

Epp. V (Berlin, 1898–9)Einhard, TMP Einhard, Translatio et Miracula SS Marcellini

et Petri, ed. G. Waitz and W. Wattenbach,MGH SS XV (Hanover, 1888), pp. 238–64

Einhard, VK Einhard, Vita Karoli Magni, ed.O. Holder-Egger, MGH SRG 25, 6th edn(Hanover and Leipzig, 1911)

EME Early Medieval EuropeEpistola generalis (828) Hludowici et Hlotharii epistola generalis, MGH

Conc. II/2, pp. 599–601Ermold Ermoldus Nigellus, In Honorem Hludowici

Pii, ed. (with French translation) E. Faral,in Ermold le Noir: Poème sur Louis le Pieux etÉpîtres au roi Pépin, 2nd edn (Paris, 1964)

Flodoard Flodoard, Historia Remensis Ecclesiae, ed.M. Stratmann, MGH SS 36 (Hanover, 1998)

FmSt Frühmittelalterliche StudienHJ Historisches JahrbuchHZ Historische ZeitschriftJEH Journal of Ecclesiastical HistoryLMA Le Moyen ÂgeMGH Monumenta Germaniae Historica

List of abbreviations xiii






Auct. Ant. Auctores antiquissimi, 15 vols. (Berlin, 1877–1919)Capit. Capitularia, legum sectio II, Capitularia regum

Francorum, ed. A. Boretius and V. Krause, 2 vols.(Hanover, 1883–97)

Capit. Episc. Capitula episcoporum I–IV, ed. P. Brommer, R.Pokorny and M. Stratmann (Hanover, 1984–2005)

Conc. Concilia, legum sectio III, Concilia: II, ed.A. Werminghoff (Hanover, 1906–8); III, ed. W.Hartmann (Hanover, 1984); IV, ed. W. Hartmann(Hanover, 1998)

Epp. Epistulae III–VII (= Epistulae merovingici et karoliniaevi, Hanover, 1892–1939)

Epp. sel. Epistulae selectae in usum scholarum, 5 vols. (Hanover,1887–91)

Fontes Fontes iuris germanici antiqui in usum scholarumseparatim editi.

Poet. lat. Poetae latini aevi carolini, ed. E. Dummler, L. Traube,P. von Winterfeld and K. Strecker, 4 vols. (Hanover,1881–99)

SRG Scriptores rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarumseparatim editi, Scriptores rerum Germanicarum, novaseries

SRM Scriptores rerum Merovingicarum, ed. B. Krusch andW. Levison, 7 vols. (Hanover, 1885–1951)

SS Scriptores in folio, 30 vols. (Hanover, 1826–1924)

MIÖG Mitteilungen des Instituts für ÖsterreichischeGeschichtsforschung

MS manuscriptMMS Monographien zur Geschichte des

MittelaltersNCMH II The New Cambridge Medieval History, II,

c. 700–c. 900, ed. R. McKitterick(Cambridge, 1995)

Nithard Nithard, Historiarum libri IV, ed. and trans.P. Lauer, Nithard: Histoire des fils de Louis lePieux (Paris, 1964)

Notker Notker, Gesta Karoli magni imperatoris, ed.H. F. Haefele, MGH SRG, n.s. 12 (Berlin,1959)

ÖNB Österreichische Nationalbibliothek

xiv List of abbreviations






PL Patrologiae cursus completus, series latina, ed.J. -P. Migne, 221 vols. (Paris, 1841–64)

Radbert, EA Paschasius Radbertus, Epitaphium Arsenii,ed. E. Dümmler, in Abhandlungen derköniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zuBerlin, Phil.-Historische Abhandlungen2 (1900), pp. 1–98

Radbert, VA Paschasius Radbertus, Vita Adalhardi, PL120, cols. 1507–82

RB Revue BénédictineRelatio (833) Episcoporum de poenitentia, quam Hludowicus

imperator professus est, relatio Compendiensis,MGH Conc. II/2, pp. 51–5

RH Revue HistoriqueSC Sources ChrétiennesSettimane Settimane di studio del centro italiano di

studi sull’alto medioevo (Spoleto, 1954–)Thegan Thegan, Gesta Hludowici imperatoris, ed.

E. Tremp, MGH SRG 64 (Hanover, 1995),pp. 168–258

TRHS Transactions of the Royal Historical Society

List of abbreviations xv






Palace

Episcopal see

Archiepiscopal see

Monastery

BattleOther places

Almost battle

N

Bruges

Doué

Attigny

Dorestadt

Quentovic

Nantes

Tarragona

Blois

Barcelona

AngersFontenoy (841)

Toulouse

Avignon

Marseille

Orange

Limoges

Valence

Nîmes

Rennes

Gerona

Clermont

Langres

Senlis

Paris

Angoulême

OrléansAuxerre

Chalon

Soissons(St-Médard)

Châlons

Troyes

Autun

Liège

Poitiers(Ste-Croix)

Verdun

Bayeux

Le Mans

Laon(Notre-Dame)

Amiens

Utrecht

Uzès

Arles

Rheims

Lyons

Vienne

Rouen

Sens

Narbonne

Tours

Bordeaux

Bourges

Ghent(St. Bavo)

St-Wandrille

St-Denis

St-Riquier

St-Bertin

St-Quentin

Chelles

Corbie

Noirmoutiers(St. Philibert)

St-Amand

FRISIA

NEUSTRIA

AQUITAINE

GASCONY

SEPTIMANIA

PROVENCE

BURGUNDY

Chasseneuil

Quierzy

Ponthion

Compiègne

Map 1 The Carolingian world in the first half of the ninth century






Thionville

Colmar

Tortona

Rothfeld (833)

e

Toul

Metz

Hildesheim

Genoa

Verona

Turin

Constance

Passau

Basle

Cologne

Salzburg

Trier

Speyer

Ravenna

Milan

WürzburgMainz

FreisingAugsburg

Besançon

Strasbourg

Regensburg(St-Emmeram)

Worms

Pavia

Chur

Venice

Trent

Rome

Aquileia

Embrun

Fulda

Bobbio

Lorsch

Corvey

St-Maurice d’Agaune

Hersfeld

St-Gall

Michelstadt

Kornelimünster

Seligenstadt

Remiremont

Reichenau

Prüm

Weissenburg

Murbach

Echternach

AUSTRASIA

ALSACE

SAXONY

THURINGIA

ALEMANNIA

BAVARIA

LOMBARDY

FRIULI

ISTRIA

SORBS

BOHEMIANS

Nijmegen

Paderborn

Ingelheim

Bodman

Salz

Frankfurt

Gondreville

Aachen






SPANISHMARCH

PAMPLONA

0 100 miles

0 200 km

GASCONY

AQUITAINE

NEUSTRIABRITTANY

FRANCIA AUSTRASIA

THURINGIA

BURGUNDY

KINGDOM OFITALY

PROVENCE

BAVARIA

ALEMANNIA

SAXONY

GASCONY

N

RHAETIA

Lothar

Louis the German

Pippin I of Aquitaine

SE

PTIMANIA

Map 2 Louis’s succession arrangement of 817 (the so-called Ordinatioimperii)






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