The Other Whipple John R. Potts, III, M.D. Professor of Surgery Program Director in Surgery...
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The Other Whipple
The The OtherOther Whipple Whipple
John R. Potts, III, M.D.Professor of Surgery
Program Director in SurgeryAssistant Dean Graduate Medical EducationUniversity of Texas Medical School Houston
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The Other Whipple
Allen O. Whipple: The SurgeonAllen O. Whipple: The Surgeon
• Pancreaticoduodenectomy
• Pancreatic Endocrine Tumors
• Portocaval Shunt1881 - 1963
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The Other Whipple
A.O. Whipple – Early YearsA.O. Whipple – Early Years
• Born Urmia, Persia
• Lived 14 years in Persia
• Worked way through school
• Princeton 1904
• MD Columbia P&S 1908
• Internship Roosevelt &
Sloan Hospitals 1909 - 1910
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The Other Whipple
A.O. Whipple at Columbia-PresbyterianA.O. Whipple at Columbia-Presbyterian
• 1911 faculty Columbia P&S
• Staff, Presbyterian Hospital
• 1921 Professor of Surgery
• 1921 Surgeon in Chief, PH
• 1931 Valentine Mott Chair
• 1946 Retired
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The Other Whipple
PancreaticoduodenectomyPancreaticoduodenectomy
Ann Surg 1935; 102:763-769
First Operation Second Operation End Result
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The Other Whipple
Whipple’s Thoughts on WhipplesWhipple’s Thoughts on Whipples
Urged the following factors be considered:
• The threat of disease
• The operative risk
• The probability of cure
• The assurance of relief of symptoms
• Patient ability to adapt to GI dysfunction
• Quality of the resident staff
• Experience, skill & integrity of the surgeon
Ann Surg 1935; 102:763-769
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The Other Whipple
Whipple’s Thoughts on WhipplesWhipple’s Thoughts on Whipples
Discussing prior attempts at pancreatic resection for cancer,
“…the mistaken belief that the flow of pancreatic juice is essential to life, which led surgeons to attempt to reestablish this flow into the duodenum or jejunum by implanting the resected head of the pancreas or the cut end of the duct into the upper intestine. The activation of the pancreatic ferments by duodenal contents compromised any type of anastomosis in the human subject, especially around the posterior aspect of the duodenum devoid of peritoneum.”
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The Other Whipple
Whipple’s Results With WhipplesWhipple’s Results With Whipples
• First report (1935):
– 3 patients
– 2 died post-op
– F/U on 3rd about four months
• First one-stage resection 3/8/1940
• Whipple’s total experience: 37 cases
– 30 periampullary tumors
– 7 chronic pancreatitis
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The Other Whipple
Whipple’s TriadWhipple’s Triad
• Symptomatic hypoglycemia while fasting
• Documented glucose <50 mg/dL
• Symptomatic relief with glucose administration
Ann Surg 1935; 101:1299-1335.
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The Other Whipple
Portal HypertensionPortal Hypertension
Whipple AO Ann Surg 1945; 122:449-475
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The Other Whipple
A.O. Whipple on Shunt SurgeryA.O. Whipple on Shunt Surgery
Rationale:
• Bleeding was NOT controlled by splenectomy
• Spontaneous loss of portal flow in cirrhosis
• Encephalopathy controlled by dietary measures
• New methods promised good shunt patency
Whipple AO Ann Surg 122:449;1945
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The Other Whipple
Whipple AO Ann Surg 122:449;1945
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Portocaval Shunt ResultsPortocaval Shunt Results
• 1945 report
– 10 patients
– 5 portocaval
– 5 spenorenal [central]
– All survived operation
• Profound influence
Whipple AO Ann Surg 122:449;1945
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The Other Whipple
Other Surgical ContributionsOther Surgical Contributions
• Combined Spleen Clinic
• Weekly M&M
• First chair to hire black surgeon
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The Other Whipple
A.O. Whipple - HonorsA.O. Whipple - Honors• Honorary degrees:
– Columbia
– U Chicago
– Washington U
– Princeton
• Distinguished service awards:
– Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center
– American College of Surgeons
– American Medical Association
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The Other Whipple
A.O. Whipple - HonorsA.O. Whipple - Honors• President, American Surgical Assoc
• Honorary Fellow Royal College of Surgeons
• Honorary Member, Southern Surgical Assoc
• National Research Council (WWII)
• Consultant for Counsel of GB in North Africa
• Charter member ABS
• President, NY State Surgical Society
• (First) Graham Award, Washington U
• Charter Trustee, Princeton U
• Woodrow Wilson Award
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The Other Whipple
A.O. Whipple at MD Anderson Cancer Center 1948
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The Other Whipple
Samir Johna and Moshe Schein (eds). The Memoirs of Allen Oldfather Whipple: The Man Behind the Whipple Operation
Harley, Shrewsbury, Shrops, UK, tfm Publishing Ltd, 2003.
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The Other Whipple
OtherOther Whipples Whipples
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The Other Whipple
George Whipple: The Pathologist George Whipple: The Pathologist
1878 - 1976
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The Other Whipple
George H. Whipple - PathologistGeorge H. Whipple - Pathologist
• Born 28 Aug 1878 Ashland, NH
• 3rd generation physician
• Andover → Yale → Hopkins
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The Other Whipple
Hopkins 1905 - 1914Hopkins 1905 - 1914
• 1905 Asst Prof Pathology
• William H. Welch
• Hepatic repair & regeneration
after chloroform anesthesia
• Mechanisms of jaundice
• Formation of bile pigments
outside the liver
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The Other Whipple
U. California 1914 - 1921U. California 1914 - 1921
• Hooper Foundation
• Professor of Pathology
• Production of hemoglobin
to understand jaundice
• Acute anemia in dogs
• Diets & blood formation
• Dean, 1920 - 1921
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The Other Whipple
U. Rochester 1921 - 1955U. Rochester 1921 - 1955
• Founding Dean (Age 43)
• Professor & Chair Pathology
• Chronic anemia & diet
• Tx pernicious anemia
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The Other Whipple
G.H. Whipple’s Nobel PrizeG.H. Whipple’s Nobel Prize11
1 Prize shared with George Richards Minot & William Parry Murphy
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The Other Whipple
G.H. Whipple’s Nobel PrizeG.H. Whipple’s Nobel Prize
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The Other Whipple
GH Whipple – Other StudiesGH Whipple – Other Studies
Tuberculosis
Pancreatitis
Chloroform poisoning
Constituents of bile
Metabolism of iron
Regeneration plasma protein
Stroma of red cells
Protein metabolism
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The Other Whipple
Whipple’s Disease (Duodenum)Whipple’s Disease (Duodenum)
Low PowerH & E
Low PowerPAS
EM
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The Other Whipple
G.H. Whipple – Other HonorsG.H. Whipple – Other Honors• Honorary doctorates – U.S., Athens, Glasgow
• Popular Science Gold Medal & Annual Award
• William Wood Gerhard Gold Medal
• Trustee, Rockefeller Foundation
• Corresponding member – Association of Physicians, Vienna
– Royal Society of Physicians, Budapest
– European Society of Haematology
– British Medical Assoc
• Honorary Member
– American Philosophical Society
– Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine
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The Other Whipple
Eck’s FistulaEck’s Fistula
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The Other Whipple
OtherOther Whipples Whipples
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The Other Whipple
USS Whipple (DD 15)
USS Whipple (DD 217)
USS Whipple (DE 1062)
Commodore Abraham Whipple1733 - 1819
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The Other Whipple
Beverly Whipple, PhD, RN, FAAN
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The Other Whipple
……and now,and now,““TheThe Other Whipple” Other Whipple”
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The Other Whipple
Allen O. Whipple: The Educator Allen O. Whipple: The Educator
1881 - 1963
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The Other Whipple
A.O. Whipple: The EducatorA.O. Whipple: The Educator
• Missionary parents
• “Poor but well educated”
• Read and spoke:
Arabic, Armenian, Persian,
French, Latin, Syriac, Turkish
• Authority on literature, history,
anthropology, archeology & art
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The Other Whipple
Allen O. Whipple: The EducatorAllen O. Whipple: The Educator
• First residency in New York
• American Board of Surgery
• The Whipple Society
• Activities in retirement
1881 - 1963
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First Residency in New YorkFirst Residency in New York
“By far the greatest contribution to American Surgery was Halsted’s initiating the Surgical Residency Training Program when he began his operative work at Hopkins.”
A.O. Whipple
The Evolution of Surgery in the United States, p.60
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The Other Whipple
First Residency in New YorkFirst Residency in New York
Residency not looked favorably upon by:
– Senior attendings,
– Young attendings
– Interns
• Acceptance delayed by observing Halsted
– Long operations
– Dominated by [Chief] Resident
A.O. Whipple. The Evolution of Surgery in the United States, p.54-55
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The Other Whipple
First Residency in New YorkFirst Residency in New York
• Columbia-Presbyterian residency started 1921
“I did not call the men residents, but to initiate the program with as little prejudice as possible, called them Fellows in Surgery. It was not until several years later, when George Heuer came to New York Hospital and began his residency there…that we called our men Residents”
A.O. Whipple. The Evolution of Surgery in the United States, p.55
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The Other Whipple
A.O. Whipple and ABSA.O. Whipple and ABS• Appointed by ASA to “National Committee”
(Edward W. Archibald, President 1935)
• Attended every organizational meeting of ABS
• Appointed by ASA to newly formed ABS
• First Vice-Chair ABS
• Chaired 1st Examination Committee
• Sponsored 1st examination in NYC (9/20/37)
• 2nd Chair ABS
• Chaired ABS during World War II
J.S. Rodman. History of the American Board of Surgery 1937-1952
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The Other Whipple
JS Rodman. History of the American Board of Surgery. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott Company, 1956.
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The Other Whipple
Whipple SocietyWhipple Society
• Established 1952 by 300 former residents
• Soon accepted other members
• The Training of Surgeons in the Future (1967)
• ? other published proceedings
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The Other Whipple
Whipple SocietyWhipple Society
“The purpose of the Society shall be to foster and preserve the ideals and teachings of Allen O. Whipple, to promulgate the practice of these principles in the teaching of surgery, and to make a continuing study of surgical education.”
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Whipple SocietyWhipple Society
• The first organization for surgical education
• The only such organization 1957 – 1978
• Only after Whipple society disbanded:
– Association for Surgical Education
– Association of Program Directors in Surgery
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The Other Whipple
A.O. Whipple – The EducatorA.O. Whipple – The Educator
After “Retirement” in 1946:
1941-1957 Trustee American Univ. Beirut
1946-1951 Reorganized training Memorial Hospital
1946-1954 Plans for Nemazee Hospital then
Pahlavi University Medical School
1951-1963 Trustee at Princeton
Pre-med advisor at Princeton
1957 The Evolution of Surgery in the United States
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The Other Whipple
A.O. Whipple – The EducatorA.O. Whipple – The Educator
• “Among his greatest contributions has been his selfless devotion to the teaching, guidance and encouragement of others.”
• “He stimulated not only dedication in others but integrity,
moral force and responsibility as well…”
• “He was respected by scholars and loved by his students.”
• “One of his primary concerns was excellence in surgical education”
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The Other Whipple
SummarySummary
• Allen O. Whipple – The Surgeon
• George H. Whipple – The Pathologist
• Allen O. Whipple – The Educator
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The Other Whipple
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The Other Whipple